Cliio mliig 3^ ni^m 54 itOm. ttgiy MttA Idp itgdnk 35im sdt nMn lOn (26/7/1360 - 26/7/2014]
TIM HIEU VE HOP OONG VAN CHUYEN HANG HOA BANG Dl/dNG BIEN QUOC TE
TRAN VAN DUY*
L
d mdt qudc gia ven bien vdi bd bien dai hon 3.000 km, Viet Nam da vd dang ed nhiing budc di diing dan de khuyen khieh nhiing boat ddng kinh te lidn quan din thuc hien chien luge phat trien kinh t l biin vd khdng ngimg hoan thien eo sd phdp ly nham thiic day boat dpng ndy dugc dien ra trong mdi trudng phap ly an toan. Tuy nhien, qua cdng tdc nghien ciiu vd giang day, chiing tdi thdy rang van de nay cdn rat mdi me, nhiing hieu biet ciia ehiing ta ve co sd phap ly mang tinh quoc te trong linh vyc ndy cdn chua sdu sac, dac biet lien quan den phap Mat hgp ddng van chuyen hdng hda bang dudng bien qudc te. Do vay, bdi viet nay chiing tdi dua ra nhiing van de ed tinh he thdng ve hpp ddng van ehuyen hdng hda bang dudng bien de ban dpc cimg tham khdo.1. Ve hpTp dong van chuyen hdng hoa bdng dirdng bien quoc te
Xet ve ban ehdt, hgp ddng van chuyen hdng hda bang dudng bien qude te la mdt hgp ddng dan sy cd yeu td nude ngodi. Vi la mdt hgp ddng dan sy nen nen tang phap ly ciia hpp ddng nay eung phdi the hien su tu do y chi va ty do dinh doat giiia hai ben chii the la ben thue van chuyen va ben van ehuyen.
Yeu td qude te cd the dugc quyet dinh dua tren tinh chat kinh te (ddm bdo quyen Igi thuang mai) hoac tinh chdt phdp ly cua boat ddng (chju su chi phdi cua ban mdt he thdng phdp luat)'".
Theo Dilu 70 Bd luat Hang hdi Viet Nam nam 2005: "Hgp ddng van chuyin hang hda bdng dudng bien la hop ddng dugc giao ket giiia ngudi van chuyen vd ngudi thue van chuyin, theo dd ngudi van chuyen thu tiSn cudc van chuySn do ngudi thue v§n chuyin tra vd dimg tdu de van chuyen hdng hda tir cdng nhan hang den edng trd hang".
Cdng ude eiia Lien hgp qudc ve chuy6n chd hang hda bang dudng bien nam 1978 (Cdng ude Hamburg 1978) dinh nghia:
"Hgp ddng van tdi dudng biin la bat ky hpp ddng ndo md theo dd ngudi ehuyen chd dam nhan chuyen chd hang hda bang dudng bi6n tii mdt cang nay den mdt cdng khde d6 thu tien cudc". Tuy nhien, mdt hgp ddng bao gdm chuyen chd bang dudng bien va ca phucmg tien khdc thi dugc coi Id hgp ddng chuyen chd bdng dudng bien theo nghTa trong Cdng ude nay, neu nd lien quan den van tdi dudng bien.
Do vay, chiing ta cd the thdy: Hgp ddng van chuyen hdng hda bang dudng bien qudc te dugc hieu Id sy thda thuan bdng van bdn giua ben van chuydn hdng hda va ben thue van chuyen hdng hda, theo do, ben vdn chuyen thu tien cudc van chuyen do ngudi thue van chuyen trd vd dung tdu biSn de van chuyen hang hda tir edng nhdn hdng den cdng
Thae sT lu$t tigc, righien CLFU sinh. Hgc vien Chir)h sdch v^ Phat triSn.
Tap chi
KIEM SAT_ ^ So 14 (thang 7/2014)
HGHl£MC6tI.gATDqilGVAAP DI^G PHAP LOAT
2. NhOng d4u hieu de xac dinh hgp dong van chuyen hang hoa bdng dirdng bien quoc t l
Ve chii the cua hgp dong: Chii thi hpp ddng Id ngudi chuyen chd vd ngudi thue chuyen chd.
- Ddi vdi ngudi ehuyen chd: Khai niem
"ngudi ehuyen eho" dugc quy dinh trong khoan 1 Dieu 1 phdn I Cdng ude Hamburg 1978 nhu sau: "Ngudi chuyen cha la bdt ky nguai ndo, tu minh hogc tren danh nghia cua minh ky mot hgp dong van chuyen hdng hoa bdng duang bien vai nguai gui hdng".
Nhu vay, cd khd nang rang ngudi ehuyen chd la chu tdu - chu sd him hpp phap eiia con tdu; bode la ngudi thue tdu dinh ban tir chu tdu - ehu sd hiiu thyc te eiia con tdu; hoac hang tdu - doanh nghiep kinh doanh dich vu vdn tdi bien; hoac dai ly cua hang tau (dai ly eua ehu tdu) - ngudi thay mat hang tau (hoac chu tau) ky ket hpp ddng chuyen chd theo uy thdc cua hang tau (chu tdu). Ndi tdm lai, dii ngudi do la ai trong bdn ehu the tren thi dieu ki$n kien quyet de hg dugc coi la ngudi chuyen chd theo each hieu phdp ly Id: Ngudi dd phai ty minh hoac tren danh nghTa minh cd ky ket mdt hgp ddng van chuyen vdi ngudi gui hang.
Trong qud trinh thyc hien phap luat, ngudi ky hpp ddng ehuyen chd vdi ngudi giii hang ed the true tiep thuc hien viec chuyen chd hoac uy thdc eho ngudi khde thue hien viec chuyen chd do. Trong tnrdng hgp dd, ngudi dugc liy thdc, gpi theo danh tir phap ly chinh Id ngudi chuyen chd thuc te va mdi quan he giira ngudi dd vd ngudi van ehuyen dupe dieu chinh bdi hgp ddng iiy thae van chuyen ehii khdng phdi hpp ddng thue van chuyen.
N I U chung ta nghien ciru Bd luat Hang hai nam 2005 vdi Cdng ude Hamburg thi khdi nipm "tren danh nghia chinh minh" vd cym tu "liy quyen cho ngudi khdc" ma khai
niem ve "ngudi van chuyen" trong Bd luat Hdng hdi nam 2005 cd the hieu khdc di so vdi Cdng ude Hamburg. Chiing ta thdy rdng, cung ed kha nang Id bdi vi su vang mat ciia cym "...va bao gdm bdt ky ngudi ndo khde dupe giao phd thue hien viec chuyen chd dd"
md khdi niem "ngudi chuyen chd thyc t l "
trong Bd luat Hdng Hdi nam 2005 gidi han mdt nhdm ddi tupng Id thanh vien cua cac hang tdu hay dai ly hang tdu hoac dai ly chu tau - nhirng ngudi md se dupe "giao phd"
chu khdng phai "uy thdc' cdng viec van ehuyen hang hda bang dudng bien theo hpp ddng da ky ket.
- Ngudi thue van chuyen: Mdt ddi tugng niia khdng the tMeu trong hgp ddng van ehuyen hang hda bang dudng bien la "ngudi thue van chuyen" theo each gpi ciia Bd luat Hang hai nam 2005 hay "ngudi giii hang"
theo each ggi ciia Cdng ude Hamburg 1978.
Theo quy dmh tai khoan 3 Dieu 1 phan 1 Cdng ude Hamburg quy dmh rang: "Nguai gui hdng Id bdt ky ngu&i ndo lu ky hay dugc nguai khdc dimg ten hogc thay mat ky mgt hgp dong chuyen cha hdng hoa bdng duang bien vai nguai chuyen cha, hogc Id bdt ky nguai ndo md chinh nguai do giao hogc dugc nguai khdc dung ten hay thay mdt giao hdng cho nguai chuyen cha lien quan den hgp dong chuyen cha duang bien ".
Trong khi dd, khodn 1 Dieu 72 Bd Mat Hang hai Viet Nam nam 2005 lai quy djnh gan tuang tu nhu Cong ude Hamburg nhung lai thieu di mdt nhdm ddi tupng do sy vang mat cua cym "...bdt ky nguai ndo md chinh nguai do giao hogc dugc nguai khdc dimg ten hay thay mat giao hdng cho nguai chuyen cha lien quan den hgp dong chuyen cha dud'ng bien'\
Thuc te da chi ra rang, ngudi thue van chuyen cd the la ngudi mua hang hoac ngudi ban hang hoac ngudi dugc uy thae ciia ngudi
Tap chi So14(thang7/2014)\_KIE\1 S.\T
45
Cfiito mJHtg ^ nUin S4 ndm n^dy thdnh. t4p ngditk !FQim sdt nMn ddn (26/7/1960 - 26/7/2014)
mua hoac cua ngudi ban. Theo cac dieu kien Incoterm 2010 cua Phdng Thuang mai qude t l ICC tM ngudi mua Id ngudi thue van ehuyen kM hp mua hang theo dieu kien EXW, FCA, FAS vd FOB; cdn ngudi ban Id ngudi thue vdn chuyen khi hg ban hdng theo eae dilu kien DAT, DAP, DDP, CPT, CIP, CFR vd GIF.
vi hinh thuc cua hap dong: Neu mdt hpp ddng ddn sy binh thudng cd ba dang ky ket Id bang Idi ndi, bang van ban va bang hdnh ddng tM hpp ddng van chuyen hdng hda bang dudng bien cd the dugc ky ket chi vdi hai dang bdng Idi ndi hoac bang van bdn. Nhu vay, hinh thiie ky ket bang hdnh dpng khdng dugc cdng nhan la hinh thiic ky ket ciia dang hpp ddng nay vd hinh thiic ky ket bang "van bdn" cd thi md rdng ra vdi cde hinh thiic nhu thu dien tii, telex, dien tm.
Tuy nhien, theo Bd Mat Hang hai Viet Nam 2005 thi hinh thue cila hpp ddng van ehuyen theo chirng tir van chuyen dupe giao kit theo thda thuan cua cac ben (doan 2 khoan 1 Dieu 71); trong dd, hgp ddng van chuyen theo chuyen bdt budc phai ky ket bdng vdn ban (doan 2 khoan 2 Dieu 71).
Ve doi tugng hgp dong. Dieu ddng luu y Id ddi tupng chuyen chd khdc vdi ddi tugng hpp ddng. Ddi tugng chuyen chd la hang hda md ngudi thue van chuyen mudn van chuyen. Cdn ddi tugng cua hgp ddng, do xuat phat tii ban chat la mdt hgp ddng dich vu, phdi la edng viec van chuyen hdng hda ehu khdng phdi loai hdng hda dugc van chuyen. Vdi hai hinh thiic van chuyen bang tau chuyen vd tdu chp thi ddi tupng van ehuyen dugc xac dinh la cdng viee van ehuyen. Tuy nhien, hgp ddng thue tai sdn - thue tau han dinh thi viec xae dinh ddi tugng cita nd lai la con tau dugc thue - con tdu se dugc sir dyng vao myc dich ehuyen chd hdng hda nen khi ngudi van chuyen phdt hdnh van
dan dudng biin thi van dan do vdn mang tinh chdt la mdt giao kit van tdi hang hda.
Hgp ddng van chuyin hdng hda dudng bien cdn Id ca sd phdp ly xdc dinh quan he giua cdc chu thi ciia hgp ddng. Khdng quy dinh nhiing dilu khodn rang bupc trach nhiem vd ngMa vu eua cdc ben trong hop ddng ma nd cdn la CO sd de gidi quyet tranh chap phdt sinh trong qua trinh thye Men hgp dong.
3. Phan loai hgp ddng v | n chuyen hang hoa bdng dirdng Men
Chinh vi cd su tdn tai cua ba phuang thirc van chuyen hang hda chu yeu trong kinh doanh hang hdi quoc t l Id: Phuang tiiuc chuyen chd hdng hda bang tau chg, bang tdu ehuyen vd phuang thiic thue tau dinh han md tucmg ling vdi cac phuang thiic ndy, cdc ben cd the rdng budc trdch nhiem vdi nhau thdng qua ba Ioai hpp ddng van ehuyen hang hda chinh Id hpp ddng thue tdu chg theo van dan dudng bien, hgp ddng thue tau ehuyen vd hgp ddng thue tau dinh han.
Thu nhdt, hgp dong thue tdu chg: Hop ddng thue tdu chg Id su thda thudn cua ben van tai va ben thue van tai, theo dd ben van tdi danh cho ben thue van tai mdt phdn chi6c tdu chd de chuyen chd mdt Id hang theo yeu eau cua ben thue.
Tren thuc te, de nhanh chdng vd d l dang, chu tdu thudng soan sdn hgp ddng thue tau chp hay cdn dugc ggi la van dan dudng bien (Bill of Lading - B/L) hoac hpp ddng van chuyen hang hda bdng chung tir van chuyen.
Tuy dugc coi Id vdn bdn phdp ly dieu chinh mdi quan he giiia ngudi chuyen chd vd ngudi thue chd nhung do dupe soan sdn nen van don dudng bien thudng dupe dp dat y ehi eua ngudi ehuyen chd, luu cudc tdu chg thudng khdng mac ca va cao ban rat nhieu Iuu cude cua tdu chuyen.
Thu hai, hgp dong thue tdu chuyen: Hpp ddng thue tau chuyen (Charter party - C/P) la
Tap chi
4 6 I KIEMSAT_ "^ So 14 (thang 7/2014)
HGHllSI e u u , XAY DUKG VA AP DUNG PHAP LUAT
van ban thda thuan giiia ngudi v^n tdi vd ngudi thue van tai hdng hda, trong dd ngudi van tai cam kit dimg todn bp tdu di biin d l chuyen chd hdng hda theo yeu cdu cua ngudi thue van tdi vd ngudi thue van tai cam kit trd mpt khodn tien cudc thue theo sy thda thuan ciia ede ben*^'.
Ngodi hpp ddng thue van chuyin, mdi quan he giua ngudi chuySn chd vd ngudi thue van chuyen cdn duge dilu chinh bdi mdt sd van dem gpi Id van don tdu chuyen.
Van dan ndy khdng phdi Id vdn ban dilu chinh quan he giiia ngudi chuyen chd vd ngudi thue chd md nd cM la van ban bd sung cho hpp ddng thue tdu, cd y nghia lam rd nhihig ndi dung md hpp ddng ehua dugc lam ro. Trong thue te tdn tai cac hinh thiic thue tdu chuyin sau: Hgp ddng thuS chuyen mpt chieu (Single voyage/Single trip) dien ra giiia hai edng nhat dinh vd cham diit hieu lyc khi hodn thanh viec da hdng d cang den; hinh thiic thu6 tdu khii hoi (Round voyage) dien ra trong ed lugt di lan lugt ve theo mpt hpp dong thue tau; thue tau theo chuyen lien tue hay khii hdi lien tyc (Cosecutive voyage): La thue tdu van chuyen hdng hda nhieu ehuyen lien tyc cho mpt ehilu hay ea hai chieu; hpp ddng thue bao trpn gdi (Lump-sum contract) Id hgp ddng thue nguyen cd chiec tdu, khdng quy dinh rd ten hang vd sd lugng hdng hda vd tiin cudc thue tdu dupe tinh theo dan vi trpng tai hay dung tich dang ky eua tdu.
TTtii- ba, hgp dong thue tdu dinh hgn:
Khae vdi hai hinh thuc tren, hpp ddng thue tau djnh ban (time charter) lai ghi nhdn sy thda thuan giiia ehu sd hiru tdu bien va ngudi thu8 tdu, theo dd chu sd him eho ngudi thue thue tau de van chuyen hdng hda hoac khai thdc con tau thue lay cude trong mdt thdi gian nhdt djnh"'.
Can cii vdo viec cd thue kem thuyen bd (thuyin h-udng va edc thuy thii) hay khdng
md thyc te tdn tai hai hinh thiic thue tdu dinh han phd bien sau: Thue tdu dinh han phd thdng (kem thuyen bp) vd thue tdu dinh han tron - thue tdu tran (khdng kem thuyen bp) (bareboat charter)''".
Ngodi cac phdn loai dya vdo sy tdn tai eiia ba phuong thirc van ehuyen thi cdn cd the phan loai cdc hinh thirc hop ddng ndy theo cde tieu chi sau:
- Dya tren hinh thiie gM nhdn su thda thuan cua cdc ben (bang van bdn hay khdng bang vdn ban) tM hgp ddng thue tdu chuyen vd hpp ddng thue tdu dinh ban phai dupe hinh thdnh bang vdn ban; cdn hinh thiic thue tau chg tM dugc hinh thdnh dudi dang thda thuan, khong bdt bude phai bang van ban.
- Dya tren khodng khdng gian tdi da ngudi thue tau van tdi cd the thue (mpt phan hay todn bd tdu) thi ddi vdi hgp ddng thue tdu chuyen vd hop ddng thue tdu dinh han, ngudi thue thudng thue toan bd eon tdu; cdn ddi vdi hinh thiic thue tau chg thi ngudi thue thudng thue mpt phdn eon tau de van chuyin hang hda.
- Dya tren ddi tugng thue thi ddi vdi hinh thiic thue tau chuyen vd tdu chg, ngudi thue se thue khdng gian tdu de van chuyen hang hda vd dd Id hop ddng dich vy; nhung ddi vdi hinh thiic thue tau dinh ban thi ngudi thue se thue quyen su dung tdu vd dd ta hpp ddng thue tdl san.*
(1) Ths. Bui Thj Thu (chu bien) 2010, Giao trinh Tu phap Qu6c ta, Nxb. CAND, trang 234
(2) Manlime knowhow. Charter party.
http://www.niaritimeknowhow.com/English/Know- H 0 w/C hailer_p arties/introduction.html
(3) Maritime knowhow. Time charter.
http7/www.maritimeknowhow com/English/Know- How/Chartering/types_of_contracts_of_affreightment/ti me_charter.html
(•*) Maritime knowhow: Bareboat charter, http •//www.maritimekno whow.com/English/Know- How/Chartering/types_of_contracts_of_affreighlment/
Bareboat charter.html
. • . , Tap chi S6l4(thang7/2014)\__KIEM SAT I 4 7