KT HIEM 40 HAM Blil PHONE MIEH HAM, THtNB NHAT BAT NI/lB (30/4/1975-30/40015)
mm TRU&NG SON HUYEN THOAI - MOT DIEN HINH CHO SUlC MANH CHIEN TRANH NHAN DAN D U ^ SU
LANH DAO CUA DANG
NGUYiN THj HANG • - LE THI BIBP •»
9 ,
/ | Vifil Nam, nghd thuat qufin su chiln tranh manh chiln tranh nhfin dfin dud su lanh dao cfla v y nhfin dfin da cfl trayfin thing hfing nghin Dang. Sffe manh fiy dupc bilu hifin eu Ihl: ^m nam trong suit chilu dfii Ijch sff dung nudc vfi giff Mot la, quyet dinh md ducmg Trudng San ^ nffde. Mdi mdt thd ki dffdng III ay lai cfl su bifin Itien moi quan he gan fid mfiu ihit giifa /ifiu hda, cfi tinh chat, mffe dp vfi phffOng thffc lifin phuang miSn Bac vdl tien tuyen miSn Nam va dai hfinh khae nhau cho phd hpp, nhffng ngfiy cang dien cho quyet tam sat di giai phong d§n toe, phfit triln vfi hofin thien. Trong khfing chien thong nhat To quae cua toan dan tdc chflng My, cffu nffde, dffdng lii ehiln tranh nhfin Quyll djnh md tuyin van tli Tmdng Son la dan cda Oing ta so vd thd ki Imdc dfi cfl su thay mdt quyet djnh chifin lupe tfii tinh, sfing sufit, mdt dli vfi chat ca vfi difiu kifin md - chifin tranh sfing tao ddc dfio cua Ding ta vfi ChO tjch H6 Chl nhfin dfin bao vfi T l quflc b mifin Blc va chiln Minh Irong cufle khfing chiln chfing My, cffu nudc, tranh nhfin dfin gili phdng d mifin Nam, Iln dli da dfip ffng dffpc nhu cau bffc thilt ldc bay gid, id Iffpng tac ehifin - sifiu eudng so 1 t h i gid Ifi Hoa mfit trang nhffng nhfin to dua dfin thing Ifli cfla Ki. Dfin Ihd ki nfiy, ly luan "ehifin tranh nhfin dfin' cflng eupe gili phflng dfin tdc, thfing nhat nudc nha dfi djnh hinh ro nfii, phat huy tac dung to Idn dem sau nfiy. Dudng Tmdng Son Ifi eon dffdng nham lai nhifiu thfinh qua cfich mang. Trong dd, vifie dap tan de quflc xfim Iffpe gifinh ddc lap Iff do cho md tuyfin van tfii ehiln Iffpe - Dffdng Trudng Son fill nude, Ifi con dudng ehfnh nghTa nfin dfi dai difin huyfin thoai dffpe dfinh gia "Ifi mflt trong nhffng eho Ifim Iff Bnh elm cOa tofin dfin Vifit Nam. Dd la nhfin tfi chifin Iffpe efl y nghTa quyfit djnh, dua quyfit tam rat ldn "xfi dpc Tradng Son di cffu nudc", cudc khfing chiln chong My cffu nffde din thing dd phai SS\ mat vd bat cff khd khfin nfio cOng khflng ipi hofin tofin"'" chinh Ifi mdl diln hinh eho sffe chdn budc. Quyfit tfim nay Ihl hifin mfinh lifit trong
qua Irtnh thi edng luyfin dffdng.
* Thac », Tap chi Gido duc ly ludn Hoc vien Chinh ^"^^ '^"'^^ ^ ^ '"^"^ ^"^P^ ^''"^
tri Khu VUc I. • • " qufin Sff chifin lupc chay dpc Ifinh Ihd Vifit Nam,
•• CN, Tap chi Gido due ly ludn. Hoc vien Chinh tri qua Ha LfiO Vfi CampUChia. Khu VUC mfi hfi thfing Khu vUc I. . . r . .
- Trich phdt biiu tai Hdi nghi mitng cdng ndm
1975 Ddn theo Ddng Phong "5 dudng mdn Hd Chi Minh', Nxb. Tri thiic, H. 2008, trl24
I ' l TAPCHiGljkODgCLfLUAN-Sd228(4/2016)
KJWtM 40 HiM mil PHtmMIJN NAM, THJHS NHATBiTNOSC (30/4/1975-30/4/2015) di qua ifi mpt trang nhffng vdng dat ed dja hinh
hiem trd nhfit Dfing Nam A: Ndi cao, il dfin, rilng ram nhifit dd; cfl nhffng khu rffng gifi ehua tffng cfl ngffd dat chfin dfin. Thd lifit thi khic nghifit, mua, ning that Ihudng. Mufli vfing, vat rffng, ran rfit day ray... Bfiy ia mdi tmdng thufin Ipi cho bfinh djch hofinh hfinh: Sfit rfit phd lim, phd phli, l l li... Rfit nhilu ngud da 111 vong vi sflt ret Ifiu ngfiy ehuyin sang fie linh; nhifiu ngud suy kifit vfi Ihl luc do Ihilu ddi vfi dudng sfi gian trufin...
Hon nffa dudng Tradng Son cfln Ifi tfim dilm dfinh phfi difin cudng cda giac My va qufin dfii Sfii Gdn. Chdng dfinh pha bang efic chiln djeh bfl , binh va khfing qufin; sff dung cfie phuong tifin mfiy mdc linh vi, tu ddng eung cap thdng lin, sfl lifiu phue vu eho mfiy bay trinh sfit, may bay chiln dau eda chdng vfi luu lupng ngud, xe qua lai tren dudng Tradng Son nhu sff dung hfing rfio dien tff ' Mac Namara gidp mfiy bay nfim bom efic tidu dilm cda la. Trfin khfing, My sff dung khflng ' qufin, k l c l "phfio dfii bay B.52", lung sue, Ilm ' danh cfie cfin cff, kho tang, bai dau xe, tram ky
thufit, sd chi huy cac don vj cOa la... Dfim dfim, ' chdng ddng mfiy bay AC.130 "tuc true' trfin ' khflng Iff dau tuyfin din eufil tuyfin. Dffd dfit, i ehdng tung hang nghin loan bifit kieh, thfim bfio 1 thfim nhap sfiu vao can cff hau can cda ta. Them ( vfio dfl. My cdn dffa vfio sff dung "ehifin tranh hda
hpc" nhff rfii chfit dde da cam, chat difit ed, chat 1 dfic hfia hpe hdy hoai cfie thim efiy xanh. Ngofii ( ra ehdng efln sff dung bom phfit quang d l phfit :: hifin cfie muc lifiu, rli bom napan vfi gfiy mua : nhfin tao... Ifin phfi nang nfi canh vat va eon I ngud b Trudng Son. Theo thfing kfi. My - Nguy I dfi md 111.135 trfin khflng kfeh ke e l B52, Iha J hon 7.5 trifiu qua bom vfi hang trifiu qua min cfie I loai xufing Trudng Son. Khu vue nay dfi ehju hon
4 trifiu tan bom dan nhilu hon trfin chiln trudng t Offc, Nhfit trang I h l chiln Ihff 2.'"
I Ha; la, dudng I6i ISnh dao dung dan cUa Bang
da huy dong duqc sCrc manh cOa iuc iuang toan dan tham gia; to churc hidp dong chien dau chat che giita cac luc luqng; phit huy tri thdng minh, sang tao, Idng qua cam md dudng thang lai
Vific md dffdng Tradng Son trfin mdl dja hinh khd khfin, phffc tap vfi chju su danh phfi khfie lifit cda My - Nguy, trong khi phuong tifin, ki Ihuat Ihd so, ludng ehffng Ifi mfit difiu khdng tudng. Nhung bang dudng ill ehifin tranh nhfin dfin ddng din cda Ding da huy ddng dupc lue iupng cda tofin dan lham gia. C l nudc chung lay gdp sffe noi dfii nhffng tuyin dffdng hfinh qufin ra mat tran.
Nam 1959, Oofin 559 la dfln vj dffpc giao trpng traeh xfiy dung hfi thong dudng Tmdng Son vd lire Iffpng ehi vai tram ngffd. Doan cd nhiem vu vffa van ehuyin, vffa md dudng hanh quan vd phuong chfim "di khdng dau, nau khdng khdi, ndi khdng tifing", phli dim blo bf mat tli da. Vfi sau do yfiu eau cda nhifim vu chl vifin cho chiln tmdng lang Ifin, khfing gian chi vifin ngfiy cfing rflng, djch dfinh phfi ngfin chfin quyfit iiet, Iffe iupng chifin dfiu vfi cflng tac trfin tuyfin khdng ngffng Idn manh. Luc lupng dd bao gflm cfie don vj binh ehdng hpp thfinh nhff van tai eo gid, bd binh, phdng khdng, edng binh, thdng tin vfi cfie Iffe Iffpng dim blo khac nhff qufin y, nhfin vifin ky thuaL tiianh nifin xung phong, dfin cdng hoa tuyen, edng nhfin giao thflng. Dfin cufii eufie ehiln ehi tfnh rifing bfl dpi Trffdng Son dfi tang din 120.000 ngffd, gan 9 sff dofin binh ehdng vfi cap tuong duong, 12 trung dofin binh chdng co dflng vfi cap luong duong, 12 trung doan binh chOng eo dfing vfi cap tuong dffong, Iffc Iffpng cfing tae, phpe vu trong cfie xffdng sffa chffa, khu kho, tram xa...'" Ngofii ra cfln ed sff ddng gdp rfit Idn cOa nhan dfin cae dja phuong nd luyfin dudng Trudng Son di qua.
K l tff ngfiy dfiu md dffdng dfin ngfiy thing nhal nffdc nha, dffdng Tradng Son dfi trai qua
2 • Theo sdch NU chie'n si TrUdng Sdn ngdy dy • bdy gid, Nxb. Chinh tri - Hdnh chinh, 2012, tr. 28.
3 ' Theo "Vdi net vi Dudng TrUdng San trong khdng chie'n ehd'ng My, cUunudc", PGS.TS. Ho Khang, Tap chi Nghien cUu Lich sit, 5 (397), 2009, tr. 15.
TAP CHi GIAO Dgc i t LUAN - S6 228 (4/2016)
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nf NIEM 40 HAM SIAI PHm MIEN HAM, niHSHHAT BAT HUHB (30/4/1975-30/4001 5) gan 16 nfim tdn lai, gin giff vfi md rpng, Ird thfinh
mpt mang Iffd dffdng lifin hoan, vffng ehlc vd 5 hfi thdng dffdng tnjc dpc, 21 dffdng tmc ngang, nii Ddng vd Tfiy Tradng Son, xuydn Blc - Nam, xuyfin 3 nudc Ddng Duong, vuon Id efic chifin tradng, vd ting chifiu dai gan 2 van kildmfit dudng d td, 1.400 dudng fing dan xang dfiu, 1.500 km "dudng kin" eho xe ehay ban ngay vfi hfing ngfin cfiu, cfing, ngam. Thdng qua luyen dffdng nfiy trong sull 16 nam tdng hfiu phuong idn miln Blc da chi vifin luong Ihuc, thuc pham, vO khi, con ngud cho chiln tradng vd hon mpt trifiu tan hfing, vd khi, dim blo chi huy hfinh qufin cho hon 2 trifiu lupl ngud vfio ehiln tradng hoae tff ehiln tmdng ra Blc; van ehuyin co dflng 10 Iffpt su dofin, hp ting 90 don vj binh chOng ky thufit vfio ehifin tnrdng... Vific vfin III Irfin dudng Tradng Son, ban dau chi bang efic phuong tifin van ehuyin thd so nhu: Xe dap Ihfl, gOi hang, cdng hang... vfi sau da dupc co gid hda, tff van chuyin dudng bd da md rpng ra dudng thdy; vifie hfinh qufin ban dfiu chi di bd vfi sau eung dupc co gid hda dfi nil ngan dupe thd gian ra ehifin tradng. Dffdng Tmdng Son cdn Ifi nd kim chfin vfi lifiu hao sinh Iffc dieh: Luc lupng trfin tuyfin da dfinh 2.500 Iran, loai khdi vdng chifin dau gan 20.000 tfin djch, thu, phfi hdy hon 100 xe qufin Sff, hfing ngan sOng efic loai, bin rd 2.450 mfiy bay cfie ioai..."' Cd thi nd dffdng Tradng Son trong khfing chiln chfing My da trd thfinh mdt mat tran ting hpp, la chfi dua vffng chac va "chia Iffa"
cho cfie chifin tradng.
Tuy nhifin d l dat dffpc nhffng kfit qua dd, Iffc lupng cdng tfie d dfiy da phai gfinh chju rat nhifiu mat mat, hi sinh. Trfin tuyfin dffdng Tradng Son thd chfing My, hon 2 van cfin bp, ehifin sT bfi dpi, Ihanh nifin xung phong, dfin edng hda tuyfin da anh dOng hi sinh; hon 3 van ngud phfii mang Irfin minh nhifiu vfit Ihuong Ifch, hang van ngud bj mat sffe vi bfinh tal va bj nhilm chfit dpc mau da
4 • Theo sdch NU chien si TruOng Sdn ngdy ay • bdy gid, Nxb. Chinh tri • Hdnh chinh, 2012, tr. 28, 29.
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cam...' Nhung su hi sinh dfi da dupc dfin dap xffng dang vfio ngfiy 30-4-1975, mifin Nam hofin loan giai phflng, non sflng Ihu v l mflt mfli, Bae- Nam sum hpp mflt nha, ea nude di lfin chd nghTa xfi hfli. Oudng Tmdng Son da trd thfinh con dudng gili phdng dfin Iflc, thfing nhat dat nudc.
Thing ipi dd da khang djnh y chi, sffe manh, tn thflng minh, sfing lao vfi Idng qui cam cda loan dfin Vifit Nam vfi khang djnh sffe manh cfla dudng ifii chiln tranh nhfin dfin ddng dan cfla Oang va Nhfi nude ta.
Ba ii, Chdng ta di ket hqp duqc dung dan sik manh dan tdc vdi sCrc manh thdi dai
Cuflc khfing ehifin chflng My, effu nudc cfla dfin Ide ta ndi rifing, cfich mang Oflng Duong noi ehung da nhan dupe su dng hfl vfi vat chfit kha Idn Iff khfli cfie nffde xa hdi chO nghTa tren thi gid, dac bifil ifi Lifin Xfl vfi Tmng Quoc. Tuy nhifin trong difiu kifin My iifin tuc t l chffc nhifiu
"cudc chifin tranh ngan chan" nhim elt dfli mS iifin hfi giffa lifin tuyfin vfi hfiu phuong Ihl viec chuyin hfing cffu trp do dfin efic chifin trudng mifin Nam, Lfio vfi Campuchia ia vide iam rfit khd khfin, nguy hilm. Dudng Trudng Son lfi mdt trong hai con dudng chinh dim nhan Irpng traeh nfiy.
Cfie lue lupng eOa la dfi phii hpp vd cac lire iupng Lfio vfi Campuchia danh djeh, md dffdng, dfim bao giao thfing vfi Ihuc hifin nhiem vu tmng tfim Ifi tilp nhan cfie ngufln hfing Itt hfiu phuflng mifin Blc, vfi vifin trp tff efic nffdc chi vifin td cac chiln tmdng mifin Nam, Lfio vfi Campuchia.
Ngay tff nhffng nam 60 eda thfi k! XX, cac Irang dofin ehd luc eda ta da phli hpp vd ban iS chffc nhilu dot ehiln dau gill phdng mpt khu vuc khfi rpng phfa Tfiy Tmdng Son bao gdm Mudng Phln, Ban Ddng (1960-1961) Dudng 12, tff Mu Da din Offdng 9 (1962-1963); Pha Lan - Dfing Hfin (1964-1965)... Trong nhffng nam 1970-1972, bd dpi ta dfi giai phdng A-Td-po, cao nguyfin Bfi-IO- ven, sa-ra-van... Trong nhffng nam 1973-197431 chuan bj cho ling tifin eflng vfi nli day khi Ihdi co
5 • Sdd, tr. 31.
TAP CHi GIAO Dgc LY LUAN - s 6 228 CffllS
l[fNI$M4BHiMmAIPHdNBII^HAM, THtNB HHAT BiT NU^ (30/4/1S7S - W/4O015) Id, ba dpi Tradng Son dfi phfii hpp cOng vd don
vj ban day manh lfic chiln tifiu difit va bffc nit cfie vj In khflng chl hfinh iang phfa Oflng, md rflng luyin hanh lang Odng Trffdng Son, nfli Ihdng tff dudng 9 qua eac khu vue hau phuong lai ehd eda chifin tmdng Trj - Thifin, Khu 5, Tfiy Nguyfin dfin Lfle Ninh (mien Dflng Nam Bfl).
Oil vd cfie vdng gili phdng dpe tuyen van tli, can bfl chifin sT Trudng Son dfi tfeh cpc gidp dfl ban xfiy dung vfi edng cfi eo sd ehinh trj, xfiy dung luc iupng vu trang, phat ddng chifin tranh nhfin dfin blo vfi vfi md rpng tuyfin hfinh lang, dfinh bai mpi fim muu ngan ehan eda My-Nguy.
Suit 16 nam xfiy dung, tuyin van tli ehiln lupc Tmdng Son dfi trd thfinh hau phuong tai chfi, thanh can cff vffng ehle cda cfich mang Lfio vfi Campuchia, tao dilu kifin thuan lpi cho ban tifin Ifin gifinh thing ipi. Trong cfie nam 1967-1969, vfin ehuyin ehi vifin cho chifin tradng Lao va cac don vj hfinh qufin dat 105% din 115 % ehi tifiu k l hoach. Nam 1970, ehuyin 5.000 tan vu khf, dan dupe phue vu kjp Ihd eho iue lupng gili phflng Campuchia phfli hpp vdi qufin gia phdng mifin Nam dap lan euflc hfinh qufin "Chen-la". Tff sau cuflc dao chinh My-Lonnon, dudng vao cang Xlhanue Vin bj elt dfft, tofin bfl vat chat chi vien eho Iffe lupng qufin gili phflng Campuchia dfiu do Oofin 559 dim nhifim. Hai nam 1973, 1974, Tuyin 559 dfi van chuyin ehi vidn eho ehifin Trudng Lfio, Campuchia vfi miln Nam mdt khli lupng vat chat gap 3.8 iln glai doan 1969-1972 vfi bang 5.5% ling khfli iupng van ehuyin ehi vifin trong 17 nam trude dd (1955-1972)'", gdp phan lo idn vao thing Ipi cda efieh mang cda Lao vfi Campuchia.
Nhffng kfit qua trfin la minh ehffng hdng hdn cho tri tufi sang suot vfi tfii nang cda Ding trong kit hpp ddng din sffe manh dfin tfie vd sffe manh thd dai. Oudng Trudng Son da trd thfinh bilu tupng eda tinh hffu ai quflc t l eao ca giffa 3 quic gia lang gifing: Lao - Viet Nam - Campuchia.
Nhffng ehien cflng Iren luyin dudng Tmflng Son da khang djnh dffdng III ddng din, sfing lao, nghfi thuat lanh dao chiln ttanh each mang, nghfi Ihual qufin su chifin Iranh nhfin dfin Vifil Nam eda Ding ta vfi Chu tjeh Hfi Chi Minh vTdai; Ihl hifin ban ITnh, tri tud, tai nang lao dflng sfing tao vfi quyll tfim khflng gt lay ehuyin nli cda tofin Oang, toan qufin vfi tofin dfin ta trong su nghifip gili phflng mifin Nam, thong nhat dat nudc. Dfinh gia Ilm vfle eda Oudng Tradng Son - Hfl Chi Minh, C l Dai ludng Vfl Nguyfin Giap da khang djnh: "Con dudng Tradng son, con dffdng Hfl Chf Minh ia mflt cflng Irinh vT dai, ndi ifin j chf nghj luc, linh than ddng cam vfi sfing tao phi thffdng cda dfin tdc Vifit Nam, quyfit dem sffe ngffd, sffe cda cda hfiu phffong idn chi vien cho tifin tuyin idn; ifi mdl trong nhffng nhfin 16 ehifin Iffpe ed j nghTa quyfii djnh, dua eude khang chiln ehing My effu nudc dfin thing ipi hoan loan."''' Nd da trd thfinh eon dudng huyen thoai, nhu mdt thifin anh hOng ea bfit tff.B
6 - Bo Quoc phbng • Vien lich sii qudn sU Viet Nam: Hau phuang chien tranh nhdn d&n Viet Nam (1945-1975), Nxb. Qudn doi nh&n ddn Viet Nam, H. 1997, tr. 244 - 24B: 248 - 249 7 • Trich phdt bieu tai Hoi nghi miing cdng ndm 1975. Dan theo Bang Phong "5 dudng mdn Ho Chi Minh", Nxb. Tri thiic, H. 2008, tr. 124.
CONG TAG TlTTimNG CUA DANG..
(filp Irang 13) Sd dT, cd dffpe nhffng thfinh cflng dac biet ehifin. Dang lodn ludn dal cdng lfic tff tffdng trfin ITnh vffc tu ludng trong thdi ky khfl khan, Ifin vj tri hfing dau trong hoat ddng ifinh dao fie lifit nhff vfiy Ifi do cfie nguyfin nhfin co ban cda Dang, ca trong nhan thffe cdng nhu Irong sau: Trong qufi Irinh ifinh dao eupe khfing ehi dao thue tiln.BTAP CHi GlAo Dgc Lt LUAN • S(5 228 (4/2016)
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