UGH SU - VAN HOA - XA HOI CHAU AU
^6 Ld'l THOflT CHO VAN DC NGUdi CUT VI^O ITnun ?
Nguyen Van Ljch
Torn tat: Gdn day, do nhung biin ddng a khu vuc Trung Ddng vd chdu Phi, nhieu ngudi a cdc khu vuc ndy da phdi rdi bd que huang di ldnh ngn. Dia diim md ho hay tim din nhdt Id chdu Au, mot "mien ddt hira"... Tuy nhien, cong cudc ra di ndy day ray gian nguy vd bdt trac.
Dd cd hdng nghin ngudi phdi bd mgng tren bien. De vdo chdu Au, hdu hit ngudi di cu diu chqn con duang qua Italia. Vi the, luang ngudi di cu vdo Italia rdt dong, dd gdy ra rdi nhieu hdu qud cho chinh ngudi di cu vd cho cd Italia Idn EU. Italia dd cd nhiiu gidi phdp cho vdn di ndy nhung vdn cdn nhiiu viec phdi ldm, di gidi quyil vdn de di cu.
Tir khoa: di cu, ngudi di cu, budn bdn ngudi, an ninh, gidi ciru, hd tra, Italia, Sicily, EU, UNHCR.
1. "Nhat ky cihi hp ngirdi di cir vao Italia"
Ngdy 30/1/2014 hdi quan Italia da ciiu 175 ngudi di cu vao bd bien Sicily (Italia), trong dd cd 6 tre em. Trong thang 1/2014, ed tdi 2.157 ngudi nhap cu vao Italia bang dudng bien', tdng hon 10 lan so vdi cimg ky ndm 2013. Ngdy 6/2/2014, Italia da cim sdng hon 1.100 ngudi nhdp cu tren 9 chiec be d ngodi khoi ddo Sicily. May bay tudn tra ten thdng dd phdt hien nhung chile be chd qua tdi. Bon tau hdi quan da tham gia vdo chien djch ciiu hp tren. Ngdy 18/3/2014, Italia cho bilt dd ciiu dupe gdn 600 ngudi di cu tir Syria, Palestine va Eritrea tren hai chile thuyin, trong dd cd 62 tre em. Tir
7-11/4/2014, Italia da ciiu dupe 6.000 ngudi di eu dang cd gang vupl bien de den chau Au'. Ngay 23/4/2014, Italia da gidi ciiu hem 1.000 ngudi di cu trong vdng 48 gid. Ngay 2/5/2014, khoang 1.200 ngudi ti ngn da vao ddo Sicily. Trong 5 ngay ddu Ihdng 5/2014, hai quan Italia da vdl din 2.000 thuyin nhdn.
Ngay 12/5/2014, hdi quan Italia da ciiu Idioang 200 nguoi tren chiec tau da chim d phia nam Italia, ed 14 ngudi da chit dudi.
Ngdy 21/5/2014, Italia da ciiu gdn 500 ngudi nhap cu vdo dao Sicily. Hon 130 tre em ciing hem 70 phu nu tren hai tau danh ca da dupe dua len tdu ciiu hd, trong khi hon 280 ngudi cdn lai dupe tha phao cim sinh. Ngay
PGS.TS, Dfi sA quAn Vi$t Nam t^i Italia
http://www.ansa.it/english/news/general_news/2014/0 4/Il/italy-rescues-6000-migrants-over-4- days_9e8740d5-43eb-4a5a-af41 -0dc0c91 ab8f6.html
58 NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N*>7 (166).20l4l
31/5/20I4, Italia da giai ciiu gdn 3.000 ngudi di cu dang cd gang de vao chau Au . Trong hai ngay 6-7/6/2014, Italia da cuu hem 2.500 ngudi chen chiic nhau tren nhirng chiec tau tir Bdc Phi din dao Sicily. Til 5-9/6/2014, Italia da ciiu khodng 5.200 ngudi va vdt dupe nhilu xac chet tir nhiing con tau ddng diic d vung bien Dja Trung Hai^. Ngay 17/6/2014, Italia da curu gdn 600 ngudi di cu tir nhiing chien thuyen pp ep d eo bien Sicily giita Italia va chau Phi. Ngay 24/6/2014, mpt tdu hdi quan Italia da ciiu 293 ngudi ti nan tir Ai Cap va Syria d phia nam eiia Taranto.
Tinh din giua ihdng 6/2014, da cd 58.000 ngudi di eu vao Italia'*.
Cd le, chi vdi vai sd lieu tren da cho thdy kha ro biic tranh ngudi di cu vao Italia.
Vdi tdc dp nay, chac chan sd ngudi di cu den Italia trong nam 2014 se vupt qua ky luc 62.000 ciia nam 2011, khi xdy ra cac cudc ndi day Mua xuan Arap^. Ndm 2013, cd 42.925 ngudi di cu den Italia bdng dudng biln, tang 325% so vdi nam 2012^
2. Nguyen nhan cua viec di cir vao Italia
http://www.telegraph, co.uk/news/worldne ws/europe/it aly/10867075/Nearly-3000-migrants-arrive-on- Italian-coast-in-24-hours.html
http7/world.einnews.coni/article/208502872/GlhKn5h noLJ£J88A
http://www.ansa.it/english/news/general_news/2014/0 6/19/report-says-9000-minors-land-in-
italy_^c81 a2077-74c0^832-aadf-a7c812^814e.html
* http://world.einnews.coni/articie/208094150/lBG- Vyk_uZt7oc-A
http://www.vietnamptus.vn/ngay-cang-co-nhieu- nguoi-di-cu-trai-phep-toi-italy/242601.vnp
Dd ro tai sao lai cd nhieu ngudi di cu, vdy bet, hay nhin vao noi xuat phat eua hg.
Theo thdng ke, hdu hit nguoi di cu vd ngufii ti ngn ddn Italia la tir chdu Phi, Tnmg Ddng, cu thi Id tir Eritrea, Syria, Libya, Mali, Ghana, Nigeria, Sudan, Guinea, Cote d'lvoire, Senegal, Palestine..., mdt sd tu Afghanistan, Pakistan, Bangladesh. Tir ddy cd the thdy, nguyen nhan ddu tien Id do sf bdt dn tai que huang cua ngudi di eu. Hp ra di de tranh chien tranh, xung dot, ddi ngheo, de trdn tranh nghTa vu quan su. Nam 2011, khi cac cudc ndi day dien ra tgi Ai Cap, dong ngudi di cu den Italia da dgt den miic ky lyc la 62.000 ngudi. Theo thdng ke, nam 2013, trong gan 43.000 nguoi di cu den Italia bang dudng bien, cd 27.314 ngudi Liby, 9.215 ngudi Ai Cap vd 2.077 ngudi Thd NhT Ky.
Khdng phdi ngudi di cu khdng biet ve nhiing nguy hiem, khd khan dang rinh rap... Nhung de thoat khdi nhiing thii tren day, ddi vdi hp, con dudng duy nhat la trdn khdi dit nuoc, que huong cua chinh minh.
Mat khac, sd dT ngudi di eu vdo Italia nhieu nhu tren vi dat nude nay gdn voi chau Phi nhal, la mdt "dau edu" dd bd cua cac thuyen nhdn. Italia da trd thanh ciia ngo chinh cho ngudi di cu vao chau Au. Trong khi dd, Italia lai cd chinh sdch va cac bi?n phap cihi vdt ngudi ti nan kha hieu qui Chinh phii Italia da cd nhung chuang trinh ciru tro rat tdn kem. Ciing can thdy rdng, ngudi di cu coi Italia la ben do, roi sau dd hp
' http://www.vietnamplus.vn/ngay-cang-co.nhieih nguoi-di-cu-trai-phep-toi-italy/242601 .vnp
iU(tihadleh4f-ifaM.it£^.. 59
sS tim each den mpt nuac chdu Au khac. Cho ngn, dij khdng dinh df lgi Italia, nhung hp ciing cir vao Italia.
3. Nhimg hau qua khd Ivd^ng 1. Chitduii
Ngdy 30/9/2013 cd it nhdt 13 ngudi chau Phi dd chet dudi khi cd boi vdo mien Nam Italia sau khi tau cua hp bi mac can.
Ngdy 12/10/2013, Italia va Malta xac nhgn da cd 34 ngudi chet dudi khi tau bi chim trong l^c hdnh khach tim each thu hut sy chu y ctia mdt phi co bay ngang . Tuy nhien, thdm hpa Idn nhat xdy ra vdo ngay 3/10/2013, vdi gdn 400 ngudi chit khi mpt tdu bj chim. Nguyen nhan do tdu gdp su cd ky thudt khiln mdt si ngudi dIt lira dl cdu ciiu, khdng may dam lira bimg chay, khien khoang 500 ngudi tren tau hodng loan chay nhin nhdo ldm tdu bi Idt. Thdm hpa ndy din nay van cdn gay nhiic nhdi va dau xdt cho the gidi. Trong nam 2013, it nhdt 700 ngudi di cu den Italia dd bi chit dudi^.
Sang ndm 2014, tinh hinh trdn van chua dimg lgi. Dau thdng 2/2014, hon 200 nguoi, phdn Idn den tir Syria, da chet trong mdt vy ddm tdu. Ngay U/5/20I4, it nhdt 40 ngudi thi?t mgng vd 42 ngudi dd mat tich khi mpt chiec thuyin bj dam ngoai khai Tripoli.
Ngdy 13/5/2014, canh sdt biln Italia da vdt dupe 17 thi the trong mpt vy ddm tau, trong
khi van cdn hon 200 ngudi mat tich. May bay tuan tra udc tinh chiec tau bi ddm da chd hon 400 ngudi dang trdn dudng sang chau Au. Ngay I5/6/20I4, trong sd 767 ngudi dupe ciiu tgi bd bien Italia, cd 10 ngudi chit, trong khi dd cdn 41 ngudi khdc dang mdt tich'°.
Mac du Italia da rdt cd gang trong viec ciiu ngudi di cu nhung rat nhieu ngudi da phdi bd mgng khi lieu ITnh vupt bien. Ddng ngudi nhgp cu se di qua Italia rdi dd sang cac nude chau Au khac tim "mien ddt hiia". De thay ddi sd phan, hp phdi trd gid ddt vd cd vdt chdt vd sinh mang. Chua cd co quan nao thdng ke dupe chinh xdc sd ngudi thi?t mang. "Chung ta se khdng bao gid biit con sd chinh xdc. Sd ngudi chit trin cdn Idn han rdt nhiiu" . Ngoai chet dudi, nhieu ngudi da hi lgm dyng the xac vd tinh dye trong sudt chuyen di.
Theo Lien hpp quoc, trong 5 thang dau nam 2014, ban 170 nguoi da thi?t mgng khi cd gang den chdu Au bdng dudng bien.
Trong 20 ndm qua, khodng 17.000-20.000 ngudi nhdp cu, chii yeu tii cac nude chau Phi, da bd mgng trong hanh trinh vupt bien den chau Au Mdt trong nhirng nguyen nhdn Id do bpn budn nguoi thudng dung nhiing chiec thuyen danh cd pp ep, lgi chd qud tdi.
http://www.voatiengviet.com/content/tau-cua-di- dan-chau-phi-Iai-dam-hon-30-nguoi-
chet/176841S.html
http://www.laht.com/article.asp?Articield=2323507&
CategoiyId=I2395
http://www.lifeinitaly.com/news/survivors-corpses- latest-m igrant-<lisaster-arri ve
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http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=2323507&
CategoryId= 12395
http://www.vietnamplus.vn/italy-cuu-song-them- 1100-nguoi-ty-nan-ngoai-khoi-sicily/242691.vnp
60 NGHIEN CCru CHAU Au • EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°7 (166).2014
2. Tri em di or
Td chirc ciiu trp Tre em (Save the Children) rdt Io nggi tinh trang tre em tCr cdc khu vye xung dot, ngheo ddi di cu den Italia ma khdng cd nguoi than di ciing dang tang len ttong thdi gian qua. Ngay 20/5/2014, ban 100 tre em da nhdp eu vao Italia. Ngay 24/5/2014, hdi quan Italia vdt dupe mot chile thuyin di cu tir Bdc Phi mang theo 435 ngudi, trong dd cd 264 tre em, hau het tir Syria vd Ai Cap... Tinh din giiia thang 6/2014, da cd khodng 9.000 tie vi tiidnh nien din Italia, phdn Idn sd nay khdng di eung ngudi Idn. Trong sd dd, cd 1.542 tie em duoi 5 tudi va khoang 5.300 phy nir'^. Trudc dd, nam 2010 cd 4.588 tre em nude ngoai ddn Italia ma khdng cd mdt ngudi giam hp hap phap. Nam 2012 cd 9.104 tie nhu vay.
Bangladesh, Ai Cap va Afghanistan chiem 51,1% sd tie em tien, tiep theo Id Albania (8,4%), Tunisia (5,6%), Bd Biln Ngd (5,2%), edn Igi Id Mali, Morocco, Somalia va Senegal. Nam 2013 ed hon 3.360 tie vi thanh nien vd hon 520 em di mdt minh'''-
Dang Io hon Id tinh tigng khdng cd du dieu kien ve chd an d va bao ve tre em. Ddng thdi, cdn nay sinh mpt van de khdc. Hien nay
http://www.ansa.it/english/news/generai_news/2014/0 6/19/report-says-9000-minors-land-in-
italy_c81a2077-74c0-4832-aadf-a7c812f8814e.html http://www.ansa.it/english/news/general_news/2014/0 6/05/over-9000-unaccompanied-minors-in- 2012_76b4461f-f5
http://world.eimiews.com/article/206312789/Rg86mo XvPYv6grCE?n= 1 &code=3jptILDyxXsUNzdq 00- 4b43-b6bO-d3833b25abe0.html
cd hai tripu gia dinh ngudd nhgp cu sdng t?i Italia. 75% s6 phy nii trong do da de lai con cai ciia hp d que nha vi 1^ do kinh te. Nhiing dau khd do viec me con phai xa each da dupe cac nha tam Iy dat ten la "H^i chi3a^
Italia", mdt dang nang cua benh tram cam dnh hudng den cac bd me. Nhidu phu nii nhap cu phai Iam vii em, cham soc nguoi cao tudi... tiong khi con cdi cua hp khdng cd ai tidng nom, tid thanh "tie md cdi tidng". Tit nam 2008 din nay, khoang 40 tie vj thdnh nien Rumani da tu tii sau khi mp di cu di tim viec lara'^.
3, Gay ra nhimg kho khan cho Italia Bi tran ngap bdi Idn sdng ngudi di cu do den qua tihanh va qud nhidu nen cac dieu kien ve ca sd vdt chat ciia Italia da khdng th^
dap irng kip cac yeu cau. He thdng tiep nhgn cua Italia, nhdt Id khu vuc phia nam, da roi vao tinh tigng "cue ky cdng thang va cd the sup do hodn toan ndu EU khdng giiip Italia chia se khd khan". Ddo Lampedusa la cita ngo chinh de ngucri di cu lim cdch tidn vao EU. Ddo nay chi cd 6.000 dan, nhung cd liic da phai chiia den hang nghin ngudi di cu.
Nhieu nhd thd tien dao Sicily ciia Italia d3 phdi thay the bang ghi dai bdng giudng de cd cho d cho ngudi di cu. Trong khi dd, da sd ngudi di cu deu cd "yeu cdu dupe bao ve", cho nen Italia bdt bupc phdi chao d6n hp, mac dii nghia vy nay lien quan din chdu
http://www.lifeinitaly.com/news/some-40- romanian-kids-committed-suicide-after-moms- emigrated
^ U(t ihodl ehA oak Oi... 61
Au chii khdng chi ndng mhih Italia phai gdnhvac.
Tir thuc te nay, Italia dang cd mdt kl hogch qu6c gia "dl chia se gdnh nang vl ngudi nhdp cu cho cac khu vuc, tinh, thanh pho khdc". Lyc lupng khdng quan Italia dd dupe yeu cau ho tip di chuydn nhidu ngudi di cu tir thanh phd Sicily, Catania den cac tnmg tdm tiep nhgn ngudi di cu d Rome va Verona, nhdm giam bdt ganh nang qua tdi dli vdi cdc trung tam tiep nhdn ngudi di cu d Sicily.
Ngodi tinh tiang qua tdi d cac tigi di eu, ngudn kinh phi de trang tidi cho viec tiep nhgn ciing rdt khd khaa De duy tri cac hogt dOng ciru trp, moi ngdy Italia phai chi khodng 300.000 Euro, tiic Id khoang 9 trieu Euro mSi thdng. Trong boi cdnh kinh te Italia dang roi vdo khiing hodng tram trpng nhdt tir sau Chiln tranh thi gidi thir Hai den nay, sd tiln tien khdng phdi Id nhd. Vi the da cd khdng it y kien cho rdng, cdn chdm dirt chuong trinh ciiu tip vi chiing qua dat. Theo quan dilm Italia, EU phdi ed tiach nhipm tiong vdn de nay. "Khong the de mot minh Italia phdi chi trd cho su* bdt dn a Liby. Ciru ngudi di cu Id quan trQng, nhimg dieu do khdng cd nghia Id chiing tdi phdi mai ldm dieu dd"*^. Cung C£in ndi them rang, chi phi cho cdc hogt ddng ciiu trp ngudi ti ngn da gdy dp lyc chinh trj ddi vdi chinh phu Italia.
Ngdy 7/5/2014, lyc lupng chong di ddn da
ydu cau Bd trudng Ndi vy Italia phai tir chiic
"vi Ipi ich ciia ngudi Italia"' . Nhiing van de tidn, khdng chi mdi Italia nhdn thdy, md chinh Td chiic Di cu Qudc te ciing da canh bdo rang, Italia dang ddi mat vdi mpt cudc khung hodng nhan dao.
4. Vdn de an ninh
Tinh hinh an ninh tir nhirng ngudi nhgp cu ciing ldm cho Italia rat Io nggi. Bp trudng Ngogi giao Italia cho biet, lyc lupng khimg bd AI-Qaeda cd the tid trdn vdo ddng ngudi di cu tir chdu Phi sang chdu Au, Iam gia tdng nguy CO tiem tang de dpa an ninh khdng chi eho Italia ma cdn cho tit cd cac nude EU.
"Khdng ai cd thi logi trie bpn khung bd ndy.
Chung tdi phdi cdnh gidc rdt cao"^^. Canh sat Italia cho rang, "nhiiu khd ndng, chinh cdc td chirc khiing bd ndy ciing tham gia vdo viec thiit lgp cdc dudng ddy dua ngudi sang chdu Au"^^. Vi the, theo Italia, EU cdn phdt dpng chien dich chdng nan budn ngudi vd cac nhdm tpi pham cd td chiic tai Dia Trung Hdi dua tien chinh sach an ninh chung.
5. Phdt sinh tinh trgng budn bdn ngirdi dicir
Ngay 30/1/2014, Italia bdt giu- 15 thuy thii tien mpt con tdu Idn vi tdi budn ngudi.
Ngdy 14/5/2014, cdnh sdt Italia dd phd mpt bang ddng chuyen eung cap gidy td gid cho ngudi nhdp cu. Bdng ddng nay cd 7 ngudi.
http://world.einnews.com/article/208122S09/LG_ukN ZtvkAAg6qO
"http7/www .ansa.it/english/index.html7refresh_ce http://world.einnews.com/article/208122509/LG_ukN ZtvkAAg6qO
" http://vietinfo.eu/tin-the-gioi/nguy-co-khung-bo-o- italy-tang-do-luong-ngiioi-nhap-cu-lon.htm 1
62 NGHIEN COU CHAU &U - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°7 0661.2014
gdm 5 nguoi Italia, 1 ngudi Nigeria va 1 ngudi Ai Cap, tiong do cd mpt lugt su thuc tap sinh va mot nha tu vdn thul. Bpn chung da thu tir 4-7.000 Euro cho 1 ngudi di cu.
Ngay 2/6/2014, cdnh sat Italia da bdt giii 5 ten budn ngudi. Nhdm ndy Id mpt tiong nhung thu phgm gay ra Ian sdng ban 3.500 ngudi di cu vao Italia tiong vai ngay trudc dd^°. Nhiing ke bi bdt da thu nhan va cung cdp thdng tin ve viec td chiic dua ngudi di cu bdt hpp phap. Ngdy 13/6/2014, cdnh sat Italia bdt giii mot bang nhdm budn bdn ngudi di cu. Nhdm ndy cimg voi mdt sd cdng sy ngudi Syri da thiet lap mdt Facebook de thdng tin ve viec dua ngudi qua Dia Trung Hdi. Bpn chung da thu 500.000 Euro dl dua bdt hop phdp 6.000 ngudi tii SyrisL sang chau Au^'. Ngay 27/6/2014, canh sat Italia da phd mdt bang dang qudc te gdm 21 ten, chuyen budn bdn ngudi nhdp cu bat hop phap, sii dung giay td gia tir Albania. Moi chimg minh thu gia ehung thu tdi 10.000 Bdng Anh. Cac hogt ddng tren da keo dai din 18 thang mdi hi phdt hien^^. Mdt ke budn ngudi qudc tich Ai Cap khac da bi bdt khi chd hang tiam ngudi nhap eu vdo Sicily. Din nay, Italia da bdt 207 ke budn ban ngudi.
http://www.ansa.it/english/news/general_news/2014/0 6/02/human-smugglers-arrested_6c9d7f03-264f-4cOa- 86df-lb4a45e0d3cd.html
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http://www.ansa,it/english/news/2014/06/13/egyptian- migrant-smuggler-arrested d564e6e8-b293-4be2- a0d7-7a53a57bb0c0.html
" Italian police smash international gang smuggling dozens of illegal immigrants into Britain from Albania using fake documents.
Nhimg nguoi di cu cho biet, hp phai td tiln cho nhiing ke td chiic dua ngucri bdt hpp phap tii Eritiea din Libya, sau do phai ti4 them mpt lan nua cho chuyen di tir Liby din Italia. Trung binh, mdi ngudi phai tra tit 1.000-2.000 Euro cho moi chuyin di.
6. Gdy ra mau thuan trong EU Mpt tiong nhGng hau qua rdt phiic t?p khdc la viec di cu da gay ra nhiing mau thuan rat cang thing giiia Italia va EU. Theo sd lieu, 2/3 so ngudi di cu vdo Italia sau d6 da den cac nude chau Au khdc. Chinh \i thi, EU khdng mudn giiip do Italia dd ngudi di cu cdng it vdo nude nay cdng tit.
Da cd mpt s6 y kidn bdt ddng nhu Thj trudng thanh phd Sicily cho biet: "Chdu Au khong the quay lung lgi v&i chiing tdi Day khdng chi la biin gidi Sicily, md no cdn la bien giai ciia chdu Au"^^. Bp trudng N^i Vf Italia dd ehi tiich EU rdt mgnh m6. Theo dng, EU da "bd mac, khdng giiip Italia", khien hp phdi mdt minh duang ddu vdi d6ng ngudi nhap eu ngay mdt ldm, lam cho Italia cd nguy ca tid thanh mpt "nha tii cho ngufti nhgp cu". Ong cdnh bao rdng, nlu EU khong ho trp, Italia se dl cho nhiing ngudi nhgp cu
"di den bat cir noi ndo or chau Au nhu h?
mudn". EU phdi chiu tidch nhidm nhilu hon de bdo ve bien gidi bien phia nam ciia mint horn Id de tat cd cho Italia. Thit tudng Italia cao bupc EU da khoanh tay ngdi nhin hp M' dau vdi lan sdng nhgp cu dang do vao ntffic
http://world.einnews.com/article/208502872/Glh noUgj88A
€(» i^ ihodl eho- odjt i&...
63
ndy, khdng giup d5 mpt each ddy dii. "CMu Au tim mpi cdch gidi thich... nhung ho da quay ddu di khi chiing tdi gap kho khdn trong vi$c ciru ngudi di cu"^*. EU khdng thi cii cihi nhung ngdn hdng trong khi de ngudi di cu tiep tyc chet tien bien. Tdng thdng Italia keu gpi EU can cd nhung bien phdp nhdm ho tip Italia ddi phd voi lan sdng ngudi nhgp cu. Tdng thdng tuyen bd, Italia dang rdt cdn mdt hinh mau hpp tac mang tinh bin chat vdi EU trong vdn de nhap cu. Ong ndi, Italia khdng thi coi minh la nude duy nhdt phdi ddi mdt vdi tinh trgng nay. Italia phdi nhdn dupe sy ho tip Idn ban tir EU.
Trong m0t hire thu giri Cao uy Lien hpp qudc vl Ngudi Ti nan (UNHCR) vao Ngay Ti nan Thi gidi (20/6), Tong thdng cho bilt:
"Tdt cd ngudi Italia vd chdu Au cdn phdi xem xit cdu chuyen cua nhiing ngudi di cu"^^. Ndng nl ban, cd cir tii cho rang, viec dl ngudi di cu d gt vao Italia la ke hoach cua , EU nhdm lam suy yeu nude ndy. Vi the, hp ddi ra khdi EU de euu Italia neu EU cii "phdt Id" de nghi cua Roma. Italia da nhieu Idn yeu cau EU tham gia ciiu hp, nhung cho den nay chi Slovenia cung cap mpt con tdu vdo cudi : ndm 2013.
Trudc nhQng y kien tien eua Italia, I ngudi phdt ngdn vl nhdp cu cua EU tuyen bd
! "Italia cd quyIn ndi gi thi ndi". Ong nay
I http://www.ansa.it/english/news/general_news/2014/0 6/06/2500-migrants-saved-by-italian-navy_013a7056- 3308-401 l-a64b-4278108645f2.html
u
http://www.an sa.it/english/news/politics/2014/06/20/n apolitano-says-be-wclcoming-to-refugees_cdfccc6b- ' 77b6-4bdc-9563-el3a955929e6.html
cung khdng dinh rang EU ludn hpp tac day dii vd "sdn sang Idng nghe", nhung khdng the thay thi Italia tiong viec giai quyet nhimg khd khan tien. Italia cho rang do Id nhiing Idi ndi mang tinh "khieu khich vd ki eye".
7. Phan ddi nhgp cir
Ben cgnh nhung van dd tidn cdn cd y kien cho rang, cdc cudc do bd cua jigudi di cu vdo Italia khdng khdc gi mdt cudc xdm lupc. Italia va chau Au dang tid thdnh mdt chau Phi vdi tat ca van de cua nd. Vi the, cdn kien quyet ngan chgn. Tham chi, cd y kidn cdn phe binh rang, chuang trinh tim kiem va ciiu hd chi khuyen khich di cu mao hiem, khuyen khich budn ngudi. Mdt cyu bp trudng ciia Italia cdn cho rang, chuang tiinh ciiu hp Id mdt "boat ddng ddt tien va dien cudng, cdn phdi dimg lai ngay lap tiic". Mpt td chiic ehinh tri d Italia cho biet, cdn cd mpt cupe tnmg cdu ve di cu bdt hpp phdp, bdi vi nhung ngudi di cu da "nhdn dupe thiic an vd cho d" trong khi ngudi Italia khdng ed.
8. Nay sinh tinh trgng ph&n bi^tdoixur Lan sdng ngudi di cu vao Italia qud nhanh va qua nhieu, cimg vdi nhimg hdu qud nhu tien, da lam sdng lgi quan diem chdng ngudi nhdp cu. Dang chii y la tu tudng nay khdng chi tdn tgi d Italia ma nd cdn dupe phd bien khdp chdu Au. Tren thyc tl, khdng it ngudi di cu vdo Italia dang phai lang thang, vd gia cu, khdng nghi nghi?p, thdm chi nhieu ngudi phai lam nghi ban thdn, ddc bi?t Id cdc cd gdi tir cdc nude chdu Phi. Nguy hiem hon, cd nhiing ngudi cdn bj bpn mafia
64 NGHIEN c a u CHAU &U - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N**? (166).2014
kilm soat, chi phdi. Hp phdi lam viec nhu nd le tiong eac trang tigi. Do hi ky thi, ddi xu khdng cdng bdng, nen ngudi di cu rat khd hda nhap vdi cudc sdng moi. Hp thudng tu tap vdi nhau d nhirng khu ngogi d ngheo ndn (gid cd sinh hoat thdp), Iam nhimg cong vide nang nhpc, thu nhgp thdp, khdng dn dinh.
Thue tl dd rat dd Iam cho tidm cudp va tdi phgm ngdy cdng tang cao. Ngay 11/5/2013, d Milan (Italia), 1 ngudi di cu Ghana da tdn cdng va gilt chit 3 ngudi qua dudng bang 1 cdi cude. Ngdy 21/4/2014, ban 300 ngudi di cu da chgy tidn khdi mdt trung tam quan Iy tien ddo Sicily. Cdnh sat Italia da dupe dat tiong tinh tiang bao dpng.
Vdi thue tigng dd, rd rang eac chinh phu Cling khdng mudn tiao quyen cdng ddn cho ngudi di cu, vi do se la mdt ganh nang rat Idn cho xa hdi vd nen kinh te (khi phdi chi mdt khoan Idn cho phiic loi xd hpi...). Nhu vdy, khd khan lgi hoan khd khan. Cai vdng luan quan ay van ehua co ldi thoat. Rd rang la van de di cu, cho den nay, khdng chi cdn la cau chuyen ciia mdt nude hay mdt chdu luc niia. Nd doi hdi phai ed su hpp tac gidi quyet tren pham vi the gidi.
Trong eudc bau cir Nghi vien Chau Au hdi thang 5/2014, di cu ciing la mpt chu dl dl cac ling eii vien tranh luan. Hien nay, tgi Italia, ciing nhu tgi EU, di cu ciing van la mpt van de thdi su. Di cu dang la mdt chu dl ndng ciia ca chdu Au, vi khi Italia cdn dau dau vdi van nan nay thi chau Au ciing khdng the yen dn.
4. Nhirng giai phap da ap dung
Dirng trudc thuc trgng tidn, Italia dd r^
tich cue hanh ddng. Ddu tien, dd la chuong trinh ciiu hd co ten la"Mare Nostrum " (Bien cua chiing ta), dupe chinh phu Italia thdnh lap sau hai vy ddm tau khiing khiep vio I thang 10/2013. Italia da tiang hi day dii cac tau do bd, may bay khdng ngudi lai, mdy bay ! true thang tdm xa voi cdng nghe hdng ngoai va 6 tdu hai quan^* de tim va iing cihi ngay khi phat hien cac tau nhgp cu tir Bdc Phi hudng ve Italia. Mare Nostrum khdng chi c6 tac dung d Italia md cdn giiip do vd chia se ganh nang vdi Malta ve ngudi ti ngn
Mgc du Mare Nostrum tieu tdn ciia Italia mdi thdng gdn 10 tridu Euro, nhung den nay nd da ciru duoc 39.000 ngudi nhjip cu gap nan . Ddy la mdt ket qud rat tich eye.
Italia ciing dang cd ke hoach thanh lap m?!
ngan hang de giiip do ngudi di cu, chong lai ngn budn ngudi va bdc lot tinh dye hodc b6c lot lao dpng, vdi sd vdn 3,5 trieu Euro thong qua cdc du an phi Ipi nhuan^^.
Phia EU ciing da tai tip khdn cap 30 trieu Euro cho Italia, chii ylu cho cac ca so di tni vl ddt dai. Cudi thang 10/2013, tgi HOi nghi thupng dinh EU, cac nha lanh dgo chSu Au da cam ket gidi quyet vin dl di cu. HOi
http://world.einnews.com/article/200965465 http://www.ansa.it/english/news/general_news/2014/IJ 6/12/italian-government-defends-sea-
rescues_cee5efed-5d55-4aa3-b04b- 9f3277dcb400.html
28
http://www.ansa.it'english/news/geneial new$/2014fl) 5/09/bank-offers-m i 11 ions-to-help-
migrants_bI7529cb-a90a-4a6b-b6fa- 4495f200cd02.html
@» / ^ thodt eho oatt dL.. 65
nghi da nhdt tri 3 nguyen tdc gdm: ngdn ngua, bdo vp va doan ket trudc Ian sdng ngudi di cu d at vao EU. Tuy nhien, kl hogch hdnh dpng chung cu thi lai chua dupe thdng qua vd van dang phdi chd dpi.
5. Van cdn nhieu vi^c phai lam Sy ed gdng cua Italia ciing nhu nhung ho tip ciia EU Id rdt thiet thyc, nhung tdt cd van chua du de gidi quyet tan gdc re vdn de di cu vdo EU. Thyc te cho thdy, nhiing nguyen nhdn gdy ra tinh tiang di cu van cdn tdn tgi. Vi the, tiong tuong lai van cdn rat nhilu ngudi dang mudn di cu den Italia, EU.
Sd li?u so bp cho bilt, it nhdt cd 800.000 ngudi di cu sdp rdi khdi Bac Phi de den chdu Au, chu ylu la qua ngd Italia. Tinh trgng di cu den EU van "khdng cd dau hipu dimg lgi va dang ngay cang nghiem tipng"^', chinh vi thi, Italia, EU va thi gidi cdn rat nhieu viec phdi lam.
Ve phia Italia, trong 6 thdng cudi nam 2014, nude ndy se lam Chit tich EU, vi vdy, mpt tiong nhQng uu tien tien cuong vi mdi s5 Id vdn de di cu. Theo Thii tudng Italia, EU khdng thi nhdm mdt ldm ngo de ngudi nhgp cu chit md phdi Iam nhieu hon de giiip chuong trinh hogt dpng tim kiem vd ciiu hd cua Italia. '"'Chdu Au ngodnh mgt di khi nhin Ihdy nhimg xdc ngudi nhgp cu ihi khdng ximg ddng xung danh Id mpt chdu Au vdn
minh . Italia se yeu cau co quan kiem soat bien gidi EU tiep nhdn tidch nhipm ciiu ngudi di cu d Dia Trung Hai. Tren thyc tl, Italia da yeu cdu tang ngudn luc cho ea quan qudn Iy bidn gioi cua EU, giiip tudn tia bien gidi phia nam; dd de nghi chuyen try sd chinh cita co quan ndy den Italia de hogt dpng ed hieu qua ban. Italia ciing keu gpi cac nude chau Phi hanh ddng han nua nham hgn che tinh tigng di eu bang nhimg each thiic mao hiem; Cdng ddng qudc te can chung tay gdp siic nhieu hon niia tiong viSc tgo dieu kipn giup ngudi di cu d lai que huong cua hp. Italia cdn de nghi Lien hpp qudc can thipp vao Libya de cd gang hgn chd sy ra di; Yeu cau EU va Lien hop qudc tip giiip nhieu hem dl gidi quyet nhiing ngudi nhap eu khdng cd giay td. Mpt sd chinh tri gia Italia cho rdng, EU can thanh lgp van phdng d cdc nude chdu Phi de xii ly van de di cu. Neu dupe nhdp eu, nhimg ngudi di cu se dupe chia se gi&a nhieu nude chdu Au, chii khdng phai todn bp gdnh ndng chi roi vdo Italia.
v l phia EU, ngdy 26/6/2014, Chuong trinh nghi sy cua Hpi nghi thupng dinh EU da dua ra vdn de di eu voi quan dilm phdi chuan hi cho "nhung thdch thuc trong vi$c qudn ly ddng nhgp cu trin tinh thdn dodn kit vd chia se cdng bdng ve trdch nhi?m"^\ EU
http://www.ansa.it/english/news/politics/2014/06/24/r enzi-sets-duty-presidency-priorities_deb9ce52-ab77- 4860-8cf9-c 1923b66fc9a.html
http://www.an sa.it/english/news/genera!_news/20l4/0 4/09/4000-migrants-rescued-in-48-houis_6dddca6c- 22ea-4177-887e-bcb471 d8n 1 f.hunl
http://www.ansa.it/engIish/news/politics/2014/06/26/e u-agenda-draft-5hows-action-on-migrant_dl85ro90- 3ac2-4cdl-8ro7-51e5be23] Icf.html
66 NGHIEN COu CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°7 (166).2014
se cd nhung thda thuan voi cac yeu cdu tii lau ctia Italia dd giup do nhieu hon cho ngudi di cu.
v l phia minh, ngay 9/6/2014, Lien hpp qudc cho rang, Italia phdi dupe gliip da nhieu ban, nhat la ve tai chinh, de ddi phd voi Ian sdng di cu rat Idn tir Bac Phi. Lien hpp qudc ciing thira nhgn "di cu d Dia Trung Hdi la mpt vdn dd md khdng chi cd Italia phai ddi mat hang ngay" va keu gpi EU phai ldm viec voi nhau dd tim ra cdc gidi phap cho tinh trgng nhdp cu.
Hy vpng rang nhiing nd luc cita EU ciing nhu ciia Lien hop qudc ndi chung, cua Italia ndi rieng, se giai quyet dupe tinh tiang tien day nham dem Igi mdt cude sdng tdt hon cho nhiing ngudi di cu.
Tai lifu tham khao 1. Alfano calls for Europe's support with immigration.
http://www. ansa, it/web/notizie/rubriche/
engIish/2013/07/03/AIfano-caIls-Europe- support-immigration_8970872.htinl
2. Africa: Italy Intercepts Over 5,000 Migrants Al Sea.
http://allafrica.com/stories/2014060919 63.htinl
3. 40 migrants to Italy perish as boat sinks off Lampedusa.
http://world.emnews.com/article/20472fi 578/5ez5KXJjRzSNynwI?n=l&code=3jptIL DyxXsUNzdq
4.800,000 migrants to head to Europe.
http ://www.aiisa.it/engIish/news/general _news/2014/04/29/800000-migrants-to-head- to-europe_ab6beae9-6ce9-4d3c-a078- dcb7Ie48a889.htinl
5. Doctors help migrants bound for Lampedusa.
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/world news/europe/italy/10850626/Doctors-help- migrants-bound-for-Lampedusa.html
6. EU 'shocked' by migrant tragedy in Italy.
http://www.ansa.it/english/news/general _news/2014/05/12/eu-shocked-by-migrant- tiagedy-in-italy_75076e7f-9d60-4b8c-b30f- a9ed6f8da4f8.htinl
7. Italy rescues 5,200 boat migrants in less than a week
http://world.einnews.com/article/208502 872/GlhKn5hnoLJgj88A
8. Migrants die in latest attempt at sea crossing to Italy.
http://world.eirmews.com/article/208709 849/8xTswD-G0qIfyQNF