T^tp dli Khoa hpc DHQGHN, Kinh te'va Kinh doanh 28 (2012) 60*7
Nhung thach thuc vai
cac nha nuac phuc lgi chau Au trong the ky XXI
TS. Pham Thi Hdng Diep'
Khoa Kinh ti Chinh tri. TruaitgDgi hgc Kinh le.
Dgi hgc Qudc gia Hd Sdi. 144 Xudn Thuy, Hd Sgi. I 'iet Nam Nhan nga\ 10 tiiang 01 nam 2012
Trai lit. Md hmh nhd nude phuc Igi gin lien vdi sir phat trien aia mot sd nude Tzs - BSc .Au trong nhiiu thap k> qua da dem iai thinh w g n g \ a tane tiudng kinh te cho edc midc nay. To>
nhien. trong boi eanh loan cau hda va hpi nhap kinh li qudcte. nbieu vdn dexehieuquakinb t e \ a tinh kha thi cua cac md hinh nhd nude phuc Igi dang dugc dat ra ngay lai cdc nude phat uioi.
Cudc khung hoang no cMig nam 2010 d chau Au cang tao them nhieu thach Ihuc cho cac nha nirdc phuc lgi. Md hinh nha nude phiic Igi doi hdi phai dugc cai cadi manh me \ a toan then de dap ung vdi nhung >eu cdu mdi. Bai viet trinh ba>'mgl so dac diem co ban ciia cac md binh nba nude phiic lgi chau Au. phdn tieh nhung ihanh c ^ g \ a nhihig ihaeh ihuc dot vdi cac md hinh ndy trong the k> XXI. ddng thdi chi ra mdt so xu hudng cai each cac md hinh oba nude phiic lgi dang diln ra hien na> d chau Au.
Tir khoa Nha nude [Auc IgL cac nude Ta\ - B§c .\u. ng cdng. cai each md hinh.
I. C s c mo hinh nha niro'c pkuc kri ckao Au Sau Chien tranh t h i gidi thu hai. nha nude phuc lgi dd dugc dinh hmh d chdu Au. Nhd nude phiie lgi huong tdi thiet lap va cung cd cac tieu chudn qudc gia \ e cac quyen lgi xd hdi.
Cac qu>'en Igi do dtrgc thyc faien tfamig qua hdng loat cfauong trinh khdc nfaau. nbimg ehu yeu tfadng qua an sinh xa hgi. NTid nude phiic lgi thuc hien cac vai trd quan trgng nhu: Duy tri sy ho trg efadng ngfaeo ddi: hirdi^ tdi muc tieu cdng bdng thdng qua viec thu hep su chenfa lecfa ve muc sdng ghra cac nhdm ngudi trong xd fadi;
duy tri an sinfa \ a hdi chdng lai riii ro do tai nan, dm dau. mdt sue lao dgng sdm. tfaii ngfaiep. tudi gia. nhu cau chdm sdc kfai bj tdn thit; nang cao
• DT 84-914133330 E-nuil. dKppth5\7iu.ediL\ii
su pfadn tfainfa vd chSm lo cho viec pfadn ptwi cdng b i n g . N h a nude phuc Igi ddi hoi phai cd su can thiep sdu eiia nha n u n c vao cac chirc nang xa fadi. Do nhung ddc tinh hdp dan cua nd, faang loat qudc gia chau Au da thyc hien md hinfa nlia nude phuc Igi rtiiu Ireland (1944). Anfa (1945). Na L"> (1946). Thuy D i l n (1947). Pfadn L a n \ d . A o ( 1 9 4 8 ) .
Md fainfa nha nude phiic lgi chau Au dugc phdn loai theo nhieu tieu chf kfaac nhau. Esping Andersen (2008) d9 phan chia nha nude pfaiic Igi chdu Au tfaanfa ba logi: m d hinh Anglo- Saxon (nfaa nude pfauc kri t y do) ^ di cac qudc gia tieu bieu Id Anfa, Ireland; md fainfa chau Au lue dja (nha nude pfaiic lgi bao thu), tieu bieu la Pbap. Due. Italia; va md fainh Scandinavian (nha nude phiic lgi dan cfau x a hdi) gdm Na Uy, Thuy Dien. P h i n Lan. Dan Mach. S y pfaan cfaia na> dya tren tieu cfai ve mdi quan he va nhdn Id
P.T.H. Diep / Tgp chi Khoa hgc DHQ(;HN, Kmh teva Kinh doanh 28 (2012) 60-67
chi phdi giOa ba thdnh td ca ban trong viec ddm bdo phiic lgi x 3 hgi la nha nude, thj trudng lao dpng va ddn eu (cd nhdn/gia dinh). Andre Sapir (2006) dua ra mgt quan niem khac, r i n g cd b6n m o hinh nha nude phuc lgi la md fainh Bdc Au (gom bdn nude bdn dao Scandinavian vd Ha Lan), md fainh Anglo-Saxon (Anfa, Ireland), md hmh chau Au lue dja (Phdp, Due, A o . . . ) va md hmh Dia Trung Hai (Italia, Hy Lap, Bd Ddo N h a . . . ) . Sy phdn chia kieu nay can cu ehii y l u vao khu vyc dja 1;? vd net tuong ddng van hda anh hudng tdi viec thilt lgp he thdng va chinh sach an sinh xa hgi. Mgt sd nghien ciru khdc lgi cho r i n g ehi cd hai md hinh nha nude phiic lgi Id md hinh dua tr6n c h i dd bdo h i l m (theo nguyen t i c ddng - hudng) vd md hinh phiic Igri phd cap_ (dua tren ngudn tai chfnh qudc gia tii thu t h u l - tax financed). Tuy nhien, dii phdn logi nhd nude phiic lgi theo tieu ehi nao thi cde md hinh nha nude phiic lgi chau Au cung dugc xdy dung dua tren hai trudng phai Iy thuyit ciia Bismarck vd Beveridge.
Theo ly thuyit ciia Bismarck'", he t h i n g bdo hiem xd hoi b i t budc la c o sd ciia quyin d u g e hudng ede logi phuc lgi xa hgi ciia ngudi lao dgng. Pham vi dp dung ciia bdo h i i m xd hgi bdt bugc gan vdi cac nhdm ngudi cd nghi nghiep trong xd hoi, do dd cdn ggi Id he thdng djnh hudng nghe nghiep. Nd tfayc faien tren nguyen tdc bdo hiem la chii dao vdi edc quy thanh phan dugc phat trien dya vao ddng gdp va ciing chi cd nhung thanh vien tham gia dugc hudng lgi. Nude Dii:c trd thanh qudc ^ia d i u tien thuc hien che dg bao hiem xa hdi bat huge tir nam 1883. Theo trudng phai Bismarck, bao hiem x3 hgi ve co ban khdng dugc tai trg tir nhd nude nhung nha nude dung ra cam ket bao dam neu cde quy bdo hiem x 3 hgi bi mat kha nang thaitii toan. H | t h i n g chinh sach phiic Igi xa hgi theo trudng phai Bismarck mdc dii bj dnh hudng bdi hai cugc chien tranh t h i gidi nhung van tilp tyc phat triin, md rdng loai hinh bao hiem xd hgi theo hudng ngdy eang todn dien.
' " Otio von Bismarck (1815-1898), Nha hoat dong chinh uj cua Vuong quoc Ph6, I^ n|uai thirc hifn cong cugc thdng nhal nuac Due (gom nhieu vuong quSc khac nhau) va giii chiic Thii luong dau ti6n cua Si ch^ Diic
N g u g c lgi vdi trudng phdi Bismarck, tnrdng phai Beveridge'"' cho r i n g phiic Igi x a hgi phai bao phu toan dien, vdi miic ehi trd nfau nfaau va dugc quan ly tap trung, Ifadng nfadt. De xual cdi each he tbdng an sinh xa hgi n u d e Anh ciia Beveridge dd duge c h i p thuan va trd thanh ngi dung c o ban ciia Lual Bdo hiem qudc gia nam 1946. Tir lugt nay, he thdng an sinh xd hgi phd cap cdng cgng da dugc xay dung, giiip ngudi lao dgng ddi phd vdi nhiing "thieu hut"', gidn dogn v l thu nhgp do mat viec Iam, benh tat hode tudi gid. Dgc t n m g ciia md hinh nay Id nhdn mgnh d i n tinh loan dien ve phgm vi, linh vuc, Igi ieh ciia nhiJTig ngudi tham gia, trong do nha nude chju trdch nhi^m chinh v l m^t tdi ehinh.
Cho den nay, nhd nude phiic Igi da phdt trien d nhieu nude chau Au vdi nhilu md hinh khac nhau dua tren ddc diem, tinh hinh kinh l l , xa hdi, vdn hda cu the cua moi nude. Ve co ban khdng ed nhd nude ndo phat triln h? thdng phiic Igi xa hgi theo nguyen mau thudn tiiy ma thudng k i t hgp d muc do khdc nhau tir hai trudng phai Bismarck vd Beveridge.
2. T h a n h q u a eiia ede nha n u d e phiie Igi chau Au trong t h i ky XX
Cac nhd nude phiic lgi chau Au dd dat dugc nhimg thanh cdng rd rft ke tir sau Chiln tranh the gidi thu hai. 6 nhilu nude, cdc quyin Igi xa hdi ciia cdng dan dugc md rgng nhanh chdng va an sinh phat trien manh. Thgp ky 1950, 1960 dugc ddnh gid Id "nfaung thdp ky vang" trong viec thyc hien cac chfnh sdch an sinh xd hgi.
Nhd tdng chi lieu cho h? ifadng an sinh xd hgi giai dogn nay, co cau viec Iam dd dugc ehuyen dieh manh sang nganh dich vu, y te. gido due phat trien, mirc sdng dugc ndng cao. Cdc thdnh tuu quan trgng ciia giai doan ndy la xay dyng dugc nha nude phiie lgi, tang cudng the c h i phat trien gido due, xdy dung thi tnrdng lao ddng hgp ly, xdy dyng nfin kinh te dua vao ky
'-' Wilham Heniy Bevendge {1879-I963): Nha kinh le va xa hgi hoc ngucri Anh.
P.TJL Diep / Tgp dd Khoa toe DHQGHN. tUnh i f iw Kmh doanh 2S (20l2i 6(H>.
tfauaL xay dur^ cau true gia Snb jAii bgp. Hdu hit cac nude Tay .^u dat dme nhth^ thanh tyu dd nhd nhm^ nd tyc ban tbdn ciing nhu ohth^
> eu td dman Igi tiJr ben ngoai tac ddng nfatn sy md roi^ bgp tac qudc le va khu vyc, md rgr^
tiniong maL ddu tu va tai cfamh. tfaanh lap Lien mmh Chau Au(EU)...
Sau ba thap .\> fainh tfaanfa vd phat trien manh me, cac aha nude pfaiic Igi chau Au da dam bao diy du viec lam. pfaat trien tdt eac dich \-u xa bgi. Theo tiaeu tieu cfai danh gia xep hang, cac nude Tdy Au da xay dyng dugc he thdi^ an sinfa x§ fadi tdt nhii thi gidi. trong dd dung ddu la Thuy DieiL Phap dui^ thu faai Dan Mach tbu ba. Phdn Lao thir nSm. Ehic thii chin... Nliihig chuor^ trinh jrfiuc Igi nhu trg cap tudi gia, quy huu m', cham soc siic khde da nang cao chat lugng cugc song dan cu. Tudi thg binh quan cua ngud: ddn nude Phap dS tdng rir 55.9 tudi ndm 1930 len 69 tudi dau thdp nien 1970 \k 75 ludi cam 1997 [5]. Thap nien 1970 ciing dio thdy nhieu chi dg phuc Igi xa hdi di gdp p l ^ tao dgr^ luc thuc ddy sy phat trien kinh le. xa bgi cac nude J&y Au.
Chir^ han su diu tu tich Kiy vdn nhan hrc ddn din nang suat lao dgng ciia nhieu nude tang cao. kinfa te tang mrdng ^ i . ifau nbap cao dan der mirc dmig Ihue cua ngodi lao ddng tar^
ten. tir do i^an sach cfao pfauc lgi x3 hgi dugc cai thien. Ben canfa nhitng tbanh tyu ve cai thien muc sdng. troi^ giai doan thg|> nien 1970, cac nude Tay Au cda dgt dugc mgt sy bimg DO din sd do ly le sinh cao. tao dieu kien bd sin^ Dgomi nban tuc cho thi irudng lao dgng. Trtng didp nien 1980 va 1990. Iyc lugng lao ddng nay da dugc hip thu bdi qua trinh chuyen dich ca cdu kinh tl tir cdng nghiep sang dich vu. tao £ l u kien dio iang mrdng kinfa te dn dinh d cac nuoc chau Au.
D ^ cudi tfai k>' XX. cac idia nuoc phuc lgi chau Au van duy tri dugc be tfadng phuc Igi xa hgi hao fitdag cho cdng dan cua minh nhu trg cap thil nghiep cao. tudi nghi huu la 60 tudi.
tig cap sinfa con cao. hgc dgi hgc mien phi bode chi phi rdt thip vd nhieu loai trg c ^ khac. Cbii^ ban d Thuy Dien va Diic. trg cip
thil nghiep hing 75°» lucmg. hoac nghi dm vin dugc tra nguyen lucrr^ khdng hgn che thdi gian. d Diic, phu nii cd thai nghi viec dugc hudng 75° i luang. khi sinh con vin duge hudng muc luang nay den hai nam. Ngay ca khi ngtrdi me quylt djnh nghi viec d nha nuoi con van dugc nha nude fad trg nuoi dira tre den Iiic trtrdng thanh. O Tay Ban Nha. cd mdt kboan hd trg sinh con cap cho cdc gia dinfa la 2-500 Euro/lin. Cac nude chau Au khac cung cd nhung khoan ho trg dgc biet cho cdc gia dinh khi sinh con va cac chinfa sach pfaiic Igi tdi uu cfao dira Ire tii khi cdn trong bung me din llie trudng thanh (hgc xiHig dai fagc) [3].
Chi tieu cao cfao cac chuang trinfa pfaiic Igi da iro tfaanfa dac diem cbung ciia chdu Au hien dgi. Nhung thanh tyu dat duge ciia nha nude phiic Igi chau Au dd dem lai an sinh thu nhgp to Idn cho ngudi dan, Iam tang chu ky cudc s d i ^ lam biing nd cac dich vu xa hgi. gdp p h ^ cai thien diu tu vdo ngudn vdn con ngudi. dac biet Irong tinh v-yc giao due. y le.
chdm soc ire em. Tmh trang ngfaeo kfad va chenfa lecfa muc sdng dugc ban che kfadng nhOng nhd he thdng bao hiem xa hgi md rdng ma cdn ntid nfaung bien phap tm sung thu ntidp vd tio tig dich vu x3 twi. Ci hiu het cac nude.
Ire em trong cac gia dmh thu nfaap itiip diu dugc den mrdng vd faudng cac diefa vu giao due binh ding.
3. Nhfivg van de dat ra doi vdi cac nba nu&c phnc lgi chau An trong thi k> XXI
Trong qua trinh phat trien mo hinh nha
nude phiic Igi. cdc quoc gia chau Au dd gap
phai nhimg van de khd kfaan ngay tir gi&a ifaap
nien 1970 khi tdc do taaig tiudi^ kinh tl chain
lgi sau hai cugc khung hodng ddu lira thi gidi
va chi tieu xa hdi khdng r^irng tang len do hdu
qua xd fadi ciia khimg hoang kinh tl (that
nghiep. ngheo khd). Tuy nhien, nhung khd khan
thdch thuc doi vdi cac md fainfa ntia nude pfaiic
lgi chau Au trd nen rd net ban. tham chi da tro
thanfa nguy ca pha vd he thdng an sinfa xa hdi
vao tiiap nien cudi till k-> XX va ddu tiii ky
XXL Cd the chi ra ba tfaach thuc co ban:
P.T.H. Diep / Tgp chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN, Kmh teva Kinh doanh 28 (2012) 60-67
Mgt la. nen kinh te t3ng trudng thap, thu nhgp binh quan tdng chdm khdng dam bdo can ddi ngudn thu ngdn sdch danh cho q u j phiic Igi xa hgi. So vdi cac thap nien 1960 va 1970, tang trudng kinh tS mudi nam ddu the ky XXI d nhilu nude chdu Au t h i p h a n ba Idn. Tren thuc t i , cac nude Tay A u da k i t thiic giai doan tang
trudng cao ciia minh tir nhung ndm 1980 (Bang 1). Mac dii ti'nfa theo thu nhdp binh qudn ddu ngudi, cdc nude chdu Au vdn cd mirc thu nhap vao loai eao tren t h i gidi, nhung trong giai doan ddu the ky XXI, miic tang thu nhdp binh qudn ddu ngudi cua EU thdp hon My 0,52%.
Bang 1. Toe dd tang trudng GDP eiia EU-15 (Don vi linh: %) Giai doan
Tang GDP 1960-1970 4.8
I970-I9S0 3.4
1980-1990 1.1
1990-2000 1
2000-2010' 1.6 Ngudn: Dinh Cong Tudn (2008).
"Tinh loan ciia tac gid theo so li?u tir Eunaslal,
http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=l&plugin=l&language=en&peode=tsieb020 Hai Id, chi phi phiic lgi cao gay ra siie i xa
hgi, sut gidm nang sudt lao dgng va sue eanh tranh eiia n l n kinh tS. Phiic lgi xd hgi d cdc nude chau Au bao gdm cac chi phi trg cap thdt
nghiep, trg cap ngudi tdn tdt, gia dinh, nha d, y t i , giao due, luang h u u . . . Tdng chi tieu phiic Igi xd hoi ehiem ty trgng Idn trong GDP vd khdng ngimg gia tang.
g 2. Tong chi tieu phiic loi xa hpi d mot so nude chau Au (Don vj tinh: % GDP)
Ouoc ^la Dan Mach Phap Dijc Ha Lan Tay Ban Nha
J9SS 27 27.3 25.6 30.6 19
1990 29.4 26,4 24.4 31 19.9
1995 32.6 29.5 28 32 23.8 Ngudn: OECD Social Indicators. 2002.
Chi tieu phiie lgi xd hdi d mirc cao la mdt trong nhiing nguygn nhan gay ra sy sut gidm nang suat lao dgng d cac nude chdu Au vi no khdng khuyin khich phat huy sdng kien ca nhan va tinh t h i n tich cue lam viee. So vdi My vd mdt sd qudc gia thugc chdu luc khac, cdc nude Tay Au cd sy chenh leeh Idn ve tdng sd gid lam viec ciia ngudi lao dgng. Tai Phap, luat lao dgng quy djnh s6 gid lam viec trong mgt tudn la 35 gid, mgt sd nude khac nhu Dire, sd gid Idm viec cijng tuang tu. Trg cap that nghiep cao ciing dan den xu hudng sdng nhd vdo trg cap, khdng tich eye tim kiem viec lam. Trg cap that nghiep cua cdc nha nude phiic Igi chdu Au
thudng bao gdm trg cap tien luang, trg cap nha d, trg cdp chi lieu gia dinh. Cac khodn trg cdp nay chilm tdi 58,6% so vdi tdng thu nhgp tfayc t i cua mgt ngudi lao dgng dang cd viee Idm vao ndm 2000. Tgi m^t sd nude nhu Thuy SJ, trg cdp thit nghiep chiim 8 8 % luang cua ngudi lao dgng, d Thyy D i l n Id 84%, Dire la 7 5 % . Sd ndm dugc hudng trg c i p that nghifp d Bi, Diie, Ireland, Thuy Dien Id 4 ndm/ngudi thdt nghiep, d Tay Ban Nha la 3,5 nam, Phap 3 ndm, trong khi thdi gian nay d My va Nhdt Ban chi Id 6 thang [5]. Bao cdo cua Td chirc Hgp tdc vd Phai triln Kinh t i (OECD) cho rang ed khoang 4 0 % ngudi chau Au trong do tudi lao dgng khdng lam viee ma sdng dya vao mgt logi trg cdp ndo
P.TJl Diep/Tap chi Khoa Iwc DHQGHN, Khdi leva Kirdt doanh 28 (2012) «W7
dd ciia chinh phii vi cac ly do n h u l>enh tdt, nghi huu sdm, ed d o n . . .
Ba Id, su thay ddi c o cdu ddn sd ttieo do tudi ddt ra gdnh nang ctio lie tiidng an sinh xa hgi. Theo danfa gid ciia Uy ban Chdu Au nam 2004, tj' le thanh nien ciia EU se gidm tir 1 1 %
Bang 3- Dy bao t> le ngudi Irrai 65 tudi d mgt sd nude dilu Au den 2050
nam 2000 xudng 6% vao ndm 2030. Dieu nay se tao ra sy thilu hut nhan lire nghiem trgng cho n l n kinh t i . Trong khi dd ty- le dan sd tren 65 tudi trong nhdm lye lugng tao ddng s5 tSng len 3 5 . 1 % nam 2020, 43,8% ndm 2 0 3 0 . 52.4<'o nam 2040 \ a 53.4°o nam 2050 (Bang 3).
Ouocffa Phap Due Thu% Dien Anh luUia HvLap EU-15
2020 35.9 3 6 J 37.6 32,0 39.7 35.8 35.1
(Dcfn\itmh:%) 2030 44.0 46.7 42.7 42.2 49,2 41.7 43.8
20-tO 50.0 54.7 46.7 47.0 63.9 51.4 52,4
2050 50.8 53.3 4«.l 46.1 66.8 58.7 53.4
Xu hudng na\' se lac dgng ddng ke ldi he thdng phiic lgi huu iri. 6 nhieu nude nhu Phdp, Due, Thuy Dien. ehi tieu cdng cho luong huu sS tdng manh. Rieng ddi vdi nude Anh, do cdu tnic an sinh huu tri cd co che "huu tri ed nhan"
.Vgudn: Dinh Cdng Tuan (2008).
thdng qua ngan hang, cdng Iy bao ttiem t)o|c cac the ehe lai chinh khac cua thj trucmg nen chi lieu cdng cho luong fauu chiem ly trong nhd hem trong GDP so vdi cac nude khac (Bang 4).
Bang 4. Dy bao chi tieu huu tri cdng cdng d mgt sd nude chau Au (Don v\ b'nh: % GDP)
Ouocsia Phap Due Thuv Dien Al)h
2020 11.6 12J 13.9 5.1
2030 13.5 16.5 15.0 53
2040 14J 18,4 14.9 5.0
2050 14.5 17.5 14.5 4.1 Ngudn: BonoH. G. (2000).
Vdi xu hudng gia hda dan sd, nhdm ngudi d dg tudi tren 80 cung se tang mgnh, udc tinh khoang 20 trieu ngudi vao nam 2015. 27 trieu n ^ d i vdo n i m 2030, dat ra nhung nhu cau mdi ve chdm sdc sue khde va djch vy y t l . Sy gia tdng nhanh ehdng t\' le ngudi gid trong xa hdi khien eho nghia \'u ddng gdp vao quy an sinh xd hdi cLia the he thanh nien - nhiing ngudi dang trong do tudi lao dgng trd nen nang ne ban. nii ro ve ngheo khd. t h i l nghiep hoac tfau nhdp thdp s5 cao ban. lam nay sinh them cdc
\ an de xa hdi va an sinh.
He qua cua nhung cd gang chi lieu cho phiic Igi cao ciia cac nhd nirdc chdu Au trong
khi ngudn tfau kfadng dam bao tuong iing la ganh nang tiiam hut ngdn sach keo dai va tinh trgng ng cdng tang vugt tam kiem soat, den nay da trd thanh khung hoang d mdt sd nude. Chinh sach tai cfainh, tien te ttiit chat cua EU d i ra nam 1997 de thyc hien tdng tiudng va dn djnh vdi muc tieu gidm ttidm hut ngdn sach xudng 3 % GDP, ng cdng kfadng vugt qua 6 0 % GDP.
t h i l ngfaiep kfadng qud 5 % dang roi vao tinh trgng rat kfad tfayc hien do cfai tieu cdng van tiep tuc vugt qua doanh thu tir t h u i va gdnfa ndng cua fae tfadng tien lucmg. fauu tri, trg cap tfiit nghiep... ngay cang de nang.
P.T.H Di^ / Tap chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN, Kinh teva Kinh doanh 28 (2012) 60-67
Bang 5. Tham hut ngan sach va ng cdng cua mot s6 nude chau Au (Don vi tinh: % GDP)
Ouoc Bia Due
Tham hut ngan sach No' cong Ireland Thdm hut ngdn sdch Na cdng Phap Thdtn hitl ngdn sdch Na cdng Italia Thdm hut ngdn sdch Nor cdng Hy Lap Thdm hut ngdn sdch Na cdng Bo Dao Nha Thdm hut ngdn sdch Na cong
2006 -1,6 67,6 +3.0 24.9 -2.3 63.7 -3.3 106,5 -3.6 97,8 -3.9 64.7
2007 0.2 65.0 0.1 25.0 -2.7 63.8 -1.5 103,5 -5.1 95.7 -2.6 63.6
2008 0 66.0 -7.3 43.9
67.5 -2.7 106,1 -7.7 99.2 -2.8 66.3 Ngudn Eurostat-EuroIndicator2010.
2009 -3.3 73.2 -14,3 64,0 -7.5 77.6 -5.3 115,8 -13,6 115,1 -9,4 76,8
He thdng xd hdi phiic lgi dugc xdy dung nhiiu thgp ky qua d chdu Au dang lung lay do khiing hoang kinh t l vd hdu h i t cde chinfa phii bugc phai thdt chat chi tieu. Nhirng ngudi dan da quen vdi gido due vd y te mien phi, trg cap that nghiep rgng rai nay phai ddi diin vdi nhiing thdch thiic Idn trong ddi sdng hang ngay khi thu nhgp suy gidm nhanh chdng, cdn nha nude khdng cd kha ndng hd trg phiic lgi nhiiu n h u tnrdc, thdm ehi edn cat gidm su hd trg nay.
Chang hgn Hy Lap dy dinh tang tudi nghi huu tir 61 len 63 trudc nam 2015, cdt giam 2 0 % tien trg cap luong huu de "ciiu" he thdng ehi trd luang huu dang gap khd khan, "ddng bang" liln luang ciia nhan cdng khu vye quoe doanh. Tay Ban Nha ndng tudi huu tir 65 len 67, giam trung binh 5 % luang ciia 2,8 trifu nhdn vien nhd nude, "ddng bdng" luang huu, c i t edc khoan trg cdp mgt lan 2.500 Euro (3.000 USD) cho bd me vira sinh con, xda bd chuang trinh chdm sdc ngudi cao tudi vd khoan lien nhd nude chi tra thude theo dan, c i t gidm 375 trieu USD quy hd trg eho nguoi khuyet tgi. Diic ciing phai duang ddu vdi khoan thdm hut ngdn sdch qudc gia la 70 ty Euro va khodn tifin ddng gdp vao quy cuu
trg eiia EU Id 123 ty Euro. Chinh phii Diic Idn ddu tiSn phdi giam trg cdp thdt nghiep, ngudi thdt nghiep hien nay chi dugc hudng tir 50-60%
thu nhgp trudc thul trong thdi han I nam.
Chfnh phu Anh cung quyet djnh ndng tudi nghi huu eiia lao dgng n& tir 60 len 65 tudi, lao dgng nam lir 65 len 66 tudi, hgn chi gidm t h u l cho gia dinh mdi sinh con nhd vd cdt bo khodn tiin trg cap 360 USD eho gia dinh mdi sinh eon.
Phap cung d y kiln tdng tudi nghi huu, ddnh thue thu nhdp cao han. Nhieu nha kinh t i chfnh trj chdu Au nhgn djnh, can phdi cdi each nha nude phiic lgi d i duang dau vdi cdc khd khdn hien tai vd thdch thire tuang lai: sy gia hda ddn sd, canh tranh todn cdu ngay cang khdc liet vd nhiing eude khiing hodng bat thudng.
4. Mot so xu hudng cai edeh nhd nude phuc lgi chau Au
Cudc khiing hoang cua cde nhd nude phuc lgi chau Au hien nay dang ddi hdi he thong phiic lgi xa hgi phai thay ddi theo hudng: 1) thuc hien cdc bien phap an sinh xd hgi tiet
P.T.H. Diep / Tap chi Khoa hoc DHQGHN. Kinh te'va Kmh doanh 2.
kiem, khuyen khich lam viee. tir do thiic day tang trudng kinh te. gdp phan giam ngheo va bdt binh ddng; 2) gidm chi pfai phiic lgi bang each dp dung mdt md hinh an sinh xa hdi mdi.
Cl Phap dang xudt hien mgt phuang thuc chi trd phiic lgi thdng qua thue (tax-financed) sau khi tham tra ldi san (means tested) - ben cgnh he thdng bao hiem xa hot kieu Bismarck. O Diic cung dang cd khuynh hudng chuyen tir he thdng phiic lgi xd hgi kieu Bismarck sang mdt he thdng phuc lgi linh hogt ban do siie ep cua thj trudng lao dgng. 6 cdc nude theo md binh nhd nude phiic lgi kieu lu do nhu Anh, Ireland cung phai xac dinh Igi nhimg ehinh sach rui ro xd hgi mdi va cd nhihig dieu chinh Idn ban. Cae nude theo md hinh nhd nude phiic Igi dan chii xa hdi ciing dang tim kiem md hinh an sinh xd hgi mdi. Chuong trinh cai each he thdng phiic lgi ciia cac nude deu nhdn mgnh den ba van de Idn dang gay thach thirc nghiem trgng cho he thdng la: iuang huu, chdm sdc siic khde va thi tru'dng lao dgng.
Cai each he thdng huu trf s6 tao ca hgi cho ngudi lao dgng duge 1dm viee lau ddi ban bang each tdng tudi nghi huu. Tudi ve huu trung binh se tdng theo tudi thg du tinh de cdc he thdng huu tri cd the duy tri sy dn djnh va ddy dii tai chinh. Xu hudng nhdn khdu hien nay dang din den su mat can ddi gi&a nhdm ngudi dang lam viee vd nbdm ngudi gid. Ty le phu thugc tudi gid (nhdm ngudi 65 ludi trd len so vdi nhdm 15-64 tudi) tdng gdp ddi den 2050 se tao ra nhiing nii ro ddi vdi quy huu tri. Do vgy, he thdng huu trf ddy du trong tuong lai se phy thugc vao kha nSng tang them tien huu tri do keo ddi tudi ve huu vd tgo co hgi bd sung quyen Igi hiru tri trong cac co che tu nhdn. Cac nln kinh te chau Au cdn igo ra edc md hinh viec Idm linh hoat ban, cde dieu kien lam viec tdt hon, ddm bdo an todn va siic khde khi Iam viec va hgc tap sudt ddi.
He thdng chdm sdc siie khde vd bdo hiim siic khde cdng cgng vdn chiem ty le rdt cao trong chi tieu eho phiic Igi cung cdn c6 nhirng dieu chinh. Cac nude chdu Au nhdn thdy kha ndng phdi hgp giiia edc nude thdnh vien dl tang
tinh hieu qua vd nang suit cua he ihdrig chdm sdc sue khde. Hien dai hda ITnh vyc y tl va bao hilm siic khde ciing nhu cai tiiien cac dilu kien Idm viec sS gdp phdn quan trgng vao viec ndng cao sdc khde cho ngudi ddn. Md hinh bao hiem ssic khde trong tuang lai cin phai thay ddi theo sy biln ddi co cdu nhdn kfadu de dem lgi an smfa tdt nhit eho ngudi gia, ddng thdi cin cai thien chdt Iugng djch vu y tl trong khudn kho chi tieu ngan sach cho ITnh vyc ndy.
Cac nude chau Au dang hudng tdi ndi Idng viec bao hg lao ddng, nang cao quyen thuang lugng giira cac ben de tgo tinh linh boat cho thj tnrcmg lao dgng, nhd dd hg thdp ty le that nghiep. Ben cgnh dd, viec dieu chinh co cau kinh tl cung la mgl hudng quan trgng nham phuc hdi kinh te, thiic day tang trudng, gia tang xuit khdu nham pha vd siic i ciia thi tnrdng lao ddng. Kinh le tdng trudng mdt mat tao dieu kien tdng thu ngan sdch, trong dd cd ngan sach danh cho phiic Igi, mat khdc ciing tao ra viec lam, gidm linh trang thdt nghiep, giam ganh nang ehi tieu eho bdo hiem that nghiep vd mgt s6 van de xd hdi cd lien quan. Viec tang ehi phf cho nghien cuu phat trien, dao tgo vd tdi dao tgo ngudn nhan luc sB gdp phdn tao ra mgt Iyc lugng lao ddng mdi, cd ky ndng, phii hgp vdi ddi hdi ciia thj trudng lao dgng trong nln kmh te tri thiic.
Ngoai ba vdn de Idn neu tren. van de cai each tai chfnh trong thu, cfai pfaiic Igi xa hdi d edc nude ciing dang duge ddt ra. Trong cac md fainh nha nude phiic lgi chau Au. ngudn tai ehinh thudng dugc huy ddng thdng qua ddng gdp xa hdi, ddng gop ciia ngudi lao dgng vd gidi chu, hogc thdng qua thui. Cai each cac quy dinh dong gdp va chi tra trong he thdng phiic lgi xd hgi hien nay cdn tap trun^ vdo cdi each thue va lgi fch lien quan din ddi tugng dugc hudng chfnh sdch phiie Igi. Ddng thdi, cin rad rgng ban ca sd tai chfnh cho phiic Igi xd hgi thdng qua khuyin khich su tham gia ciia khu vye tu nhan.
Tdm iai. cdc nha nude phiic lgi chdu Au
dang gap phai rdt nhilu thdch thuc cdn vugt
qua. Bdi cdnh kinh tl, xa hgi mdi ddi hdi chau
P.TH Diep I Tap chi Khoa lioc DHQGHN. Kinh teva Kinh doanh 28 (2012) 60-67
Au phdi cai each todn dien, tham chi phai xay dyng mdt he thdng an sinh xd hdi mdi cd tfnh linh hogt ban de dap img yeu cau ngay cang cao ciia ngudi dan. Cdc cdi edeh bg phan da va dang dugc ti£n hanh, tuy nhien mgt md hinh mdi vdn dang trong qua trinh tim tdi, thu nghiem.
Tai li^u tham khao
[1] Andersen, E (2008). Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. New Jersey, Princeton Univeristy Press.
[2] Bonoli. G (2000). The Politics of Pension Reform:
Institutions and Policy Change in Western Europe.
Cambridge University Press.
[3] Phucmg Nhung (2010), "Biic tranh phuc ]gi xS h^i chau Au hdu khiing hoang ng c6ng". Tgp chi Nghien aiu chduAu, s6 9 (120).
[4] Sapir. A. (2006). Globalization and the Reform of European Social Model, Joumal compilation.
Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Oxfonl UK [5] Dinh Cong Tu&i (Chii bien) (2008). He thing an
smh x3 h^i cua EU vd bdi hoc cho VietNam.NXB.
Khoa hoc xahpi. Ha Noi
Challenges to European welfare states in the twenty first century
Dr. Pham Thi Hong Diep
Faculty of Political Economics, VNU University of Economics and Business, 144 Xuan Thuy, Hanoi, Vietnam
A b s t r a c t . In Northwestern European countries, the welfare state models have brought about prosperity and economic growth for decades. However, in the contexts of globalization and economic integration, economic efficiency and feasibility of the welfare state models have been ehallanged in those countries. The European public debt crisis happened in 2010 had posed even more challenges to the welfare states. Consequently, the welfere state models need to be reformed thoroughly and comprehensively to meet new requirements of development. This paper introduced major characteristics of European welfare state models, examined their achievements and pointed out challenges to those models in the 2 1 " century. It also discussed tendencies of welfere stare reforms in European countries recently.