NghiSn ci2u Gia dinh va Gi6i
S6 4 -2017
Lanh dao niif trong khu virc cfing vd khu vuc tU:
Mfit goc nhin so sanh
Pham Thu Hien
Tmng ISm Nghifin cim G\(A vS Lanh dao nff, Hijc vi§n Chfnh trj Quiic gia Hfl Chf Minh
Bui Thu HUdng
Khoa xa hfli hoc. Hoc vfen 8do chf va Tuyfin tniyfin
Tom t&t: Lanh dao nii da tr3 thanh mot trong nhiing chu dl nhdn dUdc sU quan tam cua nhieu cd quan, to chflc ciing nhU cdc diin dan trong nUdc va quo'c te trong nhflng ndm gdn ddy. Tuy nhifin, nhflng trao ddi tfl g6c d§ thUc tiln va hoc thudt thiidng tap trung chu yl^u vao khu vUc cong va quan niem ve lanh dao nfl dudng nhu cung bo hep trong phEim vi ndy. Dija vao cdc nghien cflu sin co ket hdp phong vdn mfit s6'lanh dao nfl cua ca hai khu vUc, tac gia budc d^u phan tich vd so sanh ve nhflng thach thflc tUdng ddng vd khac nhau d5i vdi lanh d^o nfl trong khu vUc cfing va khu vUc tu, tiJt dfl gdi mb mfit sfi" trao dfi'i vd cac hudng nghien cflu tiep theo.
TU khda: Lanh dao nfl; Binh d^ng gidi; Khu vUc nha nUdc; Khu vUc ngoai nha nUdc.
1. Mot so khai niem lien quan den lanh dao nOr Ldnh dao
Lanh dao vd quan ly Id hai khdi nifim khde nhau nhung ttong nhilu trudng hpp Iai dupe xem Id ddng nghia vd dung thay thfi' cho nhau. Dilu nay xudt phat tfl su tuong ddng vl ndi hdm. Quan ly dupe hilu Id su dilu
Pham Thu Hiin, Bui Thu Hiltfng 59 hdnh, lap klhoach, td chflc nhdm dat dupe muc lifiu cfla td chflc mdt cdch cd hifiu qua. Lanh dao la su dinh hudng, ddn ddt dudng 1^, Id thflc ddy, khich Ifi va thuyit phuc ngirdi khde theo dudng KTi, muc tifiu nhdt dinh (Vu Dung, 2007). Trfin binh difin qudc tfi, tfl nhflng nSm 30 cua Ih^ k^ XX, khai nifim lanh dao la chfl dl cua cdc cudc tranh ludn hpc thudt ma khdng ed mdt dinh nghia thdng nhdt. Warren Bennis va Burton Nanus da dua ra 850 dinh nghTa khde nhau vl lanh dao (AAUW, 2016). Cd nhilu IJ thuydt vl lanh dao hpc, uong dd IJ thuyet vl lanh dao chuyin ddi (ttansforma- tional leadership) dupe nhdc nhilu trong bdi canh thi gidi difin ra nhung thay ddi nhanh chdng (Oxfam, 2014, www.mindlools.com). Trgng tdm efla IJ thuyit nay la su thay ddi md d dd cdc nhd Idnh dao chuyin ddi truyin cam hflng cho ngUcn khac theo dudi tdm nhin, tao co hdi cho mpi ngudi thi hifin su sdng tao, su tinh t l va cd ttach nhifim ddi vdi nhflng J tudng mdi. Mdc du cd nhilu dinh nghTa khac nhau vl lanh dao/ngudi lanh dao, cum tfl dupe nhdc din nhilu trong ndi hdm cfla cae khdi nifim nay la:
"anh hudng dIh ngutt khde" (influence), "ngudi di theo" (followers), "tao ddng luc" (motivate)'".
Ngudi lanh dao
Theo quan nifim phd bien, ngudi lanh dao Id ngudi c6 vi tri hay ed thdm quyin ttong td chflc. Theo quan rufim khde, mdt nhd lanh dao ed Ihl Id ngudi dupe ttao mdt vi trf ed quyin luc, song cd thi la ngudi dupe xac ldp dua vdo uy tin/ dao dflc hay bdng su ddng gdp tti tufi, ed ihl bcri nhihig ngudi khdng cd thdm quyen chinh thflc (AAUW, 2016). Chflng ta cd Ihl bidt va nghe thdy nhflng ngudi lanh dao cd vi hi lanh dao nhung lai khdng tao ra "linh thdn lanh dao" hay "hanh ddng lanh dao".
(http://www.vtaide.coni/gIeanings/Ieader.him).
Quan nifim cua lanh dao chuyin ddi cho rdng ngudi lanh dao ddng nghTa vdi ngudi ludn tim kifim vd tao ra su thay ddi, kfch thich va cudn hflt ngudi khac di theo. Lanh dao lifin quan d^n vific tao ra kha ndng tu nguyfin hdnh ddng ihi nang luc lanh dao cd d mpi cdp dd ttong id chflc, bdt kl vific cd hay khdng ed cdc vi tti ttong eo cdu thfl bdc chinh thflc (Peters &
Austin, 1985, trich theo Hpc vifin Chinh tri Qudc gia, 2016).
Ldnh dao nu*
TTiuc tifin d Vifit Nam cho thdy quan rufim vl lanh dao, quan ly Ihudng gdn vdi thfl bdc ttong td chflc. Ddi ngu lanh dao bao gdm nhflng ngudi gifl vi tri cao nhdt eua hfi thdng, chiu ttich nhifim vl cdc vdh d l chiln lupc eua id chflc, ttong khi ddi ngfl quan ly bao gdm nhflng ngucn chiu ttach nhifim vl vific hifin thuc hod cdc chiln lupc dd (Hpc vifin Chinh tri Qudc gia.
60 Nghien cflu Gia dinh va Gidi. Quyen 27, so 4, tr. 58-68
2016). Cdn bd lanh dao la ngutt dupe bd nhifim hoac dupe bdu ra d l gifl mdt ttpng trach (chflc vu) ed quyin han vd ttdch nhifim thuc hifin chflc ndng lanh dao, quan IJ, quy tu sflc manh tdp thi dl thue hifin muc tifiu chung (Nguyfin Thi Thu Ha, 2011). Chinh vi vdy. khi ban vl ldnh dao nfl d Viet Nam, ngudi ta thudng dl cdp d^n su tham gia eua nfl gidi vdo cdc vi trf lanh dao ttong khu vuc cdng"', nghia Id lanh dao gdn vdi vi tti ttong he thdng chinh tri.
Tlieo quan dilm cfla lanh dao chuyin ddi, lanh dao dupe hilu khde nhau ddi vdi nhflng ngudi khde nhau vd ttong nhung hodn canh khac nhau.
Dd ed thi lanh dao chinh tri, ldnh dao doanh nghidp, lanh dao cdng ddng, lanh dao eac td chflc phi Ipi nhudn. Nhu vdy, dl cdp dfin lanh dao nfl cung cdn dupe hilu d cdc cdp dd khde nhau, khdng chi la ianh dao gdn vdi vi tri cd thdm quyin chinh thflc, md Id ngudi cd tdm anh hudng vd ttuyin cam hflng cho nhflng ngucri khde di theo ldm nhin cfla td chflc.
2. So sanh nhOtig thach thite/rao can doi vdi lanh dao nGr trong khu v ^ cong va khu vi/b tir
2.1. Nhihig tirong ddng vl thdch thufc/r^o can ddi vdi Idnh dao nii trong khu vuc cdng va khu vuc tu
Sif dgi diin c&a nU thdp trong cdc vi tri ldnh dgo, qudn ly, nhdt Id cdc vi tri cdp cao d cd hai khu vuc
Thy cd su gia tdng dai difin eua nfl gidi ttong lanh dao, quan IJ ttong mdy thdp ky vita, qua trfin binh dien qudc t^, nhin chung ty Id lanh dao nfl d ea khu vuc cdng vd khu vuc tu cdn thdp so vdi nam gidi, nhdt Id eac vi tri cdp cao. Ddi vcd khu vuc cdng eua Vifit Nam, ty lfi nay ddc bifit thdp d cac vj ttl ngudi di^g ddu cdp Vu, cdp Bd vd tuong duong (UNDP, 2012).
Trong khu vuc tu nhdn, phu nfl ed dai difin thdp d cdc vi trf quylt dinh hang ddu, nhu eac CEO vd ban gidm ddc cdc thdnh vifin. Nfl gidi ndm gifl cdc vi trf quan ly ttong ITnh vuc nhdn su, quan hfi cdng chflng, tdi chinh, hdnh chinh vd ttdch nhifim xa hdi, ttong khi ddy Id nhflng ITnh vuc thudng dupe xem Id cd rdt it co hdi tiln din nhflng vi tri dinh cao ttong cdng ty (ILO, 2015). 6 vi trf chu doanh nghifip, nQgidi chfl yl^u sdhflu cdc doanh nghifip nhd vd vfla. Thuc t l nay cho thdy, bdt chdp nhflng dilu kifin, ddc thfl cdng vific vd mdi trudng chinh sdch, thi ehl khac nhau gifla khu vuc cdng va khu vuc tu, nhflng nd luc vuon tdi vi iri lanh dao ddi vdi nfl gidi ludn khd khdn hon, thdch thflc hon so vdi nam gidi.
Dinh kien gidi vi ndng luc, khudn mdu idnh dao Id mgt rdo cdn tren con dudng tien tdi vi tri ldnh dao cua n&gitH cho dU hg ldm viic trong khu vuc ndo
P h a m T h u Hi^n, Bui T h u HUcfng 61 Ty lfi nfl lanh dao
NO Iflnh dao (chinh tri)
Nguyfin Ihii qufic gia''*
Thi nitlng chinh \tiu Otii lich/ph^ ngOn ciia Qa6e h$i E1i5 Qiij tjch/n)6 phii ngOn cia Qutk hfii Nghi sV Dai ta6a Qufic hfii Bfimibng VuuuAng Phfi Vu iruong
Tbt0a 11/152 (7.2%) 11/193 (5.7%) 53/278 (19.1%) 158/595 (26.6%) 23.3%
IPU- UN Women. 2017: lOS vd EOWP. 2009 VUI Nam 0 0 1 1/4 (25%) 26.8%
4.2%
9.i%
14,4
ND Iflnb dao doanb ogblf p (DN)
• m ^ VietNam CMnli/CEO.23%
Nit chu dDanh ngUf p tbeo quf mA DN cua VIH Nam DN sieu nho:
DNnh6:21.4%
DN Vila: 19.8%
- DNliinl3.6%
ILO. 2015: HAWASME.
MBl and Australia Covemmtnl, 2016.
Mdt tdng hpp tfl 69 nghifin cflu qudc t l vl lanh dao da ehi ra rdng khudn mdu lanh dao Ihudng gdn vdi nam tuih (Koenig va cdng su, 2011).
Khdng cd gl ddng ngae nhifin khi cdc ddc dilm kilu nam tinh nhu tinh ddc ldp, tinh canh ttanh, quylt dodn, su thdng tri... diu Ufin quan din k j vpng vl ngucd Uuih dao (Crites vd cdng su, 2015). Nhflng ky vpng dd ed anh hudng ttd lai d ^ quan nifim va nhdn thflc efla nfl gidi va nam gidi. Mdt p t i ^ tfch khac vl 95 td chflc tfl cac qudc gia khac nhau cho thdy nam gidi ttong cdc td chflc cd ty lfi nam gidi dp dao thi ddnh gid minh cao hon nhilu so vdi ty lfi nfl gidi tu ddnh gid ban flidn vl kha nang lanh dao (Underdahl vd cdng su, 2014). Theo khao sdt cua Difin dan Kuih t^Th^gidi dtfi vdi 600 cdng ty d 20 qudc gia khdi BRIC va OECD, dinh kiln va thuc tiln van hod vl hinh mdu lanh dao Id mdt uong ba can ttd hdng ddu ddi vdi su vuon Ifin Idm lanh dao cua nfl gidi (Tuminez, 2012).
Tuong hi nhu vdy, cdc nghifin cflu is Vifit Nam (UT^P, 2012; Nguyin Thi Thu Ha, 2011; Ngdn hang thfi gidi, 2011) cflng cho thdy nilm tin rdng nO gidi khdng ed id chdt lanh dao nhu nam gidi ed anh hudng d^n ddnh gid ndng luc cfla nfl. gidi. Mdt nghifin cflu khde kh4ng dinh cd xu hudng Idy cdc dac dilm /thfi manh cfla nam nhu manh me, quylt dodn d l ndi vl id chdt lanh dao vd xem ddc dilm cfla nfl nhu diu dang, mIm mdng, thifin vl tlnh cam d l ndi vl han che'cua nfl lanh dao (Pham Thu Hiln, 2013).
Dinh kiln gidi vl ndng luc lanh dao la mdt rdo can ddi nfl gidi b ea khu vuc cdng vd tu. Trong khi ndng luc cdn dupe do bling cdc chi sd cu thi, nhu thdng qua hifiu qua cdng vific vd cdc tifiu ehi lifin quan din su cam kfit, tdn tuy vd trdch nhifim thi cd xu hudng ddnh gid nang luc lanh dao qua tinh
62 Nghien cflu Gia dinh vd Gidi. Quy^n 27, so 4, tr. 58-68
cdch, phdm chdt eua nam vd nfl, md dilu ndy dupe hinh thdnh trfin cdc dinh ki^n gidi.
Thdch thdc trong cdn bdng cudc sdng gia dinh vd cdng viec Theo mdt sd nghifin cflu vl lanh dao ntt trong khu vuc cdng, ed tdi 85,8% sd ngutt dupe hdi ddng J rdng gdnh nang cdng vific gia dinh can ttd nfl phdn ddu (Oxfam, Care and Apheda, 2012) vd 93% phu nfl dupe hdi tra Idi nghTa vu gia duih Id ttd ngai Idn nhdt dd'i vdi phdt ttiln su nghifip efla hp (PyD, 2011). Tuong tu nhu vdy, su cdn bang gifla cdng vific quan IJ kinh doanh va cudc sdng gia dinh ludn Id mdt dp luc df^ vdl nhilu doanh nhdn nfl khidn hp cd it thdi gian hon cho kinh doanh so vdi doanh nhdn nam. Trong thi "giving co" dd, dudng nhu nhflng k j vpng truyin thdng vdn chilm uu thi. "Chung tdi phdi lo td cu hdnh, bdt nudc mdm...
tdi hgi nhap qudc ti'. Gia dinh khdng hda thugn. con cdi hu hdng thi thdnh cdng chdng y nghia gi. Qudn ly cd trdm cdng nhdn nhung ve nhd vdn phdi chiiu chdng, chdm con. Dd la chudn mUc vdn hda roi" (Thao ludn nhdm nfl chfl doanh nghifip. Inch theo HAWASME, MBI and Austtalia Govemment, 2016). Dd cung Id IJ do ma con dudng kinh doanh, nhdt Id khdi nghifip, dd'i vdi phu ntt tri thuc su khd khdn hon rdt nhilu so vdi eac ddng nghiep nam gi^. Xung ddt vai ttd Id dilu md phu ntt thucsig phai dtfi mat, nhung dilu dd ddc bifit ttd nfin thdch thflc hon ddi vdi nfl lanh dao, trong khi ro rang la nam gidi Ichdng phai dd'i mdt vdi xung ddt tuong tu giua gia dmh vd su nghifip (Ngdn hdng Thfi gidi, 2011).
Hgn che trong xdy dung mgng ludi vd cdc mdi quan he xd hdi Su khde bifit ttong giao luu xa hdi giite phu nu vd nam g i ^ xudt phdt tfl quan nifim truyin thdng vl vai ttd efla hp ttong gia dinh va xa hdi. Riu ntt Ihudng cd xu hudng it tham gia vdo cdc hoat ddng giao luu va mang luiS xa hdi, trong khi ddy lai Id mdt trong nhttng co hdi tdt dl ngudi Idnh dao xdy dung cdc mdi quan hfi - ngudn vdn xa hdi quan trpng.
Cdc nghifin cflu vl su tham gia eua phu nfl trong lanh dao, quan IJ d khu vuc cdng diu chi ra ddy Id mdi ttong nhflng rdo can ddi vdi nfl gidi ndi chung vd nfl lanh dao ndi rifing ttong vific xdy dung mdi quan he ung hd vd mdt mdi trudng thudn Id cho nfl gidi tham gia chinh ttj. Rao can nay cung khdng loai ttfl cdc ntt lanh dao ttong khu vuc tu. Vf du, nfl chfl doanh nghifip It tham gia cae chuong ttinh xflc liln thuong mai cfla trung uong vd dia phuong, do cd it thdng tin hon, ft mdi quan he vd I'l "giao luu" hon so vdi cdc ddng nghifip nam. Khao sat PCI nam 2015 cho thdy 30% doanh nghifip do phu nfl lam chfl khdng bill vl Hiep dinh ddi tdc xuyfin Thdi Binh Duong so vdi 21% doanh nghifip do nam lam chu (HAWASME, MBI and
P h a m T h u HiSn, Bui T h u HUdng 6 3 Austtalia Government, 2016). Trong mdi ttudng kinh doanh d Vifit Nam khi thi ttudng phdt triln chua ddy dfl vd nin kinh tfi^ thi trudng cdn d giai doan ban ddu, han ehl ttong kfit nfTi mang ludi Id mdt bdt Ipi Idn d^i vdi nfl doanh nhdn, vl mang ludi la noi cung cdp thdng tin quan ttpng, kit ndi ngudn !uc, tun kilni khdch hang \^ thi ttudng. D6i vdi nhiing ngudi mdi budc vdo con dudng kinh doanh, mang luiS cdn la ndi di tim hilu vl cdc quy ldc cua ttd choi.
2.2. Nhung khac biet ve thdch thflc/rao can ddi vdi lanh dao nfl trong khu vuc cdng vd khu virc tu
Thdch ih&clrdo cdn ddi vdi ldnh dgo nd trong khu vuc cdng Mgt Id, tudi nghi huu rut ngdn con dudng thdng tiin vd sU nghiep chinh tri cua ndgidi trong khu vuc khu vuc cong
Cae cudc tranh iudn vl mdi nghi huu cua nfl da klo ddi ttong nhilu ndm. Cdc nghifin cdu vl su tham gia cua ntt gidi trong lanh dao, quan IJ diu khuydn nghi tdng tudi nghi huu cua nfl"'. Cdc IJ le dua ra bao gdm:
tdng tudi nghi him eua nfl phfl hpp vdi xu thfi' tudi thp bhih qudn tdng cfla nude la, su phdt triln cua nin kinh tl'thj trudng (khac vdi bdi canh cua nin kinh t^klhoach hod), xu thitdng tudi nghi huu cfla cd nam vd nfl ttfin thfi gidi, sfl dung ngudn nhdn luc cd hifiu qua, dam bao su cdng bdng gidi va ddp flng yfiu cdu cua quy bao hiim xa hdi. Khde vdi khu vuc tu nhdn, su khde bifit 5 ndm tudi vl huu cua nam vd ntt ttong khu vuc cdng da tac ddng din hdu hit cac quy dinh ddi vdi ngudi lao ddng, cdng chflc trong khu vuc cdng lifin quan din dd tudi quy hoach, dao tao, bdi dudng vd bd nhifim.
Tudi vl huu sdm hon ddng nghTa la con dudng thdng tiln bi ngdn lai.
Hai Id, quy trinh cHa cdng tdc cdn bd thidu nhay cdm vi gidi Cdng lac cdn bd bao gdm nhilu khdu, tfl tuyln dung, ddo tao, bdi duong, sfl dung, danh gia can bd din quy hoach, Iudn chuyin, bd nhifim, mifin nhifim vd thuc hifin eh^dd, chinh sdch ddi vdi cdn bd. Cdng tdc cdn bd nu da nhdn dupe su quan ldm cua Dang vd Nha nude, cu Ihl la cd nghi quydt rifing vi cdng tdc cdn bd nfl*" va quy dinh vl i j Ifi ntt tham gia lanh dao chinh tri (cdp uy vd bd may nhd nude)"". "Hiy nhidn, qud ttinh efla cdng tdc can bd da bdc Id nhflng han ch^ Idm anh hudng d^n su tham gia efla ntt gidi vdo hdnh ttinh di dl^n lanh dao. Vf du vl mdi khdu eua cdng ldc can bd Id quy hoach cdn bd. Ddy Id Ididu quan ttpng, song vific xac dinh chi tifiu cdn bd nfl dua vdo quy hoach chua dupe dl cdp hodc ty Ifi dl ra qud thdp ttong cdc nghi quyl^l cflng nhu van ban hudng ddn thuc hifin (Pham Thu Hiln, 2015). Do vdy, ngay ttong quy hoach, ty Ifi nfl khdng dupe chfl ttpng hodc vdi f^ lfi thdp, thi rdt khd dl cd ihl "vupt Ifin" mdt ty
64 Nghien cuu Gra dinh va Gidi. Quy^n 27, s^4, tr. 58-68
lfi ngang bang vdi nam gidi. Quy djnh tudi vl htm cua nft khidn cho nfl hi gat ra khdi danh sdch quy hoach trude 5 ndm. Mdt sd quy dinh khde diu quy dinh tudi quy hoach tham gia cdp fly, thudng vu cdp fly, cdc chflc danh lanh dao, quan IJ Idn ddu phai du tudi cdng tdc tfl hai nhifim k j ttd Ifin, ft nhdt cflng irpn mdt nhifim ky 5 nam, cu thi nam dudi 55 vd nfl dudi 50"'.
Thdch thdc/rdo cdn ddi vdi ldnh dao nd trong khu vuc tu Mgt Id, khd khdn trong tiep can ngudn luc cho phdt trien doanh nghiip, bao gom cd su thieu tin tudng cua cdc nha ddu tu
Cdc ngliifin cflu qudc l^ cho thdy, nhin chung, ntt chu doanh nghifip gdp nhilu khd khdn trong tilp cdn tdi chinh, ddc bifit ddi vdi phu ntt khdi su kinh doanh. Cae doanh nhdn ntt thudng gdp khd khan trong vific huy ddng vdn hoac vay ngdn hdng vi cac nhd ddu tu va ngdn hang thudng mao hiim vdi cdc doanh nghifip do nam ldm chu hon Id doanh nghifip eho ntt ldm chii (National Women's Business Council, 2009; http://womenssuccesscoaeh- ing.coni/20I6/03/the-top-5-ehaIIenges-women-enttepreneurs-faee-today;
htlp://www.mytopbusinessideas.eom/business-challenges-women-entre- preneurs-face). Theo mdt nghifin ethi khde efla M J, cd tdi mdt phdn tu dfin mdt phdn ba sd doanh nghifip do nfl lam chu ngflng hoat ddng vi IJ do khdng tifip cdn dupe ve tdi chfnh, ty lfi ndy cao hon nhilu so vdi doanh nghifip do nam Idm chfl (Kelley, 2013).
d Vifit Nam, khd tilp cdn cac ngudn luc vd thi trudng Id mdt ttong nhflng thach thflc ddi vdi ntt chfl doanh nghifip. Cac doanh nghifip nhd do ntt lam chu thucmg cd quy md sifiu nhd va nhd nfin viec vay vdn khd khd khdn do Ididng ed tdi san thi chdp phfl hpp, hodc khdng ed su flng hd cia ngucd chdng va gia dinh ttong qud ttinh vay vdn (HAWASME, MBI and Austtalia Govemment, 2016). Mac dfl phdp ludt Vifit Nam quy dinh sb httu tdi san cd gid tti cfla gia dinh phai ed ifin ciia ea vp vd chdng, tuy nhifin, thuc lifin cdn la mdt khoang cdch. Khao sdt Hifiu qua quan tri vd hdnh chfnh cdng cdp tinh d Vifit Nam PAPI 2016 eho thdy ti lfi nfl dflng ten ttfin gidy chihig nhdn quyin sfl dung ddt thdp hon li Ifi nam dflng tfin tdi 13% (UNDP, 2016). Tlieo khao sal vl tidp can ddt dai cfla phu nft.
khoang 18% tdng sd phu nft dflng tfin ttong sd dd ttong khi ty le nay b nam gidi Id 45% (UNDP. 2013). Trong khi ddt dai Id tdi san vd Id ngudn luc quan ttpng giflp phu nfl phdt ttiln kinh doanh, thi cung theo khao sdt ttfin, su tilp cdn vdi ddt dai efla phu nfl vdp phai nhilu rdo can.
Hai la, nhiing thdch thiic trong phdt triin kinh doanh, duy tri hiiu qud cong viic cua ngudi ldnh dgo, qudn ly cd the gdy nen tdm ly cdng thdng vdi nd gidi
P h a m T h u Hl^n, Bui T h u HUdng 65 Nhflng dp luc ttong kinh doanh trong bdi canh canh ttanh todn edu nhu hifin nay ddn dl^n su cdng thdng vl tdm IJ. Ndi lo sp vl su thdt bai Id mtfi quan ldm hang ddu cfla phu nfl khcri nghifip (Kelley vd cdng su, 2013).
Nhflng cang thdng cua nfl chu doanh nghifip cdn ed thi lifin quan din ttd ngai trong cudc sdng gia dinh vd tun ngudi k l nghiep. Cdc nghifin cflu qudc t l cho thdy ty lfi phu ntt sdng ly thdn hodc Ii di sau khi hp bdt ddu Icinh doanh la khd cao. 6 Vifit Nam, theo udc lupng khdng chuih thflc cfla VCCI, ty le doanh nhdn nfl ly di, ly thdn va ddc than c h i ^ tdi 70% tdng sd ntt doanh nhdn dupe khao sat (HAWASME, MBI and Austtalia Govemment, 2016). Vdn dl ndy cdn cd cdc nghifin cflu sdu hon, vi ddy Id mdt vSn di xa hdi Idn cd anh hucflig tdi su phdt Iriln bin vQng doanh nghiep do phu ntt lam chu.
Qua chia se eua mdt sd lanh dao ntt trong khu vuc tu ed thi thdy nhttng dp luc dfi'n tfl cdng vific Id rdt Idn. Dd'i vdi khu vuc tu nhdn, tfnh chdt cdng vific ddi hdi su linh hoat cao vd nhftng thay ddi cung difin ra nhanh hon.
'Trong moi trudng cua chung toi, ngUdi ldnh dgo ndo cung diu biet niu khdng ddp dng duoc cdc tiiu chi do ludng hiiu qud cdng viic, ngdy mai ngudi khac se thay the' vd vi vdy phdi liin tuc phdi ddi mdi vd nS luc "
(PVS mdt lanh dao ntt ttong khu vuc tu nhdn). Ddy Id mdt thdch thflc khde bifit dd'i vdi nu lanh dao ttong khu vuc tu vi ttong khu vuc cdng vai trd lanh dao ed tfnh dn dinh hon do quy dinh vl nhifim ky cdng tac.
3. Mot s o trao doi
Thd nhdi, mkc du thuc ddy su tham gia cua nfl gidi vao cdc vi trf lanh dao ttong hfi thdng chfnh tri hay khu vuc cdng Id quan ttpng, se la philh difin vd khdng ddy du niu thil^u cdc bifin phap hd ttp lanh dao nft ttong khu vuc ngoai nha nude (bao gdm khu vuc tu nhdn, khu vuc phi Ipi nhudn vd td chflc cdng ddng). Trong bdi canh su ddng gdp cfla khu vuc tu nhdn dang ngay cdng Idn, vai trd cua cdc ld chflc cdng ddng vd td chflc phi Icri nhudn trong qud ttinh phat triln cua ddt nude dang ngdy cdng gia tdng, rdt cdn d^y manh cdc thao Iudn chuih sdch vl vai ttd cfla lanh dao ntt ttong khu vuc ngodi nhd nudc, tfl dd ed cdc sang kifin vd giai phdp todn difin tdng cudng vai ttd lanh dao cfla nfl gidi ttong mpi mat eua ddi sdng xa hdi.
Thd hai, xet vl phuong dien hoc thudt, eho din nay d Vifit Nam dudng nhu vdng bdng nhflng trao ddi IJ thuyit vl lanh dao nfl. Thay ddi quan niem lanh dao khdng ehi gdn vdi chflc vu cd J nghTa quan trpng ttong viec thflc ddy su anh hudng cfla lanh dao ntt ttong xa hdi, nhdt Id khi ty Ifi nfl lanh dao gdn vdi cac vi trf ttong he thdng chfnh tri cdn rdt thdp. Hinh dung vl mdt mdn thi thao ddng ddi, cd thi dl ddng nhdn thdy "ngudi lanh dao"
66 Nghidn cflu Gia dinh va Gidi. Quyen 27, so 4, tr. 58-68
cd anh hudng manh me nhu thfi ndo dtfi vdi cdc ddng ddi cdn lai - "ngutri di theo", ma khdng nhdt thilit ngudi dd phai la ddi ttudng cfla nhdm. Vdi quan rudm vl lanh dao nhu vdy, nhflng ddng gdp efla phu nfl vdi tu cdch Id cdc chuyfin gia, cdc ntt ttf thflc, cdc nhd hoat ddng thuc tiln, nhung ngudi lifin phong ddn ddt cdng ddng ed tdm anh h u ^ g sdu rdng cdn la mdt mang ttdng cua lanh dao ntt cdn dupe quan tdm. Ddng thdi, nghifin cflu vl lanh dao nfl ttong khu vuc ngodi nhd nudc hdu nhu chua dupe quan tdm.
Mdt sd ft cdc nghifin cflu vl lanh dao ntt trong khu vuc tu Iai chi ldp ttung vao nfl chfl doanh nghiep. Vai ttd eua lanh dao ntt ttong cdc cdng ty, tdp doan ttong nudc va qudc tfi b Viet Nam, vai ttd eua ldnh dao nu ddi vdi khu vuc phi Ipi nhudn (doanh nghiep xa hdi) va cdc nhran c ^ ddng U bo ngd. Thuc t l cho thdy su hilu bie't vl bflc hanh lanh dao nfl b Vifit Nam crai thidi loan di&L T i ^ cdn lanh dao ntt cdn ed mdt gdc nhin da diilu dl dam bao i*at huy nang luc cua lanh dao nfl mdt cdch tc^ difin vd blnh dang.
Thd ba, hpp tdc cdng tu (PPP) da ttd thdnh phuong thflc phd bi^n d nhilu nudc ttfin thfi' gidi, bdi dd dupe xem nhu mdt don bdy dl huy ddng ngudn luc tfl khu vuc lu nhdn. Tuy nhifin, hpp tdc dd chu ydu dupe thuc hien ttong cdc du an phdt ttiln kfi't cdu ha tdng, cung cdp dich vu cdng ttfin CO sd hpp ddng du dn nhdm kit hpp dupe nhttng dilm manh eua ca hai khu vuc nay Vl mdt phuong phap ludn, viec thuc ddy cdc nghifin cflu so sanh, trao ddi hpc thudt va ddi thoai chfnh sdch vdi su phdi hpp eua cdc co quan, td chflc thuc ddy vai ttd cfla lanh dao nfl ttong khu vuc nha nudc va khu vuc ngodi nhd nudc. Id rdt cdn thill d Vifit Nam. Chia se kinh nghifim, kit ndi mang ludi lanh dao nu, thflc ddy md hinh kem cdp trong vd ngodi td chflc, dan cheo giiM cdc id chflc ttong mdt hfi thdng cung nhu hpp tac gifla cdc td chflc, cd nhdn gifla hai khu vuc se Id dilm khdi ddu cho nhflng budc di mdi va giai phap sdng tao thflc ddy lanh dao nfl d Vifit Nam.H Chfl thich
'" Tham khao cac dinh nghta ve lanh dao tai:
https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newLDR_41.htm; http://www.leam-to- be-a-Ieader.com/what-is-leadership.html;
http://www.businessnewsdaiIy.com/3647-leadership-defmition.htmI;
http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/leadership.html
'^' Du an UNDP ve Nang cao nang luc lanh dao cua cdn bd nfl phuc vu tri^n khai h6i nhSp quoc te, cdc nghifin cflu cua Tmng tarn Nghien cflu Gift \^ Lanh dao ntt. Hpc vifin Chinh tri Qudc gia Hd Chi Minh.
'•" Chi tinh cac qudc gia cd nguyfin thii dupe bdu.
'•" UNDP, 2012; Hoc vien Hknh chmh, 2005; IFGS vd EOWP, 2009.
Pham Thu HiSn, Bui Thu Ht^tfng 67
"' Nghi quyfit sd ll-NQ/TU ciia B6 Oilnh Ui "Vl cdng tdc phu nfl thdi ky ddy manh cong nghiep hda, hifin dai hoa ddt nudc" (ngdy 27/4/2007).
"' Chi thi 36 ciia B6 Chinh tri (30/6/2014) vl Dai hdi Dang bd cac cf^ tifin tdi Dai hdi dai bilu toan qudc Idn thfl XII cua Dang.
"' Hudng dan sd 22-HD/BTCrW ngdy 21/10/2008 vd Hudng din sd 15- HD/BTCrW ngay 05/11/2012.
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https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newLDR_41.htm http://www.leara-to-be-a-leader.com/what-is-leadership,html http://www.businessnewsdaily.com/3647-leadership-defmition.html