KH Tap Chl GTVT 11/2012 I Q
L^A CHQN CHUNG LOAI TAU DAY - SA LAN PHAN DOAN THEO MO HINH BAI TOAN TOI lAl
Torn tat: Trong bil viit "Xiy dtfng md hinh toin hpe chpn chung lopl tau diy - si lan phin dopn"
ding tren sd bio thing 9/2012, tic gii da di cpp din vipe xay dtfng md hinh toin hpe Itfa chpn chung lopl tiu diy - si lan phin dopn phu hpp vdi die diim khai thic trin tuyin ludng. Trong bii viit niy, tic gii sddpng md hinh toin hpe detlnh toin, Itfa chpn Chung lopl tiu diy - si ian phin dopn phd hpp vdi tuydn vpn tii, ddng thdi dua ra mdt sdkldn nghj vi ddu tuxiy dtfng dpi tiu.
TCf khda: Tiu diy - si ian phin dopn, vpn til thuy npi dja.
Abstract: In the article published In the previous report, the author refers to the construction of ma- thematical model selection type of push boats - bar- ges segments match operates on the flow characteristics. In this article, the author uses a ma- thematical model to calculate the, selected catego- ries pushers - barge segment in line with the transpori. At the same time, give some recommen- dations on the construction of the fleet
Keywords: push boats, barges segment, Inland waterway transport.
I.Mddlu
Tau, sd lan Id cdng cu true t i l p tgo ra san pham dich vu eua ngdnh van tdi thuy. Chpn lua logi tau, sd lan thfch hop ed y nghTa v l mat khoa hoc vd thUe tifin, mang Igl hifiu qua kinh te t h i l t thUe eho kinh doanh vdn tai thiiy ndi dja. LUa chon chCing logi tdu d i y - sa lan phdn dogn (TD-SLPD) phu hOp vdi t u y l n van tai, chfnh Id lUa chon, xae djnh chung logi vd sd lUOng phuong tifin hOp ly, trfin cO sd thda man cdc y l u to lifin quan dfi'n phUOng thdc van tdi nay vd cdc d i l u kifin rang budc kem theo.
2. Cdc thong so rang budc
2.1. TD-SLPD ii mpt phuang tipn vpn til thuy Dae d i l m ldn nhd't cua phUOng thUc vdn tdi hang hda bang TD-SLPD Id tdu day dUOc chang bude
"can^' vdi sd lan, trong dd tdu day d phfa sau, cac sd lan d phfa trudc thdnh mdt "Tiu ta hanh', trong dd tau day la phan ddng luc, cdn sa lan Idm nhifim vu
"ham chaa han^'. Ddc d i l m nay dUOe t h i hifin trong qud trinh thifi't k l , to chdc khai thdc vd qudn ly sCf dung,,..
Bdtrfdiung cCia tau day: De thUe hien ehUc nang day va keo, phai bd trf gid day va mde keo, he thong chang bupc giQa cdc sd lan, giiJla tau d i y vdi sa lan, ddm bao tau day - sd lan Id mdt doan "ghep can^'. Ngodi ra, d l thda mdn yeu cdu v l tdm nhln, tdu day phai cd cabin di!i chieu eao (cabin Idi ed the ndng hg d l phu hop vdi chieu cao ffnh khdng hgn ehe cCia eau).
TS. VU NGOC BICH T S . N G U Y I N VAN HINH Trudng Dpi hpe GTVT TP. Hd Chl Minh
2.2. Lip ghip dpi hinh TD-SLPD
Cdn c d vao ttnh hlnh ludng Igeh, yfiu cdu vdn tdi hdng hda,., cd t h i sCr d y n g mdt so phuong an lap ghdp ddi hlnh nhu ghep n i l tifi'p; ghfip song song (hlnh 1 ) v d ghfip hdn hdp,
2.3. Tim nhin eua doan TD-SLPD
Tau ddy vdi c a b i n ldi bd trf phfa trfin, di sau dodn sa lan, yfiu cdu tdm nhln rat khat khe nhdm ddm bdo eho tdu
I ^ t Z J C
Z!
Hlnh 1. Tiu diy ghip song song vdl 04 si lan
hogt dfing an todn luc di c h u y i n (hlnh 2).
Cdng thdc tfnh tam r j nhin dodn TD-SLPD • " ^ U duoc xdc djnh:
r _ T _i_ V r ^"^^ ^' ^*^^ " ' ' ' " ' ^ " ' ^ '
^D - ^TK(TD) + Z^^TKisL) doan TD-SLPD LD: tdng c h i l u ddi cd dodn Diem A: vj trf quan sat d cabin lai D i l m B: D i l m eao nhdt mui sd lan di ddu D i l m C: Giao d i l m dudng AB keo dai vdi mat nUdc, xdc djnh khu vuc khudt
Khodng khuat LrwdUOe xae djnh:
LTN = kn.Lo, vdi kn Id hfi s d dUOc Id'y trong khodng (0,1-=-0,5).
2.4. Die diim tinh sUc cin TD-SLPD Cdng thdc chung d l tfnh sdc can todn doan TD- SLPD:
R.=k R, ^Z^sz
Trong d d :
HD : SUc cdn todn doan TD-SLPD RTD: Sdc cdn cCia tdu day Rsu: SUc edn cda sd lan thU / k. Id he so ghep doan n: so sa lan cd mdt trong ddi hlnh
SUc cdn todn dodn sd lan HDcan phai tfnh them tJ lfi % tinh d i n cdc yeu td khde vd du trO.
2.5. Anh hudng cua ludng Ipch 2.5.1. Chieu rpng cua Idng sdng (kinh) Chieu rdng eua ldng sdng anh hUdng dfi'n vific lUa chpn c h i l u rpng eua tau cQng nhU ddi hlnh ghep.
Trfin tuyen luu thdng thuy, khpang each gida phUOng tifin vd bd sdng the hifin trfin hinh 3.
D i l u kifin d l phuong tifin vdn tdi thuy luu thdng trfin tuyen:
T u y l n hai Hinh 3. Tuyin luu thong thiy
KHOA H Q C - C O N G N G H E
Hlnh 4. Dp siu ludng l9ch
i
Hinti 5. Chieu cao tinh khing du
Hinh 6. Dim bio khoang thdng thuyin c h i l u : " ^ 0 ' 3 ( / > , + f t O
T u y l n mdt c h i l u ; " ^ A 2.5.2. D0 siu ludng iQch
r 1 Trfin hlnh 4, AfemiWd
"' '' ,; :'•• • r- khe hd giOa day phUOng , . ^ ^ - ' ' ^ ^ ^ - - X tidn vd ddy sdnq, ydu c l u
Ahsmin^ (10^20) cn^.
2.5.3. Chiiu c^io tmh khdng ciu
T r S n h l n h 5 , c o , \ / M a d i , r trd c h i l u sdu nudc d d;iy phuong ti§n va A la khodng khdng du frU cho phdp phuong tifin qua c l u . Gid tri cua A, Ah duqc qui d|nh cy t h i doi vdi lUng cdp tdu.
2.5.4. Dim b,io thong thuySn qua ciu
Khodng each cua phuong tidn vOi try cdu a, phdi thda m d n dteu kien Bmax^ B^-2a.
2.5.5. Bin kinh cong cua cic dopn sdng
Vdl dogn sdng khuc khuyu (hinh 7), khi doan tau hdnh trinh trfin dogn sdng cong, c h i l u dai tdi da cua dodn duoc xdc dmh:
LD > (1/k)R
Vdi R la bdn kinh cong cua doan sdng; Ln la chieu dai doan tdu; k Id hfi sd (cd t h i nhdn cdc gia tri 3,5:
3 khi di xudi hoSc 2 khi di ngUOc).
2.6. Die diem to ^ - . ^ _ chUe khai thic vi dieu ——i ^...^^^ ..--''
hinh ~^
Trong thue tifin khai " ' ^ \ thdc dpi TD-SLPD se " ^ — - gdp nhOng tinh hudng Hlnh 7. Bin kmh cong can phdi linh hpgtxtr ly: cua doan sdng
- Gdp cau khdng ddm bdo c h i l u eao iTnh khdng, lue do can phdi ha cabin, hg cfit d e n , chd nudc xuong.
- Qua eac dogn sdng khuc khuyu, ban kinh cong nhd, phdi cdt dodn sa lan; ldn tUdt dua tdng phan qua dogn sdng trfin; sau dd ghfip Igi dodn nhu ban dau,
- Luong hdng trong c h u y i n nhd hon trpng tai thiet k l cua dodn, gidm s i sd lan trong doan phu hpp khdi luong vdn c h u y i n .
Tdt cd cdc vdn d l trfin cdn dUde xem xet trong qud trinh tfnh todn, phdn tfch lya chpn ehung loai TD- SLPD eho tUng tuyen dudng hogt ddng cu the,
S.Lira chpn TD-SLPD
3.1. Tinh toan thiet ke phUdng ti^n dac trUng Cdn c d md hlnh todn hoc vd so do khoi da trinh bay d [2], qud trinh tfnh todn bdi toan lua chpn eac ddetrUng cO bdn vd kich t h u d c c h u y l u cua tau day, cho cdng sud't mdy ehinh N, ham mgc tieu la chf so x a c d j n h l y c d a y (keo) ldn nhat r|, thda man cac dieu kien rang budc v l ludng Igeh vd eac quy dinh trong quy phgm.
- Cdc bien toi Uu duoc lya chon Id:
+ Xl la hfi sd beo CB + xria ty lfi /() + xj Id ty l§ b,t
Xl, x>, XA cd gidl hgn trong phgm vi cho phep d l khdo sdt
- Kfch thudc, hfi sd hinh d a n g , tdc d d . on dinti, inc.. dupe k i l m tra theo quy dmh [4],
- Lyc ddy cua ldu Z d u p c tinh theo Munro-Smltfi:
100
- H;ini mye tifiu cua bai toan ia chi sd xac dinh
/
sUc d^y: '/ J 1^ IJ > ' 1 ^ ' " '
Qud trinh gidi bai todn cho 31 680 phuong dn [1].
Qua kdt qud tinh todn. xac dinh dUOc nhQng ndi dung sau:
- Xac dinh dupe cac dac trung co bdn, kich thifiSc chu yfiu cua tau,
- Xfiy d y n g dupe do thi quan he giOa sdc kfio Wn nhdt eua t^u vdi cdng suat Idn nhat eua may chinti c6 dgng sau; Z(T) = f(N).
Mdt s6 eae dSc trung co ban cua tau day, sa lan phdn dogn chd hang container da tinh loan d [1 j di/i?c gidi Ihieu d bdng 1 va bang 2 dUdi day Hinh 8 v4 hlnh 9 tifip tyc gidi thieu bd tri chung cua tdu d i y vS sa lan dien hinh,
Bing 1. Mpt sd die trung chu yeu cua tiu diy
Hmh 8. Bd tri chung tau lai 200HP Bang 2. Dpc trung chu yeu cua mpt sd sa /an container
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Hinh 9. Bd tri chung si lan phin dopn 16 THtfl
Tap chl GTVT 11/2012 I g
TCl thfing sd tdu d i y va sa lan, ghep dpi hinh T D - SLPD, xdy dyng dd thj quan hfi cda RTD, Te, Z v d i cdc t i c dd khac nhau, hinh 10.
Hinh 10. Dd thj md ti quan hp glQa Rm Te, Z vdi V Diem A: ipc ddy Idn nhdt cua tiu ddy d tr^ng thii tha ben (v=0)
Didm B: xac dmh tdc dd tp do cija tiu (khdng kio si lan)
Diim C: diim lam vipc eua tiu diy khi ddy doin si lan
3.2. Ltfa chpn chung lopl TD-SLPD khu vpc TP.
Hd Chl Minh vi Ddng bing Nam bd 3.2.1. Ltfa chpn tuyen diin hinh
Tren cO sd so lifiu v l cac dac trung chd y l u cda tau day vd sd lan, mde tifiu hao nhifin lifiu, dpi hinh du k i l n vd djnh bien lao ddng theo edc ddi hinh d l li/a chpn. Muc tieu la tfnh toan hieu qud dau t u vdi trinh tu sau:
- Lya chpn ddi hinh phu hop theo t u y l n . - Xae dinh thdi gian ehuyen di theo tdng logi dpi I hlnh, bao gom: Thdi gian chay trfin t u y l n (ed xet dnh hudng ddng chdy t r i l u ) ; thdi gian nghf chd nude; thdi gian x I p dd d dau ben; thdi gian khdi ddng; thdi gian lam thu tuc r a v a o bfi'n, thdi gian chd dOi; thdi gian lap va gidi tdn ddi hinh.
- Kha nang van e h u y i n cda dpi hlnh;
- Chi phf c h u y i n di va ehi phi khai thac tau trong nam nhU: chi phf lUOng, cdc khodn ehi theo luong; chi phi CO dinh ddi tau (chi phi sCfa ehQa; ehi phf khdu hao cd ban; chi phi bdo dUdng thUdng xuyfin; chi phf vgt hfiu, vdt re); ehi phf dang k i l m , bdo h i l m ; chi phf nhifin lifiu, cdng phf.
- Tfnh todn kfi't qud kinh doanh hdng ndm.
- Ddnh gid hieu qua dau tU thdng qua ddng luu chuyin tien te (NPV; IRR; ty sd NPV/K).
0 m i l n Nam hifin cd rdt nhieu t u y l n vdn tdi thuy.
Ve nguyen tac, moi t u y l n ed mot loai phuong tifin thfch hop. Can cU tinh hinh thue te vd dy k i l n nhOng ndm sap den [1], d l xuat hai t u y l n tieu bieu sau:
Tuyen TP. Hd Chi Minh - Cil Mdp, Thj Vii (Vung Tiu): Ddy la t u y l n ed luu lUOng hdng hda vdn c h u y i n ldn nhat hifin nay. Trong tUOng lai, day vdn Id t u y l n quan trpng nhat de van c h u y i n centainer bang sa lan phan dogn vi sdn lUOng ldn; luong Igeh sau, rfing, thugn tien cho vific s d dung cdc doan tdu day; cdc ben cdng va ICD ed nang sudt xep dd cao. Dac d i l m tuyfi'n ludng:
- T i n g c h i l u ddi dogn t u y l n : 66,2km - S I lUOng cau: 01 c h i l e - Bien dp cau: 600 m - C h i l u eao tTnh khdng eau : 45 m
Tuyen TP. Hd Chl Minh - Cdn Tha- My Thdi (An Giang): Ddy Id tuyen giao thdng thCiy ndi dia huyfi't
mgch nd'i Ddng bdng sdng CCtu Long vdi TP, Hd Chf Minh, cd luu luong van tdi Idn. Ddc d i l m tuyfi'n ludng:
- T i n g c h i l u ddi dogn tuyen: 267,1 km - S d luong cdu: 5 c h i l e
- Bifin dd edu nhd nhd't: 21,5 m - C h i l u eao tTnh khdng thdp nhdt: 6,5 m, 3.2.2. Ltfa chpn ddi hlnh ghip diin hinh Cdn cLf vdo luu lutjng hdng edn vdn e h u y i n , dge d i l m tuyfi'n l u l n g vd kfch thudc doan TD-SLPD eung nhu silc tdi cda tdu d i y , d l xudt ddi hlnh d l dUa vao tfnh todn nhu sau:
Bing 3. Dpi hinh ghip tuyin thinh phd Hd Chi Minh - Cil Mip, Thj Vii (Vung Tiu)
Bing 4. Dpi hinh ghip tuyin TP. Hd Chi Minh - Cdn Thd- My Thdi (An Giang)
3.2.3. Ket qua sin xuat kinh doanh hing nam Bing 5. Tuydn TP. Hd Chi Minh - Cii Mep, Thj Vai (Vung Tiu)
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Bang 6. Tuyen tuyin TP. Hd Chl Minh - Can Thd - My Thdi (An Giang)
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3.2.4. Hipu qua diu tU
De lya chon dfii hinh dodn tieu bieu, chl tfnh cdc chl tieu hieu qud ddu t u cCia ede dpi hinh TD-SLPD ed loi nhudn dUOng. Qua tfnh todn tdng t u y l n che mot chu ky khai thdc 5 ndm (2012-2017), k i t qua thu dU0c[1]:
(Xem tii'p trang 46)
KHOA H Q C - C 6 N G N G H E
nhau, Gid ndy phdn dnh quan hfi mde cd giOa hdng hdng khdng - dgi ly - hdnh khdch vd do vdy duoc gpi Id gid "ddm phdn". Ngodi ra, vdi d i l u kidn thi trudng cgnh tranh khde liet nfin gid ddm phdn cdn duoc goi Id gid cgnh tranh. Gia ndy khdng duoc p h i b i l n rdng rdi trong cdng chiing vt sfi phd vd quan hd lay ba:
hang hdng khdng - dgi ly - khdch hdng vd edn phdi ddm bdo tdi da hda doanh thu cua hdng.
- Theo phin thf hinh khich thdng qua mpe dich chuydn dl vi thdng qua kiiu hinh trinh:
+ Khdch di theo mye dich cdng v g : Vdi logi khdch ndy ludn ddi hdi ehdt luong dich vg d mUc cao.
thudng chpn cdc sdn p h i m ed uy tfn, bay t h i n g va thdi gian bay ngdn Hp cd khd ndng chdp nhdn d mde gid cao.
+ Kh^ch di theo mgc dich nghl ngoi: Ho khdng ddi hdi ehdt luong dich vy d mUe cao. C d khd nang chdp nhdn edc sdn p h i m dich vy vdi ehdt luong d mUc trung binh, hdnh trinh bay vdng vdi mUc gid thdp.
+ Khdch thSm thdn n h d n ; Khdch ndy quan tdm d i n dd an todn vd dd nhgy cdm vdi gid rdt eao,
+ Khdch lap d d n g , hpe tdp: Ddi v d i khdch ndy, vide mua vd dp don vi tdi tro q u y l t dinh, chfl y l u mua vfi mdt c h i l u . Dl theo dean vd thudng tdp trung vdp khodng thdi gian nhdt djnh theo hop d d n g .
+ Khdch Id: Ld cdc ca nhdn cd nhu edu di Igi bdng d u d n g hang khdng, dSt chd vd mua ve nfing Id, khdng du cdc d i l u kifin mua gid khdch doan.
+ Khach doan: Nhdm hdnh khdch chl dUOc mua gid khdch doan khi ed du d i l u kien theo qui dinh eua nhd vdn c h u y i n ,
+ Theo lUa tuoi gdm: Trd e m , trd nhd se trd gid thap hon gid theo nhdm cho ngudi Idn va khdng dUOe
tinh Id thdnh vifin cfla d o d n . Trong d d , qui d i n h ) ^ t u l l : TQ 0 - 2 t u l i dUOc gpi Id trd nhd (INF), tU 2 - 1 ; t u l i gpi Id trd em (CHD), trdn 12 t u l i dp dgng gia ve ngudi ldn (ADL).
II. K i t ludn
Vdi vide tdc gid trinh bdy mOt cdch khoa hpe vd h$
t h i n g hda cdc v i n d l v l vai trd cfla gid vd chlnli sdch gid, e h i l m m^t phdn quan trong trong b i l n stf eua phdi thdc marketing mix.
Tdc gid dl sdu phdn tfeh thgc trgng v l vai trd cda gid vd chfnh sdch gid trong vdn tdi hdng khdng ttidi ky hdi nhdp vd lifin minh q u i c t l ,
T r d n so sd d d , tdc gid d l xudt vide hogch dinh chinh sdch gid vd hdnh khdch cho VNA nhdm mang Igi hidu q u d cao vd phdt t r i l n b i n vQng, trong btfi cdnh cgnh tranh gay gdt trfin thj trudng hifin nay v4 djch vy vdn ldi hdng khdng thdi ky hdi nhdp vd Ildn minh q u i c t l •
Tai lifiu tham khdo
[1]. GS, Nghifim v a n D T n h ; ' W n f t r ^ v / m d " TrUdng Dpi hpe GTVT - (2004) {2}. B d Giao thdng vdn t i l ;
"Chidn lapc phit tridn Giao thdng vin tii ddn nim 2010. dinh hadng ddn 2020' - (2007) [3]. Chfnh phfi:
"Phi duyit Quy hopeh phit triin Giao thing v$n ^1 hing khdng Viit Nam giai dopn ddn nim 2020 vi djnti hadng ddn nim 2030", Quydt dinh sd: 21/QD-TTQ • (2009) [4]. N g u y i n VSn D u n g ; "Chidn tape vi chiin thuit thidt kd vi Dinh gii sin phdm vi dich vy c^nti tranh", NXB Tdi chlnh - (2009; {5}. Tong edng ty hdng khdng Vidt N a m ; "ChUdng Irlnh vi kd hopch ning cao chit lapng phpc vp hinh khieh' • (2010)
LITA CHON CHUNG LOAI...
{Ttip theo trang 43) Tuyin TP. Hi Chl Mmh - Cii Mep, Thi Vii (Vung Tiu): D6i hlnh T B - S L P D g6m tau day 500hp iai 4 sa lan 32 teus theo hinh thufc ghep doi (TD 500 + 2 + 2) la CO l(?i nhat (NPV =2.851,14; IRR = 17,60%, ty so N P V A / 6 n d S u W 1 1 , 6 6 % ) .
Tuyin TP. Ho Chi Minh - Can Tha - My Thdi (An Giang): D6i hlnh doan TD-SLPD gom tau d^y 200hp lai 2 sa lan 24 teus theo hlnh thifc ghep ddn (TD 200 + 1 + 1) la CO loi nhat (NPV = 3.513,92; IRR = 21,88%; ty so NPVA/6n Sin tU 25,01 % ) .
4. Ket Iu3n - Kien nghj
Vi#c d ^ xuat cac chung loai t r e n tuyen t r g n la nhOng djnh hudng quan trpng cho cac doanh nghiep va cac thanh phan l<inh td' dau t u doi tau van chuyen, d6ng thdi co the lam tai iieu tham khcio cho cac nha q u ^ n ly, nghien cufu hoach dinh hudng phat trien cac nhan to Cciu thanh h# thong van t i l thuy (xay di,(ng c4ng, nao vet lufing lach, cdng nghiep dong tau, dao tao thuySn viSn, v.v) mfit each hop ly 6i hoat dfing
cua doi ii\i mang lai hieu qud kmh tfi' cao nhc(t c6 th^
Tai il^u tham kh&o
[1 ]. Vu Ngpc Bich, Nghiin citu it/a chpn chiing lo9t tiu diy - si lan phin ioan chd hing container khu vile thinh phi Hi Chi Minh vi ding bing Nam bi (DT 063017) - Dfi tai N C K H cSp B6 GTVT, thdng 03- 2012.
[2]. Vu Ngpc Bich, "Xiy dtfng mi hlnh toin tfc ll/a chgn Chung loai tiu diy • si lan phin doan", Tsp chl GTVT. sfi thang 9/2012, trang 24-25.
[3]. Ly BSch ChS'n, P h a m C f i n g Hi (1984), Cic phudng phip toin ing dung trong Giao thing vin tii, NXB GTVT, H4 Nfii.
[4]. Trfin CSng Nghj, (2008), Si tay thiSt ki tin thQy, NXB x a y d i ; n g , Ha Nfii.
[5). Dang Huu Phu. Semenov.l, (1982), •Postme- nie I Realizasia Mathematicheckoi Modeii Zadachi Op- timizasi Fiota SudoV, Shipbuilding publishel, Leningrat.
[6]. Pashin.V, (1983), "Ship Optimization; Shipbuil- ding publisher, Leningrat.