Du lich cong dong tren the gioi:
Mot s6 \in dh ly luan va thuc tiln
Nguyen Cong Thao', Nguyen Thi Thanh Binh' ' Vien Dan toe hpc, Vien Han lam Khoa hoc xl hpi VietNam.
Email: [email protected]
Nhan ngay 5 thang 5 nam 2019. Ch^p nhan d3ng ngay 17 thang 6 nSm 2019.
Tom tit: Bai viet nay gidi thieu mgt so quan diem can ban v^ du lich cpng d6ng cua cac hpc gia tren the gidi. Ba npi dung chinh dugc thao luan bao g6m: khai niem, ngu6n luc va phuong thuc trien khai ho?t dpng du ljch cong dong, cung nhu tinh ben vung cua loai hinh du lich nay. Kk qua tong quan cho thay, sir tham gia cua ngudi dan dia phuang la yeu to quan trong, quyet dinh sir thanh cong cung nhu tinh bdn vu'ng cua ho^t dong nay tren cac phucmg dien kinh te, van hoa va moi trudng.
Tfr khoa: Du ljch cpng ddng, ngudi dan dia phuong, the gidi.
Phan Ioai nganh: Dan tpc hpc
Abstract: This article introduces some fundamental views about community-based tourism by scholars in the world. The three main contents discussed include the concept, resources and methods of implementing community-based tourism activities, as well as the sustainability ofthe type of tourism. The overall results show that the participation of local people is an important factor, determining the success and sustainability ofthe activities from the economic, cultural and environmental perspectives.
Keywords: Community-based tourism, local people, the world.
Subject classification: Ethnology
l.Datvande khach du Iich trong va ngoai nuoc. Tuy nhidn, cho den nay, viec xay dimg chidn Du Heh cpng d6ng (DLCD) bit dhi phat lupc quoc gia nhSm thuc day qua hinh phat trien manh a nuoc ta tu diu nhimg nam tridn co he thong, hidu qua, bdn vimg cho 2000. Day la loai hmh hoat dpng phu hpp boat dpng DLCD van chua dupc hoan thidn.
vol didu kien tu nhien, van hoa, xa hpi ciia HSu hdt cac mo hinh hoac boat dpng tu phat
^at nuac ciing nhu xu thd lira chpn cua nhidu hoac do dia phuong hay cac t6 chiic quoc td
Khoa hpc xa hpi Viet Nam, s6 7 - 2019 hd trg, mang tim ngan ban va kho co thd tridn khai o pham vi rpng. Bai vidt nay^ gioi thieu DLCD trdn the gioi, bao g6m: khai niem; su phat tridn boat dpng DLCD; va tinh ben vung cua Ioai hmh du lich nay.
2. Khai nidm du Iich cong dong DLCD dupc xuat hien tir nhimg nam 1970 va cho ddn nay da phat trien pho bidn 6 hau hdt cac chau luc, dac biet la o khu vuc nong thon, mien niii, vung dan t6c thidu so (DTTS) 6 Chau Phi, khu vuc My Latmh va Chau A. Rozemeijer dinh nghia DLCD la hoat dpng du lich dupc so hiru, khoi xuang bang mpt hay vai cpng dong dia phuong, co su lidn kdt voi khoi tu nhan nham tan dung nguon tai nguyen tu nhidn ciing nhu van hoa mpt each bdn viing de thu hiit khach du lich, tang thu nhap va cai thien sinh kd [15].
Ashley.C cho rang, DLCD chii ydu la loai hinh du Iich 6 quy mo nho va song hanh huong den ca muc dich phat trien kinh te va phat tridn xa hpi [3]. CJ mot each nhin kha tuong dong, Goodwin and Santilli quan niem DLCD la hoat dpng du Iich duoc so huu hoac quan ly boi cpng dong nham tao ra Ipi ich Ion lao hon cho cpng dong [7, tr.1-37]. Quy Quoc te Bao vd Thien nhidn cho rang, DLCD la hoat dpng "ma 6 do cpng dong dia phuong true tiep tham gia va nam vai tro quan trpng trong viec quan ly va phat tridn. Phan Ion lpi ich thu duoc thupc vd cpng dong" [22]. Hausle va Strasdas khang dinh DLCD ngoai y nghia la loai hinh du lich co su tham gia tich cue, chu dpng Clia nguoi dan vao mpi mat xich, con true tidp dong gop vao phat tridn kinh td cho nguoi dan va cho ca dia phuong [13], Theo quan didm dugc dua ra trong bo
"Tieu chuan vd du lich cgng d6ng" dupc cac
qu6c gia Dong Nam A dong thuan nam 2016, DLCD la hinh thuc du lich dupc so hflu, van hanh, didu ph6i va quan ly be"
cpng d6ng nhim huong toi vide cai thipn dieu kidn kmh td cgng ddng thong q«a cac hoat dgng h6 trg sinh kd bdn vfing, duy tn va bao ve cac tmydn th6ng van hoa xa hoi co gia tri^ Cling nhu cac ngudn tai nguydn thien nhien [2]. Theo do, DLCD dugc cho la phai dat dugc 10 tidu chi sau: (1) Trao quyen va CO su tham gia ctia cpng dong nham dam bao ndn quan tri va quydn so hiiu minh bach;
(2) Thiet lap quan he hgp tac voi cac ben lien quan; (3) Dat dupc sir thira nhan dimg d§n tir phia co quan chiic nang co tham quyen; (4) Cai thien didu kidn kinh td cung nhu cac gia tri nhan van; (5) Duy tn co che chia se lgi ich minh bach, cong bang; (6) Tang cuong gin kdt ndn kmh td khu vuc va dia phuong; (7) Ton ttpng ttuyen thong ya van hoa dia phuong; (8) Gop phin bao ton tu nhien; (9) Cai thien chit lugng ttai nghiem cho khach du lich thong qua viec diiic day su tuong tac giua khach va chu;
(10) Huong toi tu chu vd tai chinh.
Co thd thiy, sgi chi do xuyen suot ttong cac each nhin vd DLCD la vide thiia nhan su tham gia chu dpng ciia cpng dong dia phuang la didu kidn tidn quyet, la ban sac tao ra sir khac bidt voi cac loEii hinh du lich khac. Vd tdng thd, hoat dgng DLCD phai tii cpng dong, do cpng dong va vi cpng dong.
3. Phat triin hoat a§ng du lich cfing Song 3.T Cdc gid tri cd thi khai thdc Theo Quy Chau A, DLCD thuong dien ra duoi cac hinh thiic sau: (I) Du lich sinh thai; (2) Du Iich van hoa; (3) Du Iich nong nghidp; (4) Du Ijch ban dia; (5) Du Iich lang. D6i tugng tim den Ioai hinh DLCD
Nguyen Cong Thao, Nguyln Thi Thanh Binh thuang muon tu trai nghiem doi song van
hoa, nhip song thudng ngay, moi truong tu nhidn hoang so [1]. Vi Ie do, ban sac van hoa tpc nguoi va dieu kidn ciing nhu canh quan smh thai dia phuong la hai ttong nhieu gia tti quan ttpng co the khai thac ttong hoat dpng DLCD [4, tt.48-70]. M6i cpng dfing, dan tpc thuong co ban sac ridng va day la tidn dd, didm tua dd phat tridn DLCD boi khach du lich luon co tam thd muon ttai nghidm nhiing didu moi me, khac vdi ttai nghiem thuong ngay cua hp [16, tt.89-116].
L^a chpn nay con dem lai cam giac "vd ngudn", quay tto lai Iich sir cho du khach [11, tt.566-591]. Khac voi loai hinh du lich giai tri thong thuang, khach du Iich vol muc dich tim hidu ban sac van hoa thuang co nhu cau thu thap kien tinic mpt each he thong, sau ve van hoa ciia mgt cpng dong, dan tpc nao do. Chinh vi thd, hp thuang dinh ky di tham voi su lua chpn dia diem co chii dich thay vi ngdu nhien va didu do dan den su ra doi ciia khai niem du lich van hoa [12]. Vai tto cua cpng dong dia phuong nho do hdt siic quan ttpng boi hg la doi tupng tr\rc tidp trinh didn, chia se, didn giai cac gia tri van hoa ay cho du khach.
S.2. Su tham gia eua cdc ben lien guan DLCD cin phai kdt hpp 3 ydu to dd co the v(m hanh mpt each hidu qua, bdn viing: (1) sir ho ttg va tham gia ciia nguai dia phuong; (2) Bao vd ban sac van hoa cua nguoi dan cung nhu moi tniong so tai; (3) Lpi ich huong t6i da ddn nguoi dan dia phuong [16, tt.89-116]. Sau khi tien hanh nghien ciiu ho^t dpng du Iich o 3 cong vidn quoc gia ciia Nhat Ban, Hiwasaki chi ra 4 nh3n t6 dSn den su thanh cong a day bao
%hm: (I) sip xdp vd to chiic; (2) Noi quy
lien quan ddn bao t6n; (3) Y thiic tdt vd bao vd moi ttuong; (4) Su bdn chat cila quan he hpp tac giu:a cac bdn lien quan [10]. Day la 4 yeu to quan ttgng, co thd ap dung, nhan rpng 6 cac dia ban khac. Trong mgt nghidn ciiu o ban Mae Kampong nim 6 phia Bic Chiang Mai, noi hoat dpng DLCD cue ky phat tridn va dugc bidt ddn 6 binh dien qu6c gia, cac tac gia dS chi ra 3 nhan t6 dong vai tto quan ttgng ttong thanh cong cua mo hmh DLCD 6 day, bao gdm: (1) Cac didu kidn tu nhidn, dia Iy thuan lgi; (2) Su ho ttp hidu qua tir bdn ngoai; (3) Su ddi mdi ttong quanly[8, tt.4-23], [9].
Theo Goodwin va Rosa Santilli, dd dat dupc hieu qua bdn vung, cac thanh phin chinh tham gia vao hoat ddng DLCD can bao gom: Cdng ddng dia phuong, true tidp la cac hd dan sdng ttong khu vuc trien khai boat ddng DLCD, nhirng nguoi cam ket tham gia vao hoat dpng nay. Hp vira la nguoi so hihi, van hanh, quan Iy va tiiu huong phin lgi ich quan ttgng thu dupc tii boat dpng DLCD; doanh nghidp, cdng ty du lich ttong tidp can thi truang, tim hieu va tim kiem khach hang, to chiic, cung cip vdn diu tu va cac dich vu lam can noi dua du khach den cac didm du lich; chinh quydn dia phuong dong vai tto trung gian, giua cac doanh nghidp, cdng ty du lich vdi cpng dong dia phuong va co thd dua ra phan quydt phan xii khi co ttanh chap. Day ciing la noi cd thd cung cap cac nguon luc bd sung quan trpng cho vide cai tao, nang cap, xay dung co sd ha ting phuc vu hoat ddng DLCD; cac td chiic phat tridn co vai ttd ho ttp vd mat nang cao nang Iuc, ky nang Iam du Iich cho cdng ddng va mot phan nho vd mat tai chinh, giup cpng ddng co du nang luc dd tiiam gia vao DLCD d giai doan dau;
truydn tiidng gdp phin quang ba san pham
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Khoa hgc xa hoi Viet Nam, so 7 - 2019 du lich, cung cap nhirng thong tin can ban ban dau cho thi trudng; khach du lich ddng vai ttd quydt dinh ddn sir tang trudng, bdn vimg ciia boat dpng DLCD [7].
Tidp can dudi Iang kinh lap kd hoach, Reid cho rang dk hoat dgng DLCD hieu qua, bdn vting, ngudi dan dia phuong cin dugc tham gia ngay tii khau lap kd hoach va didu nay giiip cho viec xac dinh cac diem du lich, miic dp td chiic, phat tridn du Iich [14]. Chi khi nhiing quydt dinh nay dugc dua ra bdi cgng ddng, hg mdi tiiuc su sd huu, quan ly va van hanh boat ddng du lich trdn manh dat ciia minh.
Quan didm cua Reid dugc cung c6 qua nghidn ciiu trudng hpp cua Harwood d West Papua. Harwood dac bidt nhin manh each tidp can dua ttdn cgng ddng va Ianh tho cho viec lap kd hoach phat tridn DLCD, dac bidt can thiet d cac khu vuc heo lanh noi mat dp dan so thap, cd nhidu nhdm dia phuang khac nhau va anh hudng ciia luat tuc dia phucmg van cdn rd net ttong vide quan ly tai nguyen thidn nhidn. Su tham gia cua cdng ddng dia phuong dugc thira nhan dam bao cho tinh bdn vihig ciia hoat dgng dulich[18,tt.l909-1923].
4. Tinh ben vihig cua hoat ddng du Iich cong dong
Weaver va Lawson cho ring, hoat dgng DLCD chi cd the hidu qua, ben vflng khi dong thdi dam bao dugc ba muc tidu: (1) Kinh te bdn vimg; (2) Van hoa, xa hdi bdn vflng; (3) Mdi trudng ben vthig. Hoat ddng DLCD gidng nhu nhidu hoat dgng kinh td khac, dl nhidn co nhiing tac ddng nhat dinh ddn cac DTTS, dudi nhieu man sic khac nhau, ca tich cue va tidu cue [6]. Dudi goc
dd kmh td, md hinh DLCD se gop pnan tang cudng cac did c h l dd tinic diy su tham gia Clia cpng ddng dia phuang va tinic day phat tridn kinh td. Nd cung hudng den viec dua ra each tidp can hai hoa, didu tidt ttong phat tridn thdng qua nhin manh vide can luu tam dam bao sir hda hpp, tuong thich giiia cac md hinh phat ttidn vdi cac yeu to khac Clia ndn kinh td dia phuong; chat lugng cua phat ttidn dudi khia canh van hoa va mdi trudng [4, tt.48-70]. Tuy nhidn, vide xac dinh cac ho gia dinh va cpng dong dia phuong cd dupc hudng lpi va sinh ke cua hp cd dupc cai thidn hay khdng tir DLCD, chi cd thd nhan dien dupc khi chi phi danh cho viec khdi xudng hoat dpng nay it hon nhidu so vdi lgi ich tdng tiid thu dugc. Didu nay dac bidt cd y nghia khi nhflng nhdm ngheo thudng e ngai tu bd cac hoat ddng tu cung tu c i p quen thupc de tham gia vao hoat dpng mdi me nay bdi hp thidu nguon lire va e ngai nii do [4, tt.48-70].
Phan hda giau ngheo cd the la nhflng he luy khdng mong mudn khi phat tridn DLCD do cd su khac biet ve dieu kien kinh te, ttinh dp nhan thiic, kha nang tidp can vdi ngudn luc khac nhau giua cac nhdm tpc ngudi; giiia cac hd ttong cimg mpt tpc ngudi. Didu dd cd thd dan ddn tSm thd tham gia khac nhau, dan den vide hudng lgi khong binh dang giiia cac hp d ^ ttong cimg 1 Iang, ban. Chinh vi thd, moi quan he quyen Iuc giiia cac bdn lidn quan frong viec van hanh DLCD cung la mgt v i n de c i n dugc lam rd va ddng thuan ngay tir khi xay dung dyr an [11, tt.566-591]. Muc dich cudi cung Clia DLCD la hudng tdi vide nang cao nSng luc cho cdng ddng dia phuong d 4 cip dp; kinh td, tam ly, xa hdi va chinh tri [17 tt.59-62]. Day dugc cho la chuoi gia tri ma
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Nguyln Cdng Thao, Nguydn Thi Thanh Binh DLCD dem lai cho ngudi dan: ban diu la
cai tiiien sinh kd va miic cao nhit la cai thien dia vi chinh tri. Bdn canh do, su phat trien cua DLCD mdt phin xuit phat tu nhu ciu bao tdn tu nhidn. Cac nha hoat ddng mdi trudng nhan thiic dugc ring, khd co thd duy tri cac khu bao ton ndu khong cd su hd trg tir cac cdng ddng dia phucmg. Cac td chiic bao tdn nhin nhan md hinh quan Iy tai nguyen dua vao cpng ddng la mdt phuang thiic hiru hidu. Dudi Iang kinh dd, DLCD dupc coi la tao dung dugc Igi ich kep: bao tdn tir nhidn va phat trien cdng ddng [21, tt 104-105].
Su dung du lich nhu la bidn phap kich thich phat trien kinh te, giam ngheo dugc thiic day tii nhiing nam 1970 va gin day cd khuynh hudng chuydn ttgng tam sang mo hinh du lich sinh thai, du Iich giam ngheo va DLCD. Qua ttinh nay thd hidn kha rd net cr Lao, noi ma khach du lich qudc td cung cap mdt ngudn ngoai td quan ttgng, cd anh hudng ddn ty gia tidn td, tinh hinh vide Iam va tham chi la chien luge giam ngheo ciia chmh phu. DLCD tir diu nhflng nam 2000 da cd anh hudng ldn den vide qudc gia nay nhan tai ttg de phat trien co sd ha ting tir nhidu td chiic qudc td. Du an Nam Ha la mpt ttong nhiing minh hpa ro net cho vide DLCD ddng gdp nhu the nao vao xda ddi, giam ngheo; phat trien von van hda, tai chinh; sir phat tridn ciia khdi doanh nghiep tunhan [5].
Dudi phuang didn van hda, ttong qua trinh phat tridn hidn nay, van hda cua cac DTTS cd xu thd mai mgt dudi tac dpng ciia nhieu ydu td: hon cu, di dan, do thi hda, toan ciu hda. Thiic day DLCD se gop phin thuong mai hda cac san pham van hda, gidi thidu cac gia tti van hda dja phuong, tpc ngudi tdi mang ludi rdng hon. Dieu nay
giiip cac cpng ddng thidu sd co them nguon Iuc tai chinh, ddng co luu giu-, bao tdn cac gia tti, thuc hanh van hda ciia minh. Day la thuc te da dugc chiing minh d nhidu nudc ttong khu vuc nhu Trung Quoc, Thai Lan, Lao, Indonesia hay nhidu nudc d Chau Phi [4, tt.48-70].
Dudi phuang dien xa hpi, DLCD tao vide lam, tang thu nhap gdp phiin xoa ddi giam ngheo cho mpt bd phan ngudi DTTS.
Hoat ddng nay cung gdp phin nang cao ddn tri, ky nang lam thuong mai, dich v\i cho hg, giiip hg gan kdt hon vao ddng chay ciia qudc gia thay vi sdng bidt lap nhu ttudc day. Day la lira chpn tdi uu, giiip cac DTTS tan dung nguon Iuc tai cho ciia mmh dd tao ra thu nhap, hgp tac, giao luru vdi cac tpc ngudi khac, cac nhdm ddn tir ndn van hda khac. Bidn gidi van hda, tpc ngudi ciia hp nhd dd sd dupc, md rdng ban, vi thd xa hdi se dugc nang cao hon. Nhd qua trinh nay, khoang each ve trinh dp phat tridn kinh td, nang Iuc hdi nhap, tiiam gia ddng chay phat tridn qudc gia, khu vuc ciia cac DTTS se dugc nang cao. Miic dp phu thupc vao san xuat ndng nghidp frong co can thu nhap cua hp se timg budc dugc giam bdt nhd viec da dang hda ngudn thu nhap tir thuong mai, dich vu phuc vu khach du lich. Ngoai ra, vai fro cua DLCD khdng cbi the hidn frong ITnh vuc giam ngheo, phat tridn kinh te ma cdn cd ddng gdp quan ttpng ttong tao vide lam, nang cao vi the ciia nii gidi, cai thien didu kien vd sinh mdi trudng va chat lugng cham sdc y td nhu mdt nghidn ciiu d El Salvador da chi ra [19, tt.69-84].
Dudi phuong didn mdi trudng, hoat ddng DLCD cung gdp phan bao vd mdi trudng tu nhien, dac bidt la rimg. Hau hdt cac DTTS d nudc ta sinh sdng dua vao san xuit ndng nghiep. Vide thidu dat san xuat
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Khoa hpc xa hoi Viet Nam, s6 7 - 2019 nhu nhidu bao cao da chi ra la nguyen nhan chinh dan den tinh ttang canh tac ttai phep frdn dat rung, pha riing, khai thac lam, hai san, tai nguyen khoang san frai phep. Hoat ddng DLCD thdng qua md hinh du lich sinh thai, du Iich mao hidm mdt khi dugc tridn khai se giiip ngudi dan dia phuong nhan thiic tdt hon vd gia fri cua rimg va qua do timg budc han chd nan pha rimg frai phep [20, fr.l 17-31].
5. Ket luan
nhiing thao Iuan trong bai vidt nay c6 the dugc su dung nhu nguon tu lieu tiiam khao cho vide xay dung chidn lupc, chinh sach phat tiidn boat ddng DLCD d nudc ta, dac bidt d khu vuc vimg DTTS. Nhu nhieu hpc gia da chi ra, ndu boat ddng nay dugc van hanh diing din, cd su tiiam gia binh dang, tich cue Clia cac ben lien quan, tac dpng tich cue cua no se khdng chi ttong pham vi kinh te, ma ca dudi phuong dien van hda, xa hpi va mdi tiudng. Day la didu kien tidn quyet cho muc tidu phat tridn bdn vung.
Mac du thira nhan DLCD la mdt hudng di ben viing, gop phan cai thidn sinh kd cho cac cdng ddng dia phucmg cung nhu bao vd thidn nhidn, khdng it nghidn ciiu da chi ra rang md hinh du lich nay chua thuc su thanh cdng nhu k^ vpng d nhidu noi. Cd quan ngai cho rang, lieu ngudi dan dia phuong CO nhan dugc Ipi ich tuong xiing vdi nhitng gi hp cdng hien hay phan Idn Igi ich tir loai hinh du lich nay roi vao cac nhdm khac va lieu loai hinh nay cd tdn tai bdn viing frong tucmg Iai [21, fr.l04-105].
Quan ngai nay dugc Scheyvens ung hp khi cho rang, hau hdt cac boat dgng DLCD dugc chil ddng khdi xudng bdi cac mang ludi, td chiic bdn ngoai chii khdng phai ban than ngudi dan dia phuong va vi the cac nhdra dia phucmg thudng tham gia vdi tam thd hi ddng va la nhdm hudng Igi thii ydu [17, tt.59-62].
Ket qua tdng quan cho thay, sir tham gia cua ngudi dan dia phuang la ydu td quan ttpng, quydt djnh su thanh cdng ciing nhu tinh ben vflng ciia hoat ddng nay ttdn cac phuong dien kinh td, van hda va mdi trudng.
Du chi gidi han ttong mgt sd nghidn ciiu.
Chii thich
^ Bai viat nay ia san ph§m cila Be tai "Giai phap xay dimg t6ng thi san phSm va dilm din du lich gan vdi khai thac t6i uu cac gia tn cua Ha Giang trong phat trien du lich bin vihig", Ma s6: DTXH.HG-06/l 8.
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