Sir thay doi ve phong tuc tap quan or lang xa BSc Ky thM Phap thuoc
Nguyen Thi L ? H a '
' Vipn Sii hpc, Vipn Hin tSm Khoa hpc xi hpi Vift Nam.
Email: [email protected]
Nh|n ngiy 18 thing 3 ii3m 2016. Chip nhan ding ngiy 6 thing4 nim 2016.
Tom tSt: Bai viet phdn tich mpt s6 thay doi ve phong tyc ^ quan d lang xd dong bdng Bdc Bp dudi tae dpng cua chmh sdch cdi lucmg huong chinh thdi 1^ Phdp thupc tren cac npi dung cudi hdi, tang ma, khao vgng, khao lao, mua ban danh vi. Sy thay dii dd la tich eye \ i dd cdt gidm cdc khoan chi ldng phi, d$c bipt ve dn uong. Tuy nhi£n, mye dich ciia chinh sach cai luong huong chinh ciia chinh quyen Phap khong phai chi Id dl xoa bd cdc phong tyc tap qudn lac h|u ma cdn la de chi phii va can thipp.
Tir khoa: Phong tyc t ^ qudn; Bdc Ky; thdi Phdp thupc.
Abstract: The article studies a number of changes in customs and habits in the Bdc Bp (Northern/Tonkin) delta villages under the impacts of the edi luang huang chinh (village administrative reform) policy during the French colonial era regarding weddings, funerals, celebrations with feasts, includmg those in honour of longevity of the elderly, or the trade of official tides. The changes were positive, cutting wastefiil e^qienses, especially those on food and drinks. However, the true aim of the French administration's village administrative reform policy was not to scrap obsolete customs, but to control and intervene.
Keywords: Customs and habits, Bdc K^ (Tonkm), French colonial era.
1. D$t van d l ndm dugc cac ngudn tim v l thul cfing vdi vipc bat phu vd bdt Hnh d cac lang xd.
Thdi ky ddu cai tii Vipt Nam, di ddi vdi £>^u t b i ky' XX, chinh quydn Phdp muon vipc to chfic bp may tiiyc dan, chinh quyln kilm soat ch§t chd bg mdy^cai trj tit tiimg Phdp vdn bdo luu bp mdy cai tii tniyin ucmg xudng dia phuemg. c ^ tiidp nhdt Id tiling d cac ldng xa vdi muc dich dn dinh lang xa. Vi vgy, d l ndm c h ^ d a ban ndng tinh hinh an ninh d ndng tiidn, dong tiidi tiidn Vipt Nam, chinh quyln Phap quyet
53
Khoa hpc xd hpi Vipt Nam, si 6 (115) - 2017 dinh tiln hdnh cdi to bg mdy chinh quyln cdp xa. 6 Bdc Ky trudc khi ban hdnh vdn bdn chhih tiiuc, chinh quyln Phdp da cho tiln hanh thfi nghipm tien mpt sd dia phuang d Bdc Ky. Sau khi tiifi nghipm thanh cdng, chinh quydn Phap da ban hdnh chmh thfic ti^n todn bg cdc tinh ding bdng Bdc Bg. Tfi nam 1921 den nam 1945, chinh quyln Phdp da ban hdnh 3 idn chinh sdch edi luang huong chinh. Cdng cupc cdi luong huong chinh cfia thuc ddn Phap d Bdc Ky dd ed nhfing thanh cdng, thdt bai trong viec tryc tiep vd gidn tiep can thipp vdo ldng xd nhdm quan ly ndng thdn Vipt Nam. Vipc tim hiiu mpt so thay ddi v l phong tuc tdp qudn d ldng xd ding bdng Bdc Bp dudi tdc dpng ciia chinh sdch cdi luong huong chinh thdi ky Phdp thudc la ca sd khoa hgc cho vipc k l thua nhiing m|it tich eye va hgp 1;^, khdc phyc nhfing ban che, tieu eye tiong vipc quan I^ van hda ndng thdn trong dilu kipn hipn nay.
2. Cu-di hdi
v l hdn nhan, tfi xua cdc lang xa da cd Id cheo. Nhd nao cd con gdi ldy ehong phai lam ed ra dmh t l thdn, mdi ddn. Tyc ngfl cd cdu: "Cd cudi ma khdng cd cheo/ Du rdng cd gilt mudi beo cflng thfia". Cheo la khoan le vdt ma ngudi con gdi phdi ngp cho ldng khi ldy chlng. Thdi xua thudng npp cheo bdng hipn v^t, phdn nhilu la ggch d l ldng Idt dudng di. Npp cheo mdi dugc ngudi tiong lang cdng nhpn Id vg chlng hgp phdp.
Den chmh quyln Phdp ban hanh chinh sdch cdi luong huong chinh dd cd sy tiiay dii:
cheo dugc quy ra tiianh tiln. Theo quy dinh tfi xua cdc ldng xa chia tien cheo tiianh hai logi: cheo npi vd cheo ngogi. Cheo npi la
cheo gdi lay trai cfing lang, cheo ngogi la cheo gdi ldy chdng ngodi ldng. S6 tiln cheo ngoai phai nop gap ddi, cd khi gdp ba cheo nPi. Din khi thyc hipn chinh sdch cdi luong huong chinh, cliinh quydn Phdp vdn gift hai logi cheo. "Ngudi ldng ldy nhau thi npp tiln lan nhai 4 dong vdi 100 khdu trau. Ngudi Idng lay ehong thidn ha thi phdi npp 5 ding tien lan nhai vd 200 khdu trau" [5], "Bdt cii cheo npi hay cheo ngogi nhung trudc ngdy nghinh hdn phdi tudng vdi ban hdnh ehinh vd chilu theo Id ndp cheo cho lang da, va trong hgn 8 ngay ca hai ben phdi din nha ngudi thu k^ d l vdo s i gia thfi. Ai khdng tuan theo le ay thi ldng phat 4 hao, cfi nha con gdi gd chdng phai bdi thudng s6 tien phat cheo va so tien phat dy" [12]. Qua huong udc cai luong ma chiing tdi dugc tilp can, sd tiln cheo dao dgng trong khoang tfi 1 ddng den 10 ddng va mpt le phdm nhd d l t l thdn. Cheo la Ip lang, ma Ip cfia lang thi moi Idng quy dinh mgt khac.
Cd Idng bat ngudi cd tang phdi ddng ti6n cheo gap ddi ngudi khdng cd tang trd (lang Phi Kipt); cd lang phan bipt cheo ngogi hdng ting vd cheo ngogi hang xfi (lang Mai San). Nhung cung cd ldng khdng phan bipt lay ehong trong Idng hay ngoai lang deu npp cheo "1 ddng dd sung cdng, trau cau trinh dan" [16]. Tuy nhidn, so ldng npp cheo deu nhau khdng nhieu d ddng bdng Bdc Bp. Dfi cd quy dinh till nao tiii tiln cheo ciing la mpt khoan thu ciia lang xd.
Theo truyin thing, khi hg nha tiai sang xin rude ddu d hg nhd gdi, cac tid em thudng chdng day ngang dudng, ddng cing khdng cho di qua. Chang r l phdi ra xin v a . c h o tiln mdi dugc bd day, md cong. Ngudi ta gidi thich rdng Ip nay mudn thfi thdch sy kidn tri, tinh thdn vugt
JNguyen inii^^na khd cfia chdng r l d l dam bdo cho hgnh
phfic cfia gia dinh sau ndy. D i n ndm 1921, theo quy dinh trong chinh sdch cdi luong huang chinh, n l u da ngp tiln cheo thi khdng dugc ehang ddy, ddng cdng "ai pham dieu lang thi ldng phat tu 2 hao d i n 1 dong. Tre con md phgm thi cfi bd me nd phdi chiu sd tiln phat dy" [12].
Trudc kia nhilu gia diitii ldy vg d l cd thdm lyc lugng lao dpng. Vi flil nen nhilu nha gdi thach cudi rdt cao, Idm cho nhd trai roi vdo cdnh khon ciing. Trong chinh sdch cai luong huong chinh da cd su thay doi, do la vfia khuydn khich vfia bdt huge cdc lang xa han che vipc thach cudi va to chfic an udng linh dinh ma "chi trong hg cdc nha sy chfi dm thyc vdi nhau, chfi khdng dugc mdi ddn, ndu trai Ipnh phdi phgt 1 ddng, ma ngudi khdng than thich di an uong ciing phdi phgt 5 hao" [5]. Nhfing dieu khoan thay ddi tidn da phan nao gidm bdt dugc ganh ndng vdi ngudi ndng dan ngheo. Vi nhilu gia dmh, sau khi td chfic cudi hdi cho con xong bi roi vao tinh trgng ng nan chdng chdt. Tuy nhidn, dieu khoan chlnh quyln Phap dua ra la mpt chuypn, cdn lang cd thuc hipn khdng lgi la chuypn khdc. Vl trdn thyc t l , vdn cdn cd lang thyc hipn dam cudi theo truyin thing cfl. Lang Khuong Thugng la mgt tiong nhflng ldng dugc chinh quyln Phap va Nam trilu chgn ldm tigng dilm cai luemg huong chinh, nhung phan tyc Ip, nhdt Id phdn hdn nhan, vdn theo truyen thong. Trong huang udc cai luang ndm 1933 van cd dieu khodn quy dinh cho phdp nha gai thach le vgt Idn, chdng ddy ddi tiln va md tipc cudi linh dhih. Nhu vay, khdng phai ldng cdi luong ndo cung thyc hipn dung nhflng dilu chinh quyln Phap quy dinh.
3. Tang ma
Ve tang Id, nhu ta da bilt, theo tyc Ip xua, nhd cd tang phdi lam rat nhieu ll cho ngudi da qua CO, trong dd l l Idn nhdt la le ba ngay (nha cd tang phai ldm co ban mdi ldng dd tg on dan ldng da tien dua ngudi nhd din noi an nghi cudi cung). Tyc Ip dd ddn ddn trd thdnh mpt thu "trd ng midng" rdt ndng ne.
Co bdn la hfi tuc dn sdu vdo tdp qudn cua ngudi dan ddng bdng Bdc Bp khdng bilt bao ddi. "Neu trong nhd bdn tiing, chua the lo ngay duge, thi din Ific khdc ciing phdi lo mdi xong" [2, tr.I77]. "Cd noi nghipt nga qud, h i hieu chfi cd lo dugc tia bfla cho dan thi dan mdi cho chdng g£iy... Lgi c6 nai hiiu chfi cdn chiu ng mipng cua dan thl dau hit tang ba ndm rdi cung chua dugc bd do hiiu phyc, h i khi nao lo xong thi mdi Id hit tang che" [2, tr.I78]. Vi nhflng.hfi tyc ndng ne nay ma nhilu tang chfi sau khi lo hdu sy xong roi vdo cdnh ng ndn ehong chdt.
Trong cttinh sdch cdi luong huang chinh, bdn huong udc mau gfii cho cdc ldng xd quy dinh: "Vipc ma cliay, dilu nay moi lang cd tuc Ip rieng ndn cdn chdm chudc lgi cho hgp thdi". Can cfi vdo bdn mdu nay cac Idng xa da luge bd nhilu hfi tyc va quy dinh Igi Id ma chay. Trong huong udc c ^ luong d ddng bdng Bdc Bg ma chting tdi nghien cfiu, hau het cdc dieu khodn deu thay dSi:
bd vipc to chuc Sn udng bdng hinh thfic npp tien cho lang. "Trong ldng ai muln bdo hiiu cho dng bd, cha m? hay vg chlng trd nghia cho nhau thi cfi chilu Ip sau ndy md npp vdo cdng quy (trfi l l kinh than vd bfla trd ng mipng). Lp nhat: smh tiln 25 ding. Tfi hgu 30 ddng; lp nhi: sinh tidn 20 ding. Tfi li£iu 25 ddng; lp ba: sinh tiln 10 ding. Tfi h|iu 15ddng"[I8,ti.419].
55
Khoa hpc xahpi Vipt Nam, so 6 (115)-2017 Huong udc ldng Ddng Ngoai quy dinh ehi tilt, ro rang: "Dan di dua dam thi tang chfi chi dugc dflng trdu nude tilp dai ma thdi. Sau khi dua ddm roi nlu tang chfi ndo lgi mudn mdi ddn din te mgt tudn de td ldng luyin tile ngudi qud co thi tang chfi chi phdi sfia 100 khdu trau va npp 10 ding tudng vdi 1^ dich cho bao cdo dan ldng d l din tang gia hp t l . Tang chfi cflng chi dugc dfing tidu nude thilt dai quan vidn ddn ldng din hp te ma thdi, chfi ngoai gid khdng dugc bay ra co ban phidn phigicd" [11].
Nhung quy dinh tren chfing td rdng tang chfl npp tiln lp cho lang theo cdc mfic khdc nhau tfi I dong din 30 dor^. Nhung ro rdng, so vdi vipc tang chfl phdi md Ign, trdu, bd ra mdi cd ldng an udng thi viec npp tien cd nhe hon rdt nhilu. Tuy nhien, nlu xet mpt cdch sdu xa tin vide ngp tidn thdng qua cdc le bilu, ldng cd thu mpt khodn tidn nhdt dinh cfia tang chfi de lam quy ldng.
Chhih quyln Phdp tuy quy dinh dam tang hgn che vipc an udng nhung lai quy dinh tiong bdn huang udc mau: "tang chfi mudn dl danh dy cho ngudi chet thi gfii mpt mdn tiln ky nipm lam cfia cdng tiong ldng. Mdn tien ay lang chia lam ba hgng:
hgng 1 npp 3 dong, hgng 2 ngp 2 ding, hgng 3 npp 1 ddng nhung tfiy y tang chfi"
[10]. Tuy cd quy djnh "tfiy tang chfi" nhung trong lang ngudi ddn sg nhdt dilu tieng, mgi nha nhin nhau md ldm, ndn hau nhu gia dhih ndo cung c l gdng npp d mfic cao, dfi nhd gidu hay nhd ngheo. Do v^y, qujf ldng lgi dugc them mpt khodn va chmh quyln Phdp cung dugc hudng tfi so tien do.
Trong nhd cd ngudi mdt da la mpt sy mdt mat vd ciing Idn. Ngudi mdt vua ndm xuIng, ngudi sing vgi vdng phdi lo Ign, gd, tidu, bd thilt dai dan lang. Lam co cdng to
thi tiing con chau cd hiiu cdng Idn. "Tyc dy la mpt tyc rdt thd bi, rdt hfi bgi, rdt bgc b5o, khdng cdn xdu xa de tipn bdng tyc dy" [2, tr.l79]. Chinh vi v$y, ngay trong giai dogn ddu thi dilm chinh sdch cdi luong huong chinh d mpt so ldng xd dong bdng Bdc Bp, chinh quyln Phdp da khuyin khich khdng td chfic an u6ng tiong ddm tang, ma thay bdng hinh thuc ngp tidn cho ldng. Nhung thuc t l vide td chfic dn uong tiong vd sau 3 ngdy ngudi mdt vdn dien ra d khdp mgi Idng xdm. Dieu nay ddn ndm 1940 vdn dugc tdc gja Ngd Tdt Td phan anh fiong thidn phdng sy Vi$c ldng n i i tiing cua dng.
4. Khao vgng, khao lao
Khao vgng, theo phong tyc tfi xua mpt ngudi trong ldng sau khi dugc bd mpt chiic danh, mpt phdm trgt h o ^ dh dat trong hgc hanh, phdi lam co t l thdn va mdi ddn \kag din an cd de cdng nhdn vipc dd dat dugc vinh dy dd. Ai dugc lam quan ma khdng vgng Idng tiu ldng chua thCra nhgn chiic quan cfia ngudi dd, mdc ddu ngudi dd dd Id mgt quan chfic tiiyc thy. Sau khi khao vgng xong thi mdi xIp vdo ngdi thfi d dinh dung vdi chfic tudc, phdm ham dd dugc ban.
Chinh vi v^y, tiong dan gian da cd cdu tyc ngfl: "Vd vgng bat thanh quan".
Tuy v$y, dd dugc mgt vi thu nai (Bnh trung, ngudi ta phai khao vgng rdt tin kdm, cd khi dan tdi khuynh gia bgi sdn. Ldm quan phai khao ldng, lam chfic dich cung phdi khao lang va lam dan cung phdi khao ldng. Khao vgng tid tiidnh bdt bugc dii vdi mgi ngudi. Khao vgng dugc gdn lien vdi vi tii, tiifi b ^ tiong xa hpi ldng xa. Ngdi tiifi cdng cao, lp khao cang Idn. Ngdi tiifi trong Idng khong chi gdn vdi quyln Igi tmh than
Nguyen Thi Lp Ha dugc ngoi trdn thidn hg, ma cdn gdn liln vdi
quyen lgi vat chdt. Bac dudi ngdi 5 ngudi mpt CO, bgc tren ngdi 1-2 ngudi mdt cd; an tai cho khdng hdt thi gdi mang vl. Ngoai ra hg cdn dugc phdn bieu ddu gd, phao cau, chan gid, thfi Ign, cd kdm tdng xdi, khdu trmi. Neu m6i ndm lang cd hai ba chyc tilt le tiu quyen Igi vgt chdt cfia nhiing ngdi nhat, nhi, ba khdng hi nhd.
Tfi khi chinh quyen Phdp ban hanh chinh sach cai luong huong chinh, kdm them ban huong udc cdi luong mdu dua xudng cdc lang xd, tuy khdng cd dilu khodn nao quy dinh xda bd phong tyc khao vgng, nhung cd quy dinh bd td chfic an uong linh dinh, thay bang hinh thfic nop tien cho ldng xd dl lam quy, ggi la tien chiet can. "Npp tiln lp dy, tin khdi phai lam co ban" [17, tt.29].
Cd thl ndi, vipc khao vgng chfic tudc cua cdc ldng xd ddng bdng Bdc Bg dugc cy thl tiong cdc ban huang udc cdi luong cho thdy sd mam co, so tiln chilt can cung tfiy theo tung lang, khdng gilng nhau, nhung nhin chung d nhflng lang ndo cd nhilu ngudi lam quan thi vipc khao vgng tdn kem hon nhung lang it ngudi cd chfic tudc.
Trong 105 bdn huong udc cdi luong d tinh Hd Ddng (cu) ma chfing tdi nghidn cfiu, cd rdt it bdn kd khai chi tilt vl vdn dl nay.
Khao lao, xua kia, nam gidi din tudi 50 phdi md tipc mdi ddn lang den dl khao len lao. Vgng Id lp gia nhgp vdo hang nao dd khi cd dfi dilu kidn do lang quy dinh, tfic Id lp xin dfing vao hang nao do theo b|ic thang the thfi tiong lang, xin ngoi vdo hang chieu ndo dd theo tigt ty ngdi thfi t^ dinh lang khi lang tl le. Theo quy dinh cfia ldng din tudi 50 md khdng vgng lao thi ldng khdng cho ngdi vdo chieu lao khi cfing te.
Nhung khi chinh quyln Phdp ban hanh chinh sach cdi luong huong chinh da cd sy
thay doi tfi td chfic co ban an udng sang hinh thfic nop tiln cho vdo i^an sdch ldng xd. Tiln npp de len lao nhilu hay it tfiy tfing ldng quy dinh. Tien vgng thl bdt bupc phai npp cho lang. Huong udc lang Hd Lo, Thu Son, Bdc Ninh quy dinh: "Khi xua tyc khao vgng va khdnh ha phai lam c5 ban vd cd dfi cdc thfi banh. Ngdy nay theo tyc cdi luong sfia ddi lai ldy bang tiln vd cau. Ngdi Dien Van vgng tien vd cau theo sau ndy:
khoa mue tiln 10 ding, cau 100 qua; phdm hdm tiln 15 dong, cau 100 qua; nidn cao tien 25 ddng, cau 100 qud. Tga vi chilu thfi nhdt, ddn ddi cau" [8].
Ldng Thinh Quang quy dinh: '^ua Ida, ngudi ndo dka tudi 50 vgng Ido phi tin udc 100 dong trd len, tfi nay vd sau chi ldy 10 dong vdi 1 mam xdi, 1 chile thfi, 2 ch^ rugu vd 12 phdm odn, cfi dp niem ngay 12 thang gidng, yet tiidn kinh dan bd lao mpt phdn, dan hai phdn" [9]. Lp khao vgng lao cung dugc chilt can thdnh tiln. Ai Widi^ npp lp chilt can khao vgng lao lang eoi nhu chua den tuoi mien dinh suu, tgp djch. Nhfing ldng l§p huong udc cdi luang, diu cd quy udc chilt can lp khao vgng, khao Ido lay tien lam qu^
cho ldng, cdn mfic thu bao nhieu lgi tuy tiiupc hoan cdnh ciia tiing lang.
Trong Id chilt can, chinh quyln Phdp dua ra quy dinh thfi b^lc tidn dudi cua phdm hdm, chfic tudc gdn liln vdi mpt hang mfic tiln nhdt dinh. Mfic thdp nhdt Id vgng nhidu xd. Trong mfic lp thu tien chilt can nhilu ldng quy dinh rat chi tilt, cd tinh ddn cd ddi cha, ddi dng, hay dd ngp tidn chilt can idn dau mfic thdp rdi thi idn sau npp muc cao hon sd dugc trfi di so tiln chilt can idn trudc... Trong lp chilt can hgng dudi khdng dugc npp mfic tiln chilt can cfia hgng tien.
Dong thdi, nlu hgng tidn npp mfic tiln chilt can cfia hang dudi thl ngdi thfi cung chi
57
Khoa hgc xa hpi Vipt Nam, so 6 (115) - 2017 dugc xIp vdo hgng dudi. Vi du, mfic tiln chilt can lp khao cfia ly trudng Id 20 ddng, truong tuan Id 15 ding. N I U 1^ trudng clti npp Id 15 ddng thi ngdi thfi tgi dhih lang cfia ngudi ay chi dugc xIp ngang hang truot^tudn.
Le khao vgng dd cd tfi rdt Idu ddi, tid thdnh mpt sy trdi bupc rdt nSag nl, ldng phi, tdn kem, thdnh sy "tia ng mipng" khd trdnh dugc trong ldng. Qua phdng su Vi$c ldng cfia Ngd Tdt Td, chfing ta tiidy rd nhflng tp hgi cfia khao vgng. Vide t l chfic an udng tgp tnmg mpt lugng ngudi Idn, nen chinh quyln Phap cd phdn nao lo sg tuydn truydn each mgng. Ddng thdi, mye dich cfia ehinh quyln Phap Id ndm lay bp mdy qudn ly va ngdn sdch lang xd, cdn v l tyc Ip ciia ldng khdng can thipp qud sdu vao. Chinh vi v§y, trong chinh sdch cdi luong huong chinh cfia chinh chinh quyln Phdp chi dua ra chfl truang hgn chi lp khao vgng vd dua ra mau sdn, cac ldng xd chi vipc lya chgn s6 tiln cho phfl hgp vdi lang minh vd bidn vao. Trong khi dd, m l i ldng xa Igi cd nhirng phong tyc tgp qudn ridng
"khdng dfing vdi cdi lp trong ldng cho ndn lgp xong lgi bd ddy" [19, tr.32]. Trdn tiiyc te, d nhung bdn huong udc cdi luong ra ddi tiong khodng thdi gian 1921 -1926, s i tien npp ho$c tien phgt tuong ddi gilng nhau gifla cdc Idng (vi cdc bdn huong udc ndy chdp tfi ban huong udc mdu cfia chinh quyln Phap dua xuIng).
5. Mua bdn danh vj
Trudc khi c6 cdi luang huong chinh, vipc ban chfic tudc, vi thfi d Idng xd dong bdng Bdc Bp da cd. Hipn tugng bdn cdc chfic danh, ngdi tiifi trong lang rdt pho biln vd
dugc quy thanh cdc dieu khodn trong huong udc CO. "Khi cd vipc cdng ich phdi chi tieu nhilu thi huong hpi cd t h l bdn vi thfi dl ldy tiln chi diing" [7]. Gid ban cdc chfic do ciing tuy tfing ldng khac nhau. Nhung chinh quyln khi ban hanh chinh sach cdi luong huong chinh da cho sogn sin mau huong udc cdi luong va bdt bupc cdc lang xd phai theo. Mfic tidn tiing chfic vi diu dugc quy dinh ro rdng: "Nhflng ngudi mua vi thii huong vien (tfi 25 din 35 tuli phai npp lang 60 ddng, tfi 36 din 49 tudi phdi npp 50 ddng, tfi 50 tuoi trd Idn phdi npp 40 dong), moi loai diu ldm l l yit thdn xdi Ign 2 ll, rugu 2 chai, tidu 700 khdu" [5]. "Mua ngdi kjf mye, ngudi ndo khdng ra Idm du^ thi mua. Lp mua phdi nop 6 ding trd Idn va phdi lam khao vgng" [6, dilu 195]. Mye dich cfia vipc ban chiic tudc dugc chinh quyln lang xS dua ra rdt chinh ddng: lang can tiln de lam vipc cdng ich nhu: chfta (finh, xay trudng, lat dudng... Khac vdi lp chiet can khao vgng, Ip ban chfic danh tiong ldng thudng phdi dugc cdc gidp, hpi ddng ding y vd dugc quan phfi hay huypn eho phep. Tuy nhien, bp phan chfic dich lang xd van cdu ket dk chia nhau sd tien nay.
Thdng thudng cdc lang xd chi bdn mpt s6 ngdi thfi nhdt dinh. Ldng Xudn Ddo chi bdn danh ba ngdi: ly tnrdng 40 dong, phd 11 30 dong, xa nhieu 15 ding (ddi vdi ngudi trdn 18 tuli) vd 12 ding (doi vdi ngudi dudi 12 tuli). Ldng Vd Ngai bdn ngdi I^ trudng 25 ding, truang tudn, qudn xa 15 dong; lang Thudng Son bdn ngdi hanh vdn 10 ding, i^di manh bdi 70 dong; ldng Phi Kipt bdn ngdi ly tiudng 20 ^ n g , ngdi xd nhidu 10 dong; 1 ^ Duong Lai ban ngdi 1^ trudng 30 ding, phiS 1^ 20 ding, bd hp 50 d i n g ldng Nghi Duong ban ngdi \^ trudng 30 dong, xd cyu 20 dong, xa cyu, xa nhieu 15 dong.
Nguyen Thi Lp Ha Gia tien ban cdc chfic danh, ngdi thfi do
Idng xd tu quy dinh theo phong tyc tap quan rieng cfia tiing ldng. Nhflng noi co phong tyc tigng nghi Id thi ban cao tiln cdc ngdi chfi te, hanh van, manh bai. Nhung noi trgng hdnh dich thi ban gid cao cdc ngdi Iy trudng va cac chfic vy sau Iy trudng. Thdng thudng cac Idng xd ban gid cao cdc ngdi hanh dich. Phai ndi them rdng nhflng ldng xd cd nhidu bdn thdn diln thd gdn lien vdi vipc tu cua lang xa thi gia ban danh cdc chuc sdc cao hon cdc Idng xd khac.
Bdn canh vipc ban ngdi thfi, Idng xd cdn cho phdp xa dan bj biem ngdi chupc lgi ngdi bdng tien. Huong udc lang Trai Kdnh (thugc huypn Thfiy Nguydn, Kiln An) quy dinh: "Trong lang xa cd tgi gi md bi truat ngdi sau mudn chugc ngdi phdi ndp ding thi lang cho nguydn chfic".
Vd quydn lgi, nhiing ngudi bd tiln mua cdc chfic danh dugc xep ngdi thfi tai dinh ldng va dugc n u l n tgp dich. Hg dugc hudng quydn lgi nhu ngudi da tfi dich. Nhiing quydn lgi do cd y nghia rat quan tigng doi vdi cd nhdn ngudi mua. Dugc xIp ngdi thfi tgi dmh lang cd nghia la ngudi mua chfic danh da dugc xIp vdo mpt bye ndo do trong hp gia tri xa hgi lang xa. Hg khdng cdn bi xem la bgch dmh. Cdn sy mien trir t ^ dich thi cd y nghia rdt quan trgng d i i vdi ca nhdn.
Chdng han, hg khdng phai lam tuan dinh, hdng tdi khi truang tudn giyc mS, hg khdng phdi ra diem lang tryc canh. Tuy nhidn,
"nhflng ngudi mua huong trudng thi chi dugc thfi vi vd trfi tuan trang ma thdi, khdng dugc tofitapdich"[4].
Nhung ngudi bd tien ra mua vi thfi va vgng cung dugc xIp ngdi thfi trong dinh theo chfic tudc mua, rtiiung kdm hon nhfing ngudi cd chfic thyc. Vdn vi thfi noi dinh trung trong lang ludn la mgt vdn de
phfic tap, gdy mau thuln tranh cSi mdt dodn ket, nay Igi them vipc bdn ngdi thfi ldm cho cho ngdi lgi cdng thdm rdc rli, vi vgy nhidu huong udc dd quy dinh ch5 ngdi rat cu thl ranh mgch. "Tga thfi thi chfic sdc, huong sdc ngoi theo thfi bdc bdng gidp, cdn huemg vidn ai mua trudc ngoi trdn, ai mua sau ngdi dudi. Hai ngudi cfing ham thi ai khao trudc ngii tien, n l u ciing khao thi hon tuli hodc cd chfic ban thi ngdi tren" [5].
Ngan sdch lang xd thu dugc cdng nhilu tin sd tien phdi npp cho chinh quyln Phdp ciing sd tdng. Cdn neu chuih quyln ldng xd dung sd tien bdn nhidu, tiifi do dd lam cdc vipc cdng ich till chinh quyln Phap lgi dugc tieng Id quan tdm den lang xa dfi rdng khdng phdi bo ra mpt dong ndo. Cdn neu khdng thi ciing dugc tiing la cat gidm nhiing hfi tyc lac hau d ldng xd.
6. Ket lu^n
Neu chi nhin vao cdc dieu khodn quy dinh ve cudi hdi, tang ma, khao vgng, mua ban danh vi trong huong udc cdi luong, chung ta sd nhdn tiidy cd sy tiiay doi mang ttiih tich eye.
Vi tdt cd cdc dilu khodn quy dinh v l vdn d l nay deu dugc cdt gidm cdc khodn chi phi, d ^ bipt v l t l chfic dn uong vfia ton kdm vfia Idng phi. Chinh quyen Phdp mdc dfi thay doi bdng hinh thfic npp tiln Idm quj cho lang, nhung Igi khing ehl so tiln ldng xa dugc chi tidu chi trong 2.000 ding, vugt qua so tiln ndy phdi Idm don xin phep chinh quyln Phap ddng f mdi dugc chi dung. Ngan quy cua ldng xa cd cdn tidn ciing khdng dugc ty tipn sfi dyng, Chinh quyln Phap khuyin khich lang xd gfii sd tiln qa^ lang thfia ra vao ngdn hang. Khi ldng cd vide phai sfi dung so tien do, vipc 59
Khoa hpc xa hpi Vipt Nam, so 6 (115) - 2017 rfit ra lgi vd cfing khd khdn. Vi v§y, suy cho cflng chinh quydn Phdp mdi Id ngudi dugc hudng lgi ich nhilu nhdt trong vipc thay ddi tfi to chfic dn udng trong tang ma, khao vgi^... din vipc thdch cudi bdng hinh thfic npp tiln vdo quy ldng. Mye dich culi cung cua ehinh quyln Phdp khi dua ra cdc dieu khodn quy dinh lien quan den vipc npp tien cho ldng xa, khdng phdi Id nhdm bai bd nhfing hfi tyc trong phong tyc tdp qudn Igc hgu cfia ngudi ddn ding bang Bac Bg von cd truyin thing tfi Idu ddi, ma la de chi phii vd can thipp.
Trong thyc tl, khdng phai mgi dilu khodn ghi trong huong udc deu dugc ngudi dan thyc hipn nghidm tflc. Chdng hgn nhu vl vipc khao vgng, tiong huong udc cdi luong nhilu ldng quy dinh giam bdt xdi tiqt, nhung cac k^' mye, huang 1^ lang xd van td chuc nhilu dip an udng linh dhih.
Day la mpt tp ngn rdt pho bien d ndng thdn.
Dilu ndy da dugc nhilu nha bdo, nha vdn tiln bp duong thdi tiing dl cgp din. Ngay tien quy chilt can khao vgng va nhilu khodn cdng qu5^ khdc cfia ldng xa cflng thudng bi dam k^ mye, huong I^, chfic dich thao tflng de muu lgi rieng.
Ngodi ra, ngudi ddn ddng bdng Bdc Bp cdn bi tdm 1^ chgy dua nhau danh tiing to nhd, ngdi tiifi tidn dudi, cao thdp trong khudn khi chgt hgp Ifly tre ldng. Nhieu ngudi de cd dugc mpt vi tri noi dinh trung, da phdi t i n kdm nhilu tdi sdn rupng vudn d l khao vgng. Cd thl ndi, chinh quyln Phdp da ndm dugc tam ly dd, ndn ciing fing hp bg mdy qudn ly ldng xd mua bdn vi thfi bdng hhih thfic ngp tiln. Hay vd vipc cudi hdi, tang ma, mdc dfi cd dilu khodn quy dinh han che an uing nhung rdt nhieu gia dhih vdn to chfic dn u6ng vi "con gd tfic
nhau tiing gdy" d trong ldng. Tdm 1^ "cgnh tranh" do da ldm cho cdc hfi tyc d Idng xa khd md thay d i i dugc.
Tuy nhidn, nlu chfing ta bdc tdch ra tfing mdt, bd di nhflng m^t tieu eye Hdn quan din quyln Igi ciia chinh quyln Phdp, cung nhu nhflng bdo thfl co hflu cfla bd mdy ldng xa vd ngudi dan ding bdng Bdc Bp, thi nhflng dieu khodn quy dinh v l cudi hdi, tang ma, khao vgng, mua bdn danh vi trong huong udc cdi luong van cd m^t tich eye.
Trong nhiing nam gdn ddy, d nhilu dia phuang ding bdng Bdc Bp da xay dyng dugc quy udc mdi cho ldng vd da cd sy kl thira mgt sd mat tich eye tiong huong udc cdi luong (nhu: td chfic ddm cudi theo ddi sdng mdi, khdng td chfic dn tipc ma chi co banh k?o, chd, thudc; ddm ma cd eoi trdu, dm chd cho ngudi din viing; khao vgng, Ido cd mdm qua len tiinh thdnh d dmh lang...).
Hipn nay, nude ta dang tiln hdnh cdng cupc cai cdch hanh chinh vd chuong trinh cdng nghipp hda, hipn dgi hda ndng nghipp, ndng thda Do vgy, nghidn cfiu phong tyc tgp qudn lang xd dong bdng Bdc Bp Id \ipc ldm cdn thilt nhdm k l thfia nhflng mdt ti'ch eye va trdnh nhflng m$t cdn hgn che cfla huong udc khi xua,trong vipc xdy dyng Quy ude mdi d ndng thdn hipn nay.
TJti li$u tham khao
[1] Nguygn Till Anh (1971), Vi4t Nam thdi Phdp dd h0, Nxb Lfia thieng, Sii G6n.
[2] Phan Ke Binh (1990), Vi4t Nam phong lvc,ti)ib T6ng hpp D i n g T h ^ , Tp. Hd Chi Minh.
13] B£ii XuSn Dfah (1985), 14 Idngphip nude, Nxb Phdp iy. H i Npi.
Nguyin Thi Lp Ha [4] Huang udc iing Phiic Xi, t6ng Phiic Lim,
huypn Hoin Long, tinh Hi Ddng, l§p nim 1923, tang b6 nim 1934.
[5] Huang udc ling Thanh Lipt, t6ng Thanh Li^t, huypn Thanh Tri, tinh Hi Ddng, 1936.
[6] Huang ude ling Y6n PhO, t6ng Ninh Xi, huypn Tiianh Tri, tinh Hi D6ng, 1936.
[7] Huang udc ling LiSu H9, tong Lieu Xi, My Hio, tinh Himg Y6n.
Huang udc ling Hi Lo, Thu Son, tinh Bic Ninh.
Hiccmg udc ling Thinh Quang, tong An H9, huypn Hoin Long, tinh Hi D6ng, 1921.
[10] Huang udc ling Phuang M^c, tinh Hi Dong, 1925.
[11] Huang ude ling Dong Ngo^ii, t6ng Nghfe Xi, huypn Thuln Thinh, tinh Bic Ninh.
[12] Huang udc xS Xuan Cdu, tinh Bic Nmh.
[8]
[9]
[13] Henri Cucherousset (1924). X& Bdc K^ ngdy nay, ^tions de I'^veil fconomique, Hi Npi.
[14] Nam C6 TrinDuy Nhit (1923), "Sy bi^n d6i cia hucmg thfln tCr xua din nay", Nam Phong, so 76.
[15] Nguy&iQuangNgoc(2009XA/pr5o'vOTdg"ve/&s :ca ^^r Mzm. Nxb Chinh tn qu6c gia. Hi NpL [16] Nguyin Thanh (2000), Huang ude Thdi Binh,
Nxb Vin h6a din tpc, Hi Npi.
[17] Nghfdp^vdldichiddnvi^tddiichuxmgh&vd /gp cdc sd thu dii trong cdcxSdBdc Kp, Tridi I\ic d Bac Ky quan b ^ Nhd m K£ Sd, Hi Npi, 1924.
[18] Td thdng tuves^ thi hdnh hai dgo nghi dinh ngdy 25 Fevrier 1927 chinh ddn lgi cdcxdNam ddn d Bdc Ky, Nhi in Tonkinois, Hi Npi, 1927.
[19] Vi^n Sii hgc (1990), Ndng dan vd ndng thdn Viit Nam thcri cgn dgi, t.1, Nxb Khoa hoc xi hpi. Hi Npi.