QUAN HE TRUNG QUOC - LAO TL/ SAU CHIEN TRANH LANH CHO Tdi NAY
DAM HUY HOANG*
Tom tai: Trong nhdng ndm gdn ddy, quan ftg Trung - Ldo, dd cd budc phdt triin vugt bdc. Ngdy 9/9/2009 tai Dai li dUdng nhdn ddn (Bdc Kinh) chd tich hai nUdc Trung - Ldo Id Ho Cdm Ddo vd Choumany Sayasone da nhdt tri ndng mdi quan h^ song phuong l&n thdnh Quan he doi tdc chiin lUgc todn dien. Viec ndng cdp l^n Quan he ddi tdc chiin li^c gida hai niidc dUgc xem nhU mpt ddu moc dinh cao cua mdi quan he ndy. Sau khi quan he hai nUdc dUgc ndng cdp l^n tdm Bdi tdc chien lUgc, hai b^n da tdng cUdng tim hiiu vd trao ddi, thuc day quan hi di vdo giai dogn hop tdc mpt cdch sdu sde han. Su hgp tdc sdu sac ndy khong chi boo gom tdng cUdng hgp tdc an ninh, chinh tri vd tin cgy Idn nhau, md tren qui md vd chdt lUCfng hgp tdc kinh ti hai ben cdng dd dgt diiac nhdng thdnh tiiu mdi, giao luu tr^n phuang dikn vdn hoa xa hpi cdng nhUphdi hgp triin khai thiic hien hgp tdc tren cdc linh vUc khde cdng khong ngiing dugc md rpng md rpng. Bdi viet tap trung phdn tich, ddnh gid vd nhin Igi nhdng tien triin trong quan h^ Trung Qudc • Ldo kit td sau Chiin tranh Lanh cho tdi nay.
Tii khoa: Trung Qudc, Ldo, quan M.
X. Quan h^ c h i n h tri - n g o a i giao Quan hg ngoai giao chinh thfle Trung Qub'e Lao dflge t h i l t lap vao ngay 25/4/1961. Tuy nhign, do anh hfldng tfl eugc xung dot gifla Vigt Nam va Trung Quoc, quan he Trung Qub'e - Lao da bi gidn doan trong mbt thdi gian dai. Dg'n cub'i nhflng nam 80 eiia t h i ky 20, xuit phat tfl nhu cau phat t r i i n da't nfldc tfl ca hai phia, Trung Qub'e va Lao da thfle hien binh
thfldng hba quan hb. Thang 10/1989, nha lanh dao Kaysone Phomvihane thflc hign chuyin t h a m dau tign eua ngfldi dfltig dau n h a nflde Lao tdi Trung Qub'e k l tfl sau Sg kien Thien An Mbn'^'. 6 chieu ngfltfe lai, thang 12/1990, Thu tfldng Trung Quoc Ly Bang cb ehuyen t h a m chinh thfle Lao, vdi mue tieu dfla quan he hihi nghi va hgp tac toan dien Trung Lao tig'n vao mbt giai doan phat t r i i n toan dien. Cung trong
* TS. Bam Huy Hoang, Vign nghien cdu Dbng Nam A
Dam Huy Hodng - Quan hi Trung Qudc - Ldo td sau chien tranh lanh... 13 ndm nay, Lao mub'n dieu chinh tfl "phat
trien quan he hgp tae da phfltfng vdi Tnmg Qub'e" t h a n h "phdt trien quan he hgp tae toan dien eung Trung Qub'e". Day dflgc xem nhfl la bfldc khdi d i u eho mb'i quan he Trung - Lao phat trien on dinh, ngay mbt md rong va sau sac hcfn trong thdi ky Hau Chig'n t r a n h Lanh.
Quan he hai bgn dflge d i y manh hcfn khi vao t h a n g 1/2000, Chu tieh Trung Quoc Giang Trach Dan cung da thflc hign chuyen t h a m dau tign cua mbt nguygn thu qub'e gia Trung Quoe tdi Vientiane. Tai day, hai ben da t h i n g n h a t thong qua mbt Tuyen bb ehung v l hgp tae song phflcfng gifla Cbng hda Nhan dan Trung Hoa va Cong hba Dan ehu N h a n dan Lao'^'. Ban Tuygn bb n h a n m a n h de'n sfl hgp tac song phflcfng va da phflcfng ciia hai nfldc t r e n nhiiu-linh vflc. Qua db, mdt khubn kho hgp tac dai h a n "lang giing hiJu nghi, I n dinh lau dai, hgp tac toan dien, tin tfldng l l n nhau" gifla hai n h a nflde da dflge xae lap.
Mbt trong nhiing nbi dung chinh cua Tuygn b l n h a m tang cfldng sfl gan bb mat thiet htfn nfla gifla eae nhd lanh dao hai bgn chinh la "Duy tri sfl trao doi gifla edc n h a l a n h dao e l p eao cung nhfl trao doi gifla eae quan chfle dang, ehinh phii, quan sfl va quoe hbi"'^'. Tfl sau khi Tuybn bb chung v l htfp tae song phfltfng Trung - Lao dfltfe ky k i t , quan he chinh tri - ngoai giao gifla hai ben da cd thbm n h i i u bien chuyin tieh cflc. Dieu nay dugc biiu hien qua nhflng ehuygn t h a m va Idm viec qua lai l l n nhau cua cde n h a lanh dao cap eao hai nflde, dae biet la db'i vdi cdc nha lanh dao Lao nhfl cde chuyin t h a m Trung Qub'e eua eae Thu tfldng Bounnhang Vorachith (2002); Thu tfldng Bouasone Bouphavanh
(2006, 2007, 2008) va n a m 2003 la chuyen t h a m ehinh thflc cua Chu tieh Khamtay Siphandone (2003); Chu tieh Choummaly Sayasone (2006, 2008)...Vl phia Trung Qub'e la mgt so chuyen t h a m va lam viec tai Lao cua Thij tfldng 6 n Gia Bao (2003, 2006, 2008), Bb trfldng ngoai giao Dfltfng Khiet T n (2007), Uy vien Bg ehinh tri Dfltfng Gia Khanh Lam (2008)...
Quan he hai ben dd dat dflgc mbt tam eao mdi vao thdng 9/2009, khi cac n h a lanh dao hai nflde da dat dflgc nhan thflc chung va quye't dinh nang cap quan he Trung - Lao len t i m Quan hg db'i tac hgp tdc ehiln Iflge toan dign. Qua db, hai ben t h i n g nhat tang cfldng va nang eao eae thoa thuan hgp tae song phflcfng hien cb nhfl ede ehuygn t h a m elp nha nfldc doi vdi edc lanh dao cap cao gifla hai dang, hai chinh phu va va ehfltfng trinh trao dii db'i vdi eae lanh dao cap thap hcfn.
Trong nhflng n a m g i n day, hai bgn van duy tri dfltfe sfl trao d i i mM t h i l t gifla eae nha lanh dao hai nflde. Thang 9/2016, Chu tich Boungnang Vorachith da cd cube hgi dam vdi Chu tieh Tap Can Binh ben l l Hgi nghi thfltfng dinh G20 dflgc t l ehflc tai Hang Chau. Tai day, bng bay to lanh dao Dang va chinh phu nhiem ky mdi se kg' thfla va phat trien toan dien quan he db'i tae hgp tae ehien Iflgc toan dien truyen t h i n g hflu nghi va on dinh dai lau vdi Dang, Chinh phu va nhan ddn Trung Qub'e; cung Trung Quoc nb Iflc thue d i y quan he hull nghi Trung Lao khbng ngiing dtfm hoa k i t trai*^'.
Thang 11/2017, Chii tieh Trung Quoe Tap c a n Binh ed ehuyen t h a m va lam viec tai Lao. Tai day, eac nha lanh dao hai nflde
14 Nghien cdu Dong Nam A, sd2/2019 da ra Tuygn b l chung khang dinh sfl c l n
t h i l t eua viec tang cfldng hgp tac. Qua db, hai bgn cam k i t tang cfldng va phat t r i i n quan hg Db'i tac hgp tac chien lUge toan dign on dinh va lau dai dfla trdn sfl tin cay, ung hb l l n nhau. Bgn eanh dd, Lao va Trung Qub'e eung danh gia eao sfl hgp tdc hieu qua cua hai nfldc trong cac v l n d l khu vflc va qub'e t l , nhat tri t i i p tuc tang cfldng phoi hgp va hgp tac trong eac khubn kho da phflcfng tiong db cb Lign hgp quoc, Dien dan Hgp tac A - Au, cdc etf che Hgp tae Dbng A, Hgp tae Mekong - Lan Thfltfng...
Hai bgn nhat tri xay diftig chung mbt egng dong eung ehia se tflcfng lai vdi t i m quan trgng chie'n Iflgc dfla tien sfl tin eay l l n nhau cung nhfl duy tri cac cube gap d p eao nham dinh hfldng phat trien mb'i quan he song phfltfng trong thdi dai mdi. Ben eanh dd, hai ben eung nhat tri tang cfldng hgp tae va trao doi kinh nghiem trong mgt loat linh vflc trong db cb ngoai giao, kinh te, thfle thi luat phap, nbng nghigp, nang Iflgng va viln thbng. Cung trong ehuyin lam viec nay, eae nha lanh dao hai nflde da ky 17 van kign hgp tac, chu ye'u tap trung tang cfldng quan he hop tac gifla hai nfldc phu hgp vdi tinh hinh mdi cung nhfl trong eae linh vflc dau tfl, xay dflng etf scf ha t i n g , khoa hge - ebng nghe, dao tao nguIn nhan Ifle va nang Ifltfng dien.
Trong nam 2018, hai ben tiep tuc duy tri cae ehuyin tham va t i i p xuc elp eao nhfl: Thang 1, Thu tfldng Ly Khie Cfldng da ed cube gap vdi Thu tfldng Thongloun Sisoulith bgn le Hgi nghi lanh dao cap eao hgp tac Mekong - Lan Thflcfng. Thdng 3, Bb trfldng ngoai giao Vfltfng Nghi eung da gap mat Thu tfldng Thongloun khi cting tham dfl Hbi nghi thugng dinh Htfp tac
kinh t l tieu vung Mekong md rong lan thfl 6 tai Viet Nam. Ngodi ra, trong hai ngay 30-31/5, T i n g bi thfl kigm Chu tieh nfldc Lao Bounnhang Vorachith da lan Ifltft co eac cube hbi dam vdi Chu tieh Tap Can Binh va Thu tfldng Ly K h l c Cfldng...
2. H d p t a c t r o n g l i n h vtfc q u o c p h o n g Quan he qub'e phong Lao -Trung da dflge luat thong hba (codified) vao nam 2000 vdi vibe thong qua Tuygn b l chung vl Hgp tdc song phflcfng. Thoa thuan nay bao gom mgt diiu khoan qub'e phong, theo do hai ben se "tang cfldng hcfn nfla sfl trao doi va hgp tdc than thign gifla eae to chflc quoc phbng va Iflc Iflgng vii trang eua hai nfldc thbng qua viec duy tri trao doi cap cao va md rpng trao doi ehuygn gia"'^*. Tfl nam 2002 den 2008 Trung Qub'e va Lao da trao doi mfldi dodn dai bieu qub'e phbng cap cao*^*. Sau khi quan he song phflcfng gifla hai nflde dUtfc nang cap len quan he Db'i tae chig'n Ifltfc toan dign vao nam 2009, Ldo va Trung Quoc tiip tue trao doi cde phai dodn quan chflc quoc phbng cap cao'^'.
Vi du, vao thang 7/2010, Phb Thu tfldng, Bb trfldng Qub'e phbng Douangchay Phiehit da tdi Bae Kinh de gap Bg trfldng Quoc phbng Lfltfng Quang Liet. Hai bgn cung ddnh gia lai nhultig t h a n h qua hgp tae quIe phong trong nhutig nam g i n day va ding y md rong hgp tae trong tfltfng lai'^*.
N g l y 6/7/2011, dfldi sfl chu tri cua Thig'u tfldng Gia Tiiu Ninh, Phd Giam doc Cue db'i ngoai cua Bb Qub'e phbng Trung Qub'e va bng Sisupon, Chanh Van phbng Bb Qub'e phbng Lao, cube hgp dau tien eua Uy ban Dieu phoi Hgp tdc Quan sfl Trung - Lao da dflge t l ehflc tai Vientiane'^'. Hai bgn da trao d i i quan diem v l eae ehu de cu
Dam Huy Hodng - Quan he Trung Qudc - Ldo td sau chien tranh lanh... 15 the lign quan hgp tac gifla hai quan dbi va
cac v l n de khae hai bgn eung quan tam.
Tai cube hgp, Tfldng Gia Tiiu Ninh bay to
"phia Trung Qub'e luon dat t i m quan trgng cao vao viee phat trien quan hg hull nghi va hgp tac ehiln Iflgc vdi Lao, trong khi bng Sisupon phat bieu rang Lao cung mub'n thuc day quan he quan sfl - qub'e phbng vdi Trung QuIe len tam eao mdi"*^"*'.
Bgn eanh db, tfl ndm 2011 tdi nay, eac ehuyin t h a m va \arsx vibe cua cae nha lanh dao Trung Qub'e nhfl Phb t i n g tham mflU trfldng Quan dbi Giai phdng Nhdn ddn (PLA) Thai Anh Dinh (12/2011), Bg trfldng qub'e phbng Lflong Quang Liet (9/2012), Bb trfldng qub'e phong Thfldng Van Toan (5/2016)... va chuyin t h a m va lam viee ciia Bb trfldng qub'e phdng Lao Sengnuan Saiyalath tdi Trung Qub'e (7/2015)... da thuc day sfl hgp tac chat ehe htfn gifla quan dbi hai nfldc.
Nhflng t i i n trien trong hgp tac qub'e phbng - an ninh gifla Trung Qub'e va Lao da gdp p h l n thuc day quan he gifla hai nfldc trd nen m a n h me htfn nfla.
3. Hgtp t a c thUcAig m a i
Trong nhflng n a m gan day, tie'n bb ddng chu y n h a t trong quan he Trung - Lao dg'n tfl quan he kinh te'. De hgp tae kinh tg' gifla hai nflde cd t h i phdt trien mbt each m a n h me, diiu quan trpng dau tign p h i i xuat phat tfl nhu eau thfle te eua ea hai ben.
Thang 11/2000, trong ehuyin t h a m va lam viec eua Chu tieh Giang Trach Dan de'n Lao, ngoM vige Thbng cao chung hgp tae Trung - Lao dflge ede nha lanh dao hai nflde t h i n g n h i t thbng qua, mbt loat cdc
hiep dinh hgp tac kinh te' nhfl "Hiep dinh hgp tac ky thuat kinh t l Trung - Lao", "Ky yg'u H0i nghi l l n thfl nhat Uy ban hgp tdc kinh t l - thfltfng mai - ky thuat Trung - Lao", "Higp dinh nguyen tac ve khai thac Kali tai Vientiane" gifla Bb ebng nghigp va thu ebng nghiep Lao vdi Bb tai n ^ y e n Trung QuIe", "Ban ghi nhd v l hgp tae nbng nghiep gifla bb nbng nghiep Ldo va Bb nbng lam Trung Qub'e"... da dflgc ky k i t . Tfl nam 2002 d i n 2008, Trung Qub'e va Lao cbn ky thbm nhiiu higp dinh hgp tac kinh t l nfla. Dac biet la thang 3/2004, trong thdi gian Phd thu tfldng Ngb Nghi sang t h a m Lao, hai ben da ky 11 hiep dinh hgp tae kinh te nhfl: "Hiep dinh htfp tdc kinh te ky thuat gifla CHDCND Lao va CHND Trung Hoa"; "Hiep dinh khung v l flu ddi t h a n h toan db'i vdi Lao gifla CHDCND Lao va CHND Trung Hoa"; "Higp dinh hgp tac song phfltfng gifla Ngan hang chinh phu Lao va ngan hang nhan dan Trung Hoa";
"Ban ghi nhd htfp tae gifla Hbi cbng thutfng Lao va Uy ban xuc tie'n thflcfng mai Trung QuIe"... Ngoai ra, hai nfldc cdn ky mgt so hi^p dinh vibn trg eua Trung Quoc db'i vdi Lao nhfl "Hiep dinh hgp tae kinh t l ky thuat"; "Nghi dinh thfl gifla ehinh phii Ldo va ehinh phu Trung Qub'e v l xay diftig dfldng sat cao toe Cbn Minh - Bangkok, doan di qua Lao"; 'Van ban trao doi ve flu dai thue quan dae bibt ma chinh phu Trung Qub'e danh cho Lao"; "Van ban trao dii v l vige Trung Quoc hb trtf Lao khao sat xay dflng Toa nhd tie'p dbn nguygn thu"va
"Hgp dong xay dflng lai san bay tinh Luang Prabang"'^^'.., Day chinh la nhflng tien de quan trgng d l quan he hgp tae kinh te - thfltfng mai Trung - Lao lubn duy ti dfltfe sfl tang trfldng on dinh, kim ngach
16 Nghien cdu Dong Nam A, sd2/2019 mdu dich hai nfldc cung theo dd khbng
ngiftig tang Ign.
d goc do kim ngach thfltfng mai, neu nhfl d nam 1998, tong kim ngach thfltfng mai had nflde mdi chi dat mfle hcfn 25 trieu USD (bang 1), thi den giai doan nam 2002 - 2003, khi hai ben ky higp dinh thfltfng mai nham md rong hgp tac thfltfng mai thi tong kim ngach thfltfng mai da dbt pha vflgt mfle 100 trigu USD, dat 109,44 trigu USD vao nam 2003, tang 73,01% so vdi eung ky nam trflde (nam 2002 dat 63,96 trieu USD). (Xem bang 1)
Nam 2006, kim ngach thflcfng mai Trung - Lao tang trfldng nhanh ehdng de lan diu tign vflgt qua mfle 200 trieu USD, dat 218 trieu USD, tang 70,31%.
Cd t h i thay, sau khi hai nflde Trung - Lao quyg't dinh nang cap quan he song
phiicfng Ign tam Quan he db'i tdc hgp tac ehien Iflge toan dibn vao n a m 2009 thi kim ngach thflcfng mai giiJa hai nflde ed tiibm mbt mfle dot pha mdi, khi t i n g kim ngaeh thflcftig mai giijia hai nflde lan d i u tibn vugt mfle 1 ty USD, dat 1,085 ty USD vao nam 2010, tang 44,3% so vdi nam 2009 (Bang 1). Tuy nhign cung trong nam nay, tham hut thfltfng mai lan d i u tien nghieng ve phia Trung Qub'e, khi Trung QuIc xuit k h I u sang Lao dat 483,62 tribu USD va nhap khau tfl Lao 601,49 trieu USD, tham hut 117,87 trieu USD. Tinh ti^ang tiiam hut nay nay van tiep tuc va cd phan nghigm trgng hcfn trong nam 2011 khi Trung Quoc xuat khau sang Lao ehi dat 476,27 trigu USD trong khi nhap khau tfl Lao mgt Iflgng hang hda vdi gid tri len tdi 824,6 trigu USD, tham hut 343,84 trieu USD.
B a n g 1: Kim n g a c h thitdng m a i T r u n g - L a o tvC 1998 - 2016 Dan vi: Trieu USD Nam
1998 2002 2003 2004 2006 2006 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
T6ng kim ngach xuat nhap khau Trung - Lao
25,73 63,96 109,44 113,54 128,93 218,36 1.085 1.300 1.720 2.732 3.614 2.780 2.338
Trung Qu6'c xueit khIu sang Lao
17,83 54,31 98,24 100,88 103,38 168,72 483,62 476,27 934,14 1.722 1.843 1.227 986
Trung Quo'c nhap kh^u tir Lao
7,9 9,65 11,2 12,65 25,56 49,65 601,49 824,6 786,63 1.010 1.772 1.554 1.353
Chenh Igc can can thiiong mai
9,93 44,46 87,04 98,23 77,83 119,07 - 117,87 - 343,84 147,51 712,5 73.56 -327 -367 Nguon: Dugc tdng hgp td Tong cue Hdi quan Trung Qudc (custom.gov.cn), vd Phuong Ni Dgt, "Nghien cdu thuang mgi Trung - Ldo", Luan dn Thac sy, Bai hgc kinh te - thuang mgi Thu dd, 2015.
Dam Huy Hodng - Quan he Trung Quoc - Lao td sau chii'n tranh lanh... 17 Trong cae n a m tiep theo, kim ngaeh
thflcfng mai Trung - Lao v l n duy tri dflge sfl t a n g trfldng on dinh vdi cac mfle 1,729 ty USD vao n a m 2012 va 2,73 ty USD vao n a m 2013. N a m 2014, kim ngach thflcfng mai song phflcfng gifla hai nflde ed sfl tang m a n h dat 3,614 ty USD, trong db Trung Qub'e xuat sang Lao 1,843 ty USD vdi cac mat hang ehu ye'u la cac mat hang ehu ylu la quang, xi va tro khoang.... Kim ngaeh xuat k h I u cua Lao sang Trung Qub'e dat 1,772 ty USD, cdc mat hang xuat ehu y l u g I m d i n g va cac ehe pham tfl dong, e h i p h i m gd, quang, xi, ngu cb'e va cac che p h i m kim loai... Tuy nhign trong 2 nam 2015 - 2016, kim ngach thfltfng mai gifla hai nflde eb chilu hfldng giam xub'ng khi l l n Ifltft dat mfle 2,78 va 2,33 ty USD. Day cung la l l n thfl hai xay r a tham hut thflomg mai db'i vdi Trung Quoe trong hai n a m lien tie'p. Cung trong n a m 2016, Trung Qub'e la nguon d i u tfl nflde ngoai Idn nhat, db'i tdc thflcfng mai Idn thfl hai va la n h a eung cap vien trtf sb' mbt eua Lao, trong khi Lao la d i l m dg'n Idn thfl ba cua Trung Quo'c dau tfl vao eac nflde ASEAN'^^)
Trong n a m 2017, tinh d i n thang 9, kim ngach thfltfng mai hai bgn dat 2,1 ty USD, tang 25,1% so vdi cung ky nam 2016. Cdc m a t h a n g n h a p khau ehinh eua Trung Qub'e tfl Lao la dong, a m sac (timbre), nong san..., trong khi nhCfng san pham xuat khau sang Lao bao gom b to - xe may, det may, thep, cap dien, thiet hi truyen thbng, t h i l t bi dien va cac san pham dien tii*^^*...
Cd t h i thay, trong hcfn chuc n a m trd lai day, htfp tac kinh t l Trung - Lao v l n duy tri dflge sfl phat t r i i n on dinh. Diiu nay dflge t h i hien qua sfl tang trfldng diu dan
eua kim ngaeh thUcfng mai song phflcfng.
Dilm dang chu y la trong thflcfng mai Trung - Lao, sfl t h a m hut nghigng ve phia Lao dUtfc the hien ro net, chu ylu do Trung Qub'e xuit k h I u sang Lao eae san p h i m ebng nghiep vdi so lfltfng Idn, cdn nhflng san pham Lao xuit sang Trung Qub'e etf ban ehi la nhOng nguyen vat lieu dfldi dang thb hoae stf ehi. Tuy nhign, trong khi kim ngaeh thflong mai gifla hai bgn v l n ed sfl tang trfldng on dinh va can can thflcfng mai v l n nghigng v l phia Trung Qub'e thi van eb nhung ngoai Ig, trong cae nam 2010 - 2011, phia Lao da xuat hien hien tflgng thang dfl thflcfng mai db'i vdi Trung Qub'e.
Nhflng sfl thang dfl thfltfng mai eua Lao do'i vdi Trung Qub'e eung chi mang tinh chat tam thdi khi ma sfl t h a m hut da trd lai ngay trong ede nam 2013 va 2014.
4. H t ^ tac d^u tif v a v i $ n trd p h a t
trien
Vdi loi the v l nguIn tai nguygn khoang san phong phu va sfl gan can v l dia ly, ngay tfl nhflng nam 90 cua t h i ky 20, Lao da nhan dflgc nhieu sfl quan tam chu y cua cac nha dau tfl Trung Qub'e. Sau do eung vdi thfltfng mai bien gidi hai nfldc phdt triin, Lao gia tang toe db eai each md cfla va chinh sdch Dai khai phat mien Tay cua Trung Qub'e, sfl hgp tac gifla doanh nghigp hai nflde ngay eang mat thie't. Cae doanh nghiep ebng, thfltfng nghiep, eae n h a thau Trung Quoe va ngay ea eac thflcfng gia eung ngay mbt d l d i n de'n Ldo dau tfl. Hg tap trung dau tfl vao eae linh vflc lien quan tdi vat lieu xay dflng, nubi trong eay, ehe big'n dflge p h i m , khai thac rflng, trong cao su, khai thac khoang san, xe may va thflcfng mai dich vu...
18 Nghien cdu Ddng Nam A, sd2/2019 Trong nhiiu nam trflde day, Thai Lan
lubn la nha dau tfl hang diu tai Lao. Tuy nhien, trong khoang htfn hai thap ky g i n day, Trung Qub'e da trd thanh mgt nha dau tfl Idn d Lao, cung vdi Thdi Lan va Viet Nam. Tfl nam 1990 d i n 2007, Trung Quoc da tie'n hanh 284 dfl an diu tfl tai Lao, tri gia 1,1 ty USD tai 12 khu vflc'"'. Theo nghien eflu cua Tien si Motoyoshi Suzuki, Trung QuIe la nha dau tfl so 1 tai Lao khi nhin nhan d gdc do s i dfl an trong giai doan tfl nam 2002/2003 d i n 2006/2007, va cung la qub'e gia dan dau v l khoi Iflgng dau tfl trong n a m 2000/2001, 2001/2002, 2002/2003 va 2006/07, khi dflng thfl hai tfl goc do tong gia tri dau tfl tieh luy & Lao*^^\
Tinh de'n eub'i nam 2014, cung vdi sfl md rong nhanh chdng v l qui mb dau tfl, t i n g Ifltfng von diu tfl trflc tiep cua Trung Qub'e tai Lao dd dat 4,491 ty USD. Lao da Igt vao danh sach 20 nflde hang d i u nhan dau tfl trflc t i i p tfl Trung Qub'e* ^^'.
Nhin chung, cung vdi sfl md cfla cua nen kinh t l Lao, dau tfl ciia Trung QuIc d i i vdi Lao cung cd nhflng diiu ehinh phu hgp tfltfng flng. Ngoai nhflng linh vflc d i u tfl truyin thing, cae nha dau tfl Trung Qub'e khbng ngiftig md rbng sang cae linh vflc eb nhieu t i l m Iflc mang lai Igi ieh trong n i n kinh te Lao.
Vien trg cua Trung Quoc ddi vdi Ldo bdt ddu td cudi nhdng n&m 50 - ddu nhdng ndm 60. Tuy nhign, vien trg phat trien cua Trung Qub'e db'i vdi Lao da trai qua mbt giai doan dinh tre do quan he hai nfldc trd ngn gian doan tfl cub'i nhflng nam 70 tdi gifla nhflng nam 80. Tfl thap nign 90 the ky 20 tdi nay, khi quan hg Trung - Lao bfldc vao thdi ky phat t r i i n toan dien va
sau sae, vign trtf eua Trung Qub'e db'i vdi Lao eung eb xu t h i tdng trfldng nhanh ehdng. Mae du khbng de d l danh gia het nhiftig khoan vien trg kinh te cua Trung Qub'e db'i vdi Lao, nhflng rb rang la Trung Qub'e da eung cap mbt so lfltfng Idn vien trg khbng hoan lai, cac khoan vay UU dai va khbng lai db'i vdi sU phdt trien kinh te cua Lao. Theo so' hgu cua Uy ban kinh te ^ thuat Trung Qub'e - Lao thi tfl imm 1989 den n a m 2008, Trung Qub'e da vien trg cho Lao tfl 2,7 den 3,5 ty USD, va cung d p khoan vay flu dai 230 trieu NTT cho xay dflng ctf sd ha tang*!'', -pfl 2005 - 2006, Trung Qub'e da vien trg cho Lao 760 trigu NTT, bao gom 100 trieu cho tang, 100 trieu cho vay khbng lai va 560 trieu cho vay UU dai'^^'. Tuy nhign, can efl bao cao eua Vien nghien eflu phat trien hai ngoai Anh qub'e, cac khoan hb trg va tai trg cua Trung Qub'e db'i vdi Lao cung khbng Idn, i\i 2011 den 2012, kim ngaeh vign trg tflcng flng tfl 25 trieu den 42 trieu USD*^^'.
Nam 2010, sau chuyen tham Pho Chu tieh nfldc Tap Can Binh, Trung Quoc da dong y vien trg eho Lao xay dflng 2 eay elu vUgt sbng Mekong, trong db gom khoan vay 50 trieu USD cho 1 eay elu, nham xay dflng ha t i n g giao thbng nb'i tfl Van Nam tdi Thai Lan. Thang 11/2011, Trung - Lko thong n h a t tang cfldng hgp tac phat trien kinh te, thfltfng mai, nbng nghiep va xoa doi giam ngheo. Cam k i t xay dflng dfldi^
sat cao toe tri gid 7 ty USD'^O'.
Nam 2013, Trung Qub'e cam k i t vibn trg 100 trieu NTT nham giup Lao xay dflng trung tam qub'e hbi va sfla chfla quoc lb 13*21). Bgn canh dd, Trung QuIe con dong y t a n g Lao 2 mdy bay MA 60 va 200
Dam Huy Hodng - Quan hi Trung Quoc - Ldo td sau chien tranh lank... 19 ngan USD cho ebng tae phbng ngfla s i t
xuat huyet... Nam 2014, Trung Quoe eam k i t cung cap cho Lao 49 trieu USD vien trg khbng hoan lai va 32,6 trieu USD kho- an vay khbng lai suat*^^'. Theo con so t h i n g ke ciia Bb k l hoaeh dau tfl, trong nam tai ehinh 2013 - 2014, vibn trg phat t r i i n ehinh thflc (ODA) cua Trung Qub'e db'i vdi Ldo dat 187 trieu USD, trd thdnh quoe gia vien trg Idn n h i t eua Lao trong 2 nam lign tilp^^^'.
5. H d p t a c t r o n g m p t s o l i n h v i i c k h a c Trong linh viic vdn hoa - truyen thong, Trung Qub'e dfltfng nhfl muon tao a n h hfldng cua minh db'i vdi truyen thbng Lao thbng qua cdc dfl dn htfp tae khae nhau.
Trong phat t h a n h truyen hinh, vao thang 12/2007, Phd Chu tich Tap doan Sinohydro da t a n g mbt t i m see tri gia 100.000 USD eho Chu tieh tinh Phongsaly tai Van phbng Chu tieh tinh dfldi sfl chflng kien euai Thu tfldng B. Bouphavanh va Dai sfl Trung Quoc tai Lao Pan Guangxue. Sb' tiin nay da dflgc sfl dung de cai thien viee t i i p sdng truyen hinh va phat thanh tai tinh Phongsaly*^*'. Tie'p theo db, vao thang 3/2008, Trung Qub'e da cap 10,5 trieu USD cho Dai t r u y i n hinh Lao d l xay dUtig mgt phdng thu mdi*^^'. Cung trong thdng 3, Chinh phu Lao da cap phgp cho Cbng ty dien tfl Yangyintu cua Trung Qub'e van h a n h truyen hinh cap va dieh vu I n t e m e t tai Lao trong thdi gian 20 nam*^^). Ngoai ra, theo p h a t b i i u cua Tibn sy Bosengkham Vongdara, Chu tich Hiep hgi cac n h a bdo Lao trong ehuyen t h a m Trung Quoc vao thang 9/2008, Dai phat t h a n h quoe te Trung Qub'e (CRI) va Dai Truyen hinh Trung fltfng Trung QuIe (CCTV) se
thie't lap eae t r a m thu phat eua hg d Vientiane, va tai day CRI se phdt eae ehfltfng trinh bang t i i n g Trung va t i i n g Anh trong khung gid tfl 10 d i n 22 gitf'^'".
Trong n a m 2014, Dai truyin hinh qub'e gia Lao va Dai truyen hinh Trung fltfng Trung Qub'e da ky mbt thoa thuan hgp tdc ve tang cfldng trao doi dfl heu video va tin hieu trflc t
Trong linh vUc bdo chi, vao thang 12/2007, phai doan Nhan dan n h a t bao Trung Qub'e trong bull lam viee tai Vientiane da dong y eho Ctf quan Thbng tan Lao (KPL) sfl dung, trich d i n nhiing t h b n g tin, tin tflc t r e n website cua minh*^^'. Qua db, KPL cb the sfl dung eae tin tflc quoe t l tfl bao Nhan dan nhat bao Trung Qub'e trgn cac trang bao cua minh, vi the' ngay eang e6 nhiiu tin tflc tfl Trung Quoc dflgc dang tai trong cac bao giay dia phfltfng tai Vientiane.
Ve trao dSi gido due, theo thbng tin dflge dang tai trgn Thdi bao Vientiane vao cac ngay 24/7 va 1/8/2008 thi mgt phan hieu eua Dai hgc To Chau se dflge dat tai Vientiane. Day se la mgt trfldng dai hgc todn dibn vdi dien tieh trgn 100 ha va dao tao 10.000 sinh vien*^*". Hang n a m Dai hgc To Chau se trao khoang 30 hge bong cho sinh vign dai hgc va thac sy tai Lao'^^'.
Thang 9/2008 Chinh phii Trung Qub'e da cap 90 hpe bIng eho sinh vien Lao tdi Trung Quoc hpe tap. Trong dd eb 24 sinh vibn dflgc tiep n h a n tai cde khoa hgc thac sy va p h l n con lai theo hge eac ehfltfng trinh cfl nhan*^^'.
Hgp tdc du lich dflgc xem la mgt trong nhOfng linh vflc hfla hen n h i t . Nam trong Iflu vflc song Mekong, Lao eb nhieu tiem
20 Nghiin cdu Dong Nam A, sd 2/2019 nang de phdt t r i i n du lieh. Lao tfl hao cb
1.900 dilm du lich bao gIm 1.000 t h i n g canh thign nhign, 534 di san van hda va khoang 300 di ti'eh lich siil*^^) vdi eanh quan tuybt dep va mbi trfldng tfl nhien da giup du lieh trd thanh nganh cbng nghipp tru cbt Idn thfl hai cua nflde ndy sau khai thac md. Ben eanh db, de thuc d i y phat triin du lieh Lao da ap dung nhieu cdc bibn phap mdi de phat trien thi trfldng nhfl dtfn gian hda thu tuc xin visa hay tang cfldng cac ehuygn bay gifla Lao va Trung Qub'e...
Vao thang 10/2017, Chinh phu Lao chinh thflc khdi dgng Nam du lich 2018.
Nhiiu san p h i m du lieh dac sac dflgc eung elp eho khach du lieh Trung Qub'e. Muc tieu ciia Lao Id thu hut 5 tribu du khach, thu v l 900 trigu USD*^^'. Chinh phii Trung Quoc eung da bay td sfl iing hb eua minh db'i vdi "Nam du lich Lao 2018".
Trong hgp tdc phbng chdng ma tiiy, chinh phu Trung Qub'e da hb trg Chinh phu Lao xay dung mgt trung tam cai nghien va diiu tri d l eham sde ngfldi nghien ma tuy tai Oudomxay va cae tuib lan can, le ban giao da dflgc to chflc vao thang 7/2007 gifla Dai sfl Trung Quoc tai Lao Pan Quang Xue va Chu nhigm Uy ban QuIc gia v l Kiem soat va Giam sat ma tuy Suban Salithilath.
Nhan dip nay, Dai sfl Trung Qub'e eiing tang phia Lao 100.000 USD de xay dflng dfldng, lap dat he thong dien de'n trung tam va eho cac boat dbng khde*^^'.
Ngoai ra, Lao va Trung Quoc eung tich cflc tang cfldng hgp tac trong cac linh vflc eflu trg thien tai va phbng chong eac benh truyen nhilm, hgp tae phbng ehb'ng ma tuy... va da dat dflgc nhiiu k i t qua kha quan.
K e t lu^in
Quan hg ngoai giao Trung - Lao da trai qua g i n 60 nam k l tii khi ehinh thflc dflgc thie't lap vao ngay 25/4/1961. Sau khi tiai qua mbt so nam gian doan, tdi euli nhflng nam 80, xuit phat tfl nhu d u phat trien eiia moi nfldc, thbng qua nhiJng n l Iflc eua ede n h a lanh dao hai bgn, quan he ngoai giao Trung - Lao ehinh thflc dflgc khbi phuc. Viee tai thiet lap quan he gifla Tnii^
Qub'e va Lao da tao ctf hgi cho hp htfp tac cung phat t r i i n trong ky nguyen sau Chien tranh Lanh. Tfl db d i n nay, quan he htfp tae gifla Trung Quoe va Lao da ngay cang dflgc md rpng va di vao chilu sau tioi^
nhiiu linh vflc, dac bigt la trong linh vflc thflcfng mai va d i u tfl. Nhflng thanh tflU dat dflge tfl quan he ehinh tri - kinh te Trung Quoe - Lao da eb nhiftig tac dgng tieh cue tdi ca hai nflde. Quan he dd tao thuan Igi eho Lao khai thac cac etf hgi tfl sfl phat t r i i n kinh te cua Trung Qub'e, nang cao vi t h i cua Lao trong cac dien dkn quIc t l ma ho t h a m gia va trong ca ASEAN. Db'i vdi Trung Qub'e, quan he ehinh tri - ngoai giao vdi Lao cung tao ctf hbi eho hg thu hut eac nguon Iflc cung nhfl tai nguygn tfl nfldc nay de phat t r i i n kinh t l .
Tuy nhien, bdn eanh nhOttig thanh tifti dat dflgc, v l n ebn mbt so van dl t i n tai trong quan he gifla hai nfldc. O phflcfng dien chinh tri, dd chinh la sfl anh hfldng ngay mdt Idn eua Trung Quoc tai Lao, diiu nay khbng chi gay lo ngai eho eae nha lanh dao va n h a n dan Lao ma eon tilm I n nhQhg nguy etf b i t I n doi vdi hgp tac ASEAN - Trung Quoc ndi ehung. Bbn canh do, vln de tham hut thflcfng mai song phfltfng gifla Lao va Trung QuIc lign tuc trong nhieu nam
Dam Huy Hodng - Quan he Trung Qudc - Ldo td sau chien tranh lanh...
qua eung la vmi d l dbi hoi Ldo phai n6 Ifle htfn nfla de cd the cai thibn. Trong linh vflc d i u tfl, mgt loat cdc van d l v l sfl dung dlt, bao vb mbi trfldng... eiing ehinh la nhflng nguyen n h a n lam eho hgp tac diu tfl ehiln Iflgc gifla hai nfldc v l n chfla dat dflgc k i t qua nhfl mong mub'n. Nhflng t i n tai nay la nhiing nguygn nhan chinh gay r a nhCtng ban e h i n h a t dinh trong phat t r i i n quan he htfp tae gifla hai nflde. Mbt khi nhflng ban ehi, t i n tai trong quan he hai nflde van chfla dflge giai quyit, de dat dflge mpt sfl dot pha nao do trong m l i quan hg nay that sfl la dieu khbng de dang./.
C H U THICH
1. Ian Storey, "Southeast Asia and the Rise of China: The Search for Security", London: Routiedge, 2010, tr. 168 2. Martin Stuart-Fox, "Laos: The Chinese
Connection", Daljit Singh (ed.). Southeast Asian Affairs 2009, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies
3. www.China.com.cn/intemational/txt/2010 -6/12/content_20258031.html
4. "Hgi dam gifla Tap Can Binh va Ting bi thu, Chu tich B. Vorachith", website Bg ngoai giao Trung QuIc, 3/5/2016, httpy/www.fmprc.gov.cn/web/zyxw/tl36034 8.shtml
5. Carlyle A. Thayer, "China's "New Security Concept' and Southeast Asia", tr 92-95 6. KPL News, "China, Laos to Step Up
Cooperation", 27/08/2007
7. Kazuhiro Fujimura, "The Increasing Presence of China in Laos Today: A report on Fixed Point Observation of Local Newspapers from March 2007 to February 2010", tr 70
8. Robert Sutter and Chin-Hao Huang, "US Interventions Complicate China's Advances", Comparative Connections: A Quarterly E-Joumal on East Asian Bilateral Relations, Vol. 12, No. 3 (October 2010)
9. "Trung Quoc va Lao tang cUbng hgp tac quftn sU",
10. https://www.bbc.coin/vietnamese/mobile/
world/2011/07/110711_cbina_lao_mili- tary.shtml
11. "Trung Quoe va Lao tang cUdng hgp tac quan sU",tai lieu da din
12. Phucfng Ni Dat, "Nghien cflu thucfng mai Trung Quoc - Lao", Luftn an Thae sy, Dai hgc kinh te - thuong mai Thu db, 2015 13. Zhang Tuo, Yu Hui, Rong Zhongxia,
"Report on China-Laos Cooperation Opportunities under the Belt and Road Initiative in 2018", China Economic Information Service Xinhua Silk Road Department, tr 5
14. Zhang Tuo, Yu Hui, Rong Zhongxia, tai heu da dan, tr 5
15. Kenichiro Suzuki"s Website Report Based on a Lao Language newspaper http://laotimes.exblog.jp/8508996 va http://laotimes .exblog.jp/9465631
16. Suzuki. Motoyoshi, "Laos no Sangyo Kiban (Industiial Infrastructure of Laos", JICA Laos Office, 2008, tr 27 17. Cue quan ly ngoai hbi qub'e gia, "Bao cao
dau tu true tiip ngoai nfldc nam 2014", Bo thucfng mai CHND Trung Hoa, tr 21 18. Zhu Zheming, "China's Economic Aid to
CLMV and its Economic Cooperation with them", httpy/www.ide.go.jp/library/English /Publish/Download/Brc/pd£'01_chinaseco- nomic.pdf
19. "Trien vgng hop tac phat trien Trung Quoc - Lao", tai ligu da dan
20. Mustapha, S. and Greenhill, 2016, "Age of Choice: Lao People's Democratic Republic in the New Development Finance Landscape", Overseas Development Institute, London
22 Nghien ciiu Dong Nam A, sd2/2019
21. John F. Copper, "Chma's Foreign Aid and Investment Diplomacy: History and Practice in Asia, 1950-Present', vol. II, Palgrave Macimllan
22. Vientiane Times, "China woos Laos with grants, aid", l/lL/2013
23. "Trien vong hgp tac phat trien Trung Quoc - Lao", tai heu da dan
24. ' Vientiane Times, "China woos Laos with grants aid", tai lieu da din
25. Vientiane Times, 27/12/2007 26. Vientiane Times, "Television Station
Breaks Ground in Vientiane", 07/03/2008 va KPL News, "China Upgrades Lao's Channel 3", 10/03/2008
27. KPL News, "Laos and China Further Cooperation on Cable TV and Intemet Service", 25/03/2008
28. Vientiane Times, "Laos, China to Step Up Media Cooperation", 13/10/2008 29. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-
08/17/c_136531519.htm
30. KPL News, "KPL and People's Daily of China Maintain Cooperation", 12/12/2007 31. Vientiane Times, "A New University
Welcomes New Students", 24/07/2008 32. Vientiane Times, "Lao Students Depart
for Study at Chinese University", 04/09/2008.
33. KPL News, "Chinese Government Grants 90 Scholarships to Lao Students", 26/08/2008
34. "Report on China-Laos Cooperation Opportunities under the Belt and Road Initiative in 2018", China Economic Information Service Xinhua Silk Road Department, http://upload.siIkroad.news.cn /2018/0208/1518a61660339.pdf
35. Li Yue, "Report on China-Laos Cooperation Opportunities under the Belt and Road Initiative in 2018", tai lieu trgn 36. KPL News, "China Helps Laos to Build Drug Rehabihtation Center in Oudomxay Provmce", 23/07/2007
TAI LIEU THAM K H A O
1. Carlyle A. Thayer, "China's Relations with Laos and Cambodia", China Internal and External Relations and lesson for Korea and Asia
2. John F. Copper, "China's Foreign Aid and Investment Diplomacy: History and Practice in Asia, 1950-Present", vol. II, Palgrave Macmillan
3- Kazuhiro Fujimura, "The Increasing Presence of China in Laos Today: A Report on Fixed Point Observation of Local Newspapers from March 2007 to February 2009", Ritsumeikan Kokusai Chiiki Kenkyu. 2009. Vol. 30: Ritsumeikan University, Institute of International Relations and Area Studies
4. Kenichiro Suzuki"s Website Report Based on a Lao Language newspaper http^'/lao- times.exblog.jp/8508996 va http://lao- times.exblog.jp/9465631
5. Li Yue, "Report on China-Laos Cooperation Opportunities under the Belt and Road Initiative in 2018", China Economic Information Service Xinhua Silk Road Department
6. Martin Stuart-Fox, "Laos: the Chinese Connection", Daljit Shigh (ed.), Southeast Asian Affairs 2009 , Institute of Southeast Asian Studies
7. Robert Sutter and Chin-Hao Huang, "US Interventions Complicate China's Advances."
8. Zhang Tuo, Yu Hui, Rong Zhongxia, "Report on China-Laos Cooperation Opportunities under the Belt and Road Initiative in 2018", China Economic Information Service Xinhua Silk Road Department 9. Zhu Zheming, "China's Economic Aid to
CLMV and its Economic Cooperation with them",httpy/www.ide.go.jp/library/English /Publish/Download/Brc/pdf01_chinaseco- nomic.pdf
10. www.custom.gov.cn