D U L I C H H O M E S T A Y
I . O A I HII\[H D U MC^I C A ] \ D A Y M A I \ H K H A I T H A C
T A I P H O CO H A ] \ O I
• • • J?Nauyeh Thi Nauven Hdng
\u hch homestay dUdc xem la mdt loai hinh du lich mdi, hap dah doi vdi du khach mud'n {rai nghiem eude song mdi. Laal hinh du lich nay da phat trien d nhieu nudc tren the gidi do tinh Uu viSt eua nd la md ra nhieu ed hdi cha ngUdl dan dm phuang cd them viee lam de cai thien ddi sdng, gdp phan phat huy ban sac van hda cua dm phuang...d nude ta, du lieh homestay da budc dau dUdc ehu trong phat trien song luang khach den chua nhieu, vai trd ddng gdp vdi cdng ddng cdn rat han che. DSc bi$t, pho cd Ha Ndi la nai cd nhieu tiem nang de phat trien laal hinh du lich nay nhUng trong thiJe te van chua duae. khai thac tuang xUng. Vdi tam cua Thu dd 1000 nam, vdi gia tn van hda d$c trung va hap dah, phoed Ha Ndi cd dO cac dieu kidn de phat trien loai hinh du IjCh nay khi ma cac hd gia dinh ndi day nhin thQe rd vai trd va traeh nhidm, khi cac doanh nghiep la hanh cd si/ ket hap de dQa khach den pho co va quan trong hdn la phai cd siJ ho'tra dac iuc tQ phia chinh quyenThanh pho trong viee glQ gin, phat huy eae gia tn van hda-cCia phd'co va tao them nhQng dieu kidn thuin ldi dengUdi dan phdcd tham gia cd hl$u qua vao phat trien du hch Homestay.
D^t van de
Nhflng nam gan day, eung vdi su phat trien manh me eua loai hinh du Ijch sinh thai, du hch van hda, du hch mao hiem, du hch MICE... du hch homestay da phat trien lai nhieu qudc gia tren the gidi. d Vi$l Nam, homestay dan trd thanh mpt loai hinh du hch hap dah, gdp phan da dang hda cac loai hinh du hch cung nhu gdp phan cai thien ddi sdng kinh le xa hdi cua cdng ddng dan eu. Du-heh homestay ed tac dpng hai chieu, la each dap Ong tdt nhat eho khach du hch thich trai nghiem, ham hpc hdi. Ngudi dan dja phUdng ed ed hdi giao luu, tiep can vdi nhflng nen van hoa khae nhau tren the gidi. Du hch homestay md ra nhieu ed hdi cho ngudi dan dja phUdng cai thien cupc sdng, them nhieu cd hdi viSc lam, giup phat trien nganh nghe truyen thdng, nang eao kha nang giao tiep bang tieng nUdc ngoai... TO dd, gdp phan bao tdn di san, bao ve mdi trodng sinh thai, giup du hch phat trien ben vflng. Homestay la hinh thOe xa hdi hda du hch, la giai phap giup giai quyet tinh trang
"chay" phdng khach san, nha nghi trong cae djp le
hdi, d|p dae biet ddng khach. Day la mdt loai hinh du hch cdng ddng ddng vai trd quan trpng trong viee xoa ddi, giam ngheo eho nhieu cdng ddng dan CO, dac biet la cdng ddng d nhflng vung sau vung xa.
ThCi dd Ha Ndi la diem den giau tiem nang phat trien du hch. Ngoai loai hinh du hch van hda truyen thdng. Ha Npi cd nhieu loai hinh du hch mdi nho du hch MICE, du hch mua sam, du hch a'm thue, du hch nau an, du hch homestay... phu hpp vdi tiem nang eua Ha Npi. Du hch homestay dupe khai thac ehu yeu d cac vung ngoai thanh, gan day dupe khai thac tai khu phd cd. Tuy nhien, du hch homestay phd ed Ha Npi ehua thue su phat trien, lUdng khach den khdng nhjeu, vai trd ddng gdp vdi cdng ddng la khdng dang ke. VI vay, can hieu rd loai hinh du hch homestay phd cd Ha Ndi, de to dd cd nhflng giai phap phu hdp nham da'y manh su phat trien eua loai hinh du lich nay.
t- ' TS., Trudng Dal hoc Thuang mai
So 36/2010
_KHOA HOC ^^
Thuang Mai 45
1. Vai net ve du l|ch homestay
Homestay it dupe giai nghTa Ireng cac 10 die'n tieng Anh, do ra ddi mudn va dUde xuat phat 10 nhflng v| khach "Tay bald". Thee 10 dien Wikipedia: homestay la hinh IhOc du hch hoae hpe tap d nude ngoai eho phep khach tham luu trO trong gia dinh ngodi dan dja phOdng de tim hieu cupc sdng eua ngudi dan d|a phUdng cflng nhu cai thien kha nang ngdn ngfl eua hp. Tren the gidi va d Viet Nam, du l|eh homestay dupe sO dung de xac dmh loai hinh du hch luu tru lai nha dan ma khdng d|ch ra tieng d|a phUdng.
Nhu vay,.du l|eh homestay dudi gde dd la mdt loai hinh du Ijch, ed the hieu la loai hinh du hch luu tru lai nha dan, hay du hch va d cung gia dinh ngudi ban xO. Khach du hch rdi khdi ndi cU tru eua minh ldi mdt diem den du hch nao dd va d tai nha dan de hpc tap, tham quan, giai tri, tim hieu van hoa, Idi sdng eua ngudi dan... lai diem den. Tham gia loai hinh du l|eh homestay, du khach dupe trai nghiem cupc sdng, trai nghiem ban than tren mdt vung dat mdi la. Hp dupe kham pha va tim hieu cae phong tuc tap quan van hda khac nhau. Hp dupe gia dinh nha chu tiep nhan nhu ngudi eung mpt nha, eung an, cung sinh hoat, sdng hda ddng vdi nhau trong bau khdng khi am ap va than thien.
Du hch homestay ed nhflng dae trong khac vdi eae loai hinh du hch khac. Trodc het ed the thay rang, khach du hch cung chu nha vOa la "ngodi san xuat" vOa la "ngodi tieu dung" cae djch vu d tai nha dan nho lOu tru, an udng... thdng qua viee tham gia sinh hoat cung dan d|a phUdng. Day la dae diem kha mdi la trong chuyen di khien nhflng ngOdi tham gia hao hOng, td md, thich thO. Nhflng hp gia dinh tham gia du hch homestay vdi vai trd la ehu nha IhUdng la cac gia dinh cdn mang dam nhflng net van hoa truyen thdng lau ddi cua d|a phUdng.
Du khach tham gia loai hinh du hch homestay thudng la nhflng ngodi hieu ky, thich kham pha, trai nghiem, mudn tim hieu nhflng dieu mdi la, phong tuc tap quan cua nhieu nen van hda khae nhau. Khach du hch thudng tdi rat nhieu diem den.
Hien nay, ddi tupng lua chpn loarhinh du hch nay ehu yeu la khach du hch qudc le. Mdi qud'c gia, mdi khu vtie cd van hda truyen thdng dac sac rieng nen du hch ra nudc ngoai giup du khach hpc hdi dupe nhieu dieu mdi la, dae biet thdng qua loai hinh du hch luu tru d nha dan.
Du hch homestay cd mOc gia kha thap so vdi cac loai hinh du hch khac cho nen nhieu khach du hch ed thu nhap thap, it ed kha nang ehi tra cho cac djch vu cao cap da chpn loai hinh du Ijch nay . "Tay bald" (Backpacker) - nhflng ngUdi nudc ngoai di du hch tu tuc, khdng theo td chOe, di ddn le hoac theo mpt nhdm la nhflng ngodi cd nhu cau dau tien va khdi ngudn cho loai hinh du hch home- stay. Ngoai ra, nhieu hpc sinh, sinh vien du hpc, tham quan, giao lou qudc te cung lUa chpn home- stay nhu mdt cd hdi de trai nghiem cupc sdng vdi ehi phi phu hpp.
Qua trinh eung Ong d|eh vu du hch homestay dope bat dau 10 khi khach du hch dope gidi thieu den nha dan d|a phOdng, nhan phdng rdi lam quen vdi gia dinh chu nha eho den khi rdi khdi gia dinh hp. Khach tham gia sinh heat cung nha chu: tim hieu van hoa truyen thd'ng. Id nghi, nep song...
qua giao luu cung nha chu, eung nau an va lhu6ng IhOc mdn an truyen thdng dia phUdng, cung tham gia lao ddng vdi nha ehu, tham gia eae le'hdi, cac hpat dpng cua nha ehu eung nhU cua dja phUdng.
Nhflng thanh vieh trong gia dinh ehu nha trd thanh hudng dah .vien cho khach, dUa khach den nhQng diem du hch, nhflng ndi lieu bieu cua d|a phUdng ma khach khd ed the dupe trai nghiem neu khdng tham gia du hch homestay.
Du hch homestay ed gia ea djch vu kha thap so vdi eae loai hinh du hch khac. Dae diem nay la do d|ch vu lUu tru va cac d|eh vu du hch ma khach tieu dung la d tai nha dan, chat lupng cac d|eh vu tai nha dan thodng khdng dupe tieu chuan hoa.
Mat khac, du khach la ngudi "ddng san xuat" tham gia eung Ong cae d|eh vu cho minh, vi vay ehi phi kinh doanh d|eh vu thap, tao ra Ipi the thu hiit nhieu tap khach hang lua chpn. Ci mdt sd ndi tren the gidi, gia dinh ehu nha hieu khach tham chi khdng yeu eau du khach chi tra, mue tieu cua hp lai la ed hdi dupc giao luu vdi nhflng ngodi 10 ndi khac den, cung tham gia sinh hoat, cung tham gia lao ddng.
Tuy nhien, cdn ed nhflng han ehe tdn tai song song vdi nhflng ldi the cua loai hinh du l|ch home- stay la khach den du hch den sdng va sinh hoat 6 nha dan nen cac d|eh vu cdn ngheo nan, dPn dieu, chat lupng dich vu ehUa dap Ong dope nhu cau cua khach vi cP sd vat chat chi trang bi de cl, khdng day du tien nghi nhu khach san, kha nang
KHOA HOC
46 Thuang Mai
ddn nhflng doan khach Idn han che, khdng cd nhan vien phuc vu chuyen nghiep... chi cd Idng nhiet llnh, men khach. Tuy cd nhflng han che nhat dmh nhung khdng the phu nhan nhflng Ipi ieh ma du Ijch homestay mang lai. Chinh vi vay, nhieu diem den du hch tren the gidi da khuyen khich ngudi dan tham gia lam du hch bang viec md rdng cOa ddn tiep khach du hch den 10 node ngoai vdi so than thi§n vdn cd cua nhflng ngodi lam du hch.
2. Tinh hinh khai thac du l|ch homestay tai phd cd Ha Npi
Khu phd cd Ha Ndi bat dau hinh thanh khi vua Ly Thai Td chpn Thang Long lam Kinh dd nam 1010. Khu phd ed Ha Npi nam d phia Ddng Bae thanh cd Ha Ndi, day la khu viic sam uat, ddng vui nhat eua Ha Ndi xoa. Trai qua nhieu giai doan hch sO thang tram, kien true nha hinh dng, cae phd hep, ehi chit dpc ngang kieu ban ed eua khu phd cd khdng cdn nho xOa song bdng dang eua mpt thdi da qua vah cdn lou lai d khdng gian van hoa dam da hUdng v| cd.
De danh gia dupe linh hinh khai thac loai hinh du hch homestay phd cd Ha Npi, tac gia bai viet da lien hanh khao sal thtic te, dieu tra 2 nhdm ddi tupng: khach du l|ch qudc te va ngudi dan phd ed.
Kich thudc ma'u: 200 khach du hch qudc te; 50 hd dan. Thdi gian lien hanh: tU thang 8 - 12/2009. Ndi dung dieu tra ddi vdi khach du hch qudc te tap trung vao cac van de: mue dich chuyen di, hinh thOc td chOc du hch, nhflng khd khan gap phai khi tham gia loai hinh du hch homestay, an tOpng cua khach ve phd ed Ha Ndi, mong mudn thay ddi gi, ddng gdp y kien nham phat trien loai hinh du hch nay... Ndi dung.dieu tra ddi vdi ngodi dan phd cd tap trung vao cae van de: ed sd vat chat va dieu kien sinh sdng, thai dp ddi vdi du Ijch cdng ddng, lac ddng hai chieu cua du l|eh homestay, yeu td hap dah khach du hch, y kien ddng gdp nham phat trien loai hinh du hch nay... Dua tren nhflng ket qua thu nhan dupe, ed the dua ra nhOng danh gia sau.
* Ve thi trudng khach du iieh homestay phdcd Ha Ndi
Du l|ch homestay phdcd Ha Npi mdi dope hinh thanh trpng vai nam gain day, xuat phat 10 nhu cau eua khach du hch ba Id - nhflng ddi tOpng khach mudn tim hieu cupc sd'ng eua ngUdi dan phd ed ddng thdi liet kiem ehi phi eho chuyen di va mdt ty le nhd khach du hch theo nhdm nhd, dupc cae
cdng ty 10 hanh td chOc. Theo sd lieu thdng ke, lopng khach du hch qudc te den Ha Npi giai doan 2006 - 2009 khdng d'n dmh, nam 2008 va 2009 lupng khach qudc te giam sut do anh hudng cua cupc khung hoang lai chinh loan eau, lupng khach du hch qudc le du hch homestay phd co eung giam tUdng Ong. Ngay khach lOu tru binh quan d phdcd la 2 ngay, ehi tieu binh quan/ngay/khach la 50 USD, ehi bang 50% mOe ehi tieu binh quan/ngay/khach tham gia loai hinh du hch khac.
Khach du l|eh homestay phd cd ehu yeu la nam (84%) va phan Idn cd dd tudi 20 - 27, cd muc dich ehu yeu la tim hieu van hda, nep sd'ng eua ngUdi dan, Ijch sO cua khu phd cd va eua Ha Ndi (42,5%), khach'tham quan ngam eanh (36,8%), cdn lai la cac muc dich khac. Da phan den tu eae nude Chau Au (30%), Chau My (22%) va Chau A (25%). Trong dd, khach du hch Trung Qudc, My, Uc, Anh chiem ty le eao nha't. Sd lupng khach Chau Au vah gifl dupc sii d'n dmh trong thdi gian gan day.
Sd lupng khach den phd cd Ha Npi lan dau chiem tren 70%, sd khach qudc le quay trd lai kha thap, gan 30% (khach den lan thO 2: 16%; den lan thO 3: 4%; den tren 3 lan: 9,4%). Dieu dd cho thay du hch Ha Ndi ndi ehung va homestay phd ed ndi rieng va'h choa thuc su hap da'h, chua thu hut su quay trd lai cua khach qudc te. Mac du, sau nhflng chuyen du hch, ndi day vah de lai trong long mdi du khach nhflng an tOpng dac biet.
Khach qudc te biet den phd cd Ha Npi chu yeu qua ngudn thdng lin 10 ban be (29%), qua sach hodng dah du hch va qua tra cOu thdng tin 10 kiosk du l|ch (29%), qua tap ehi, bao, internet (25,8%).
Day la nhflng kenh quang eao hinh anh du l|eh eung nho eae san pha'm du hch Ha Npi hieu qua nhat hien nay.
* Ve cac san pham dich vu, du lich d phdcd Ha Ndi Theo ket qua khao sat, khach du hch homes- tay cung cd nhu cau ve eae d|ch vu cd ban va bo sung cho chuyen di. Tai phd cd, ngoai eung cap lou tru, an udng va sinh hoat cung nha chu, eae d|eh vu van chuyen, to van, dang ky tour, hudng da'h du hch... cung kha phong phO, da dang de phuc vu khach. Tuy nhien, vah chua du de dap Ong nhflng yeu eau cao cua du khach qudc te.
Khach du hch cdn dope dap Ong nhu cau ve tham quan tim hieu van hda truyen thdng, vui chdi
_KH0A HOC
So 36/2010 Thuang Mai 47
giai tri, tham quan cac lang nghe, tham quan phd ed bang xieh Id... phd cd Ha Ndi chOa dting nhflng gia trj van hda rat ed y nghTa. TO hch sO ra ddi den ca qua trinh tdn tai theo thdi gian, phd ed ludn gifl dope nhflng net van hda dde dao, truyen thdng hch sO lau ddi, eae cdng trinh kien true cd, sinh hoat van hda nghe thuat dan gian phong phu.
Tham quan van hda d phd cd Ha Ndi thu hut rat nhieu khach du hch, dae biet la khach qudc le den to cae node phat trien. NhOng net van hda dae sac d phd cd gdm: nghe thuat mua rdi, ea tru, le'hdi, a'm thue, tim hieu ngudn gde, van hda cua phdcd, tham quan kien trug ed, mua sam...
Khach du hch cdn dupc tham quan cac lang nghe truyen thdng 10 lau ddi nhu dan Iheu, my nghe, sdn mai, vang bac, thudc bac... Du hch chuyen de cung la mdt san pha'm eua phd cd. Sinh vien nudc ngoai thudng du hch chuyen de theo nhdm nhd de tim hieu ve van hda, hch sO, eua Ha Ndi xoa va nay.
Du l|ch bang phUdng tien xieh Id la hinh thOc du hch hap dah, hidi la d i e biet ddi vdi khach du hch qudc te. Bang phUdng lien nay, du khach vah cd the tham quan dupe loan bp phd cd ma lah lie!
kiem dupe thdi gian va sOc liic so vdi di bd.
* Ve cae ngudn lUe phat then du lich homestay phdcd Ha Ndi
Trodc het de cap den tai nguyen du hch. Phd cd Ha Npi dupe xep hang di tich hch sO qudc gia nam 2004^ tai nguyen phd ed ehu yeu la tai nguyen nhan van, phd ed la ndi lUu gifl nhflng gia trj van hda l|eh sO, nghe thuat kien trOe va phong each sdng, la bieu topng dae trong eho Thu dd Ha Ndi ngan nam van hien. 36 phd phUdng khdng ehi ddn thuan la khia canh van hda vat the nhu su danh gia ddn thuan ve eae cdng trinh kien true, dinh, ehua, mieu, phu... ma cdn la khia canh van hda phi vat the nhu ca dao, truyeh cd, lin ngUdng, tam linh... - dd mdi chinh la cai hdn cua phd ed.
van hoa phi vat the Ha Ndi la td'ng hda cac yeu Id giao luu, hdi nhap, dung hda, tiep bien, edi md, linh hoal de lao nen ban sac Thang Long - Ha Npi, mpt vung dat "hdi thuy, hdi nhan va hdi Ip van hda vd eung phong phu va da dang".
Khu phd ed Ha Npi cd dien lich kheang 100 ha vdi dan sd 84.600 ngudi nam tren dja ban 10 phudng thudc quan Hoan Kiem, la ndi cd mat dp dan sd eao nhat ea nude cung vOa la ndi ed hoat
ddng thUdng mai dieh ra sdi ddng va cdn luu gifl nhieu gia trj vat the, phi vat the. Tren d|a ban phd CO cd 901 di tich cd gia trj bao gdm 245 ngdi nha cd, 614 ngdi nha cu va 85 cdng trinh ton giao tin ngudng (gdm 54 ngdi dinh, 6 ehua, 22 den va 3 mieu). Phd cd Ha Npi cdn hap dah khach du hch bdi each IhOc td chOe budn ban tren mdi eon phd.
Mdi dodng phd la mot nganh nghe kinh doanh rieng, ten phd the hien mat hang chinh ma ngudi dan kinh doanh. Cae hd gia dinh tai phd cd cd dieu kien sdng kha khd khan (Ket qua khao sat dieu tra thuc tieh nam 2009) 85 - 90% cac hd gia dinh tai phd cd cd dien tich sdng dudi 40m2, cdn lai la 40 - 60m2. Hau nhU khdng cd gia dinh nap cd di$n lieh sdng tren 80m2.
Du hch homestay phu thupc kha Idn vao ngudi dan phd cd. Nhflng ngudi dan phd ed biet va nam rd hdn ai het ve hch sO hinh thanh noi day, ve van hda truyen thdng, phong lue tap quan, le'hdi, nghe thuat dan gian... eho nen, dO khdng phai la mpt hodng dah vien chuyen nghiep, hay khdng dupc dao tao ve nhflng kien IhOe van hda xa hdi ve phd cd nhOng ngudi dan d day vah lii lin kha'ng dmh vdi du khach ve sii hieu biet eua hp ddi vdi ndi ma hp sinh ra va Idn len. Du khach den phd ed deu dupe ddn tiep mpt each rat nhiet tinh.
Tuy nhien, kha nang giap tiep vdi ngUdi nUdc ngoai cua ngUdi dan d khu phd ed khdng eao, phan Idn mOc dp giao tiep chi la khdng thodng xuyen (58%) va it khi (30%), cdn lai d mOe dp thodng xuyen khdng tiep xOc va choa giao tiep bao gid. Qua dieu tra thay rang, nguyen nhan chu yeu khien ngudi dan d day it giao tiep la do han ehe ve trinh dp ngoai ngfl. Hdn the nfla, hien nay, ngodi dan d day vah choa thoe so nhan thOc dupc lam quan trpng eua viee lam du hch ddi vdi cupc sdng eua ngudi dan.
Ve viee cung cap cac djch vu luu tru cho khach nude ngoai, rat hiem gia dinh ddn tiep hp. 98% sd hd gia dinh trong khu vue phd ed khdng nhan khach luu tru tai nha. Tuy nhien, neu dupe yeu cau ve d|ch vu ndi tren, thi ed chua den 20% chu hp ddng y va nhiet tinh tham gia vao homestay Cac hd gia dinh khdng ddng y vdi ly do chu yeu la dien tieh dat chat hep, Ihidu lien nghi, ngai giao tiep...
day cung la van de ma nganh Du hch can phai quan tam va cd bien phap nang cao nhan IhOc ve du hch homestay cho ngodi dan.
KHOA HOC
48 Thuang Mai' So 36/2010
Tham gia cung Ong loai hinh du hch homestay lai phd cd Ha Ndi cdn can cd su tham gia cua cdng ty 10 hanh ddng vai trd gOi khach den nha dan. Tuy nhien, sii quan tam cua cac cdng ty 10 hanh Ha Ndi den phat trien san pha'm du hch nay rat md nhat. Sd lupng cac cdng ty 10 hanh gOi khach den nha dan rat il, cd the diem qua nhU cdng ty Handspan Adventure Travel, Cdng ly Trach nhi§m hflu han Viet Phap Service... vi vay chua cd nhOng dau hieu lich cue cho sU phat trien loai hinh du hch nay.
* Mat so ket qua dat dUdc
Du hch homestay phd cd Ha Npi trong thdi gian qua mdi chi d giai doan hinh thanh, ddi tupng khach chu yeu 10 khach du l|ch ba Id, lupng khach den rat han che, chiem khoang 2% lupng khach qudc le den Ha Ndi (20.000 - 30.000 khach/nam).
Vi vay, thu nhap tO khach du hch hpmestay la khdng dang ke. Cdng suat khai thac phdng chua den 70%, gia phdng tO 10 -15 USD/ngudi/dem.
Tuy nhien, ket qua budc dau dang ghi nhan la nhflng tac dpng tich cue ve mat van hda - xa hdi cua loai hinh du hch nay. Do muc dich cua khach du hch homestay la tham quan, tim hieu nen van hda nghe thuat va nep sdng nhan van eua phd cd vi vay thdng qua eae hoal dpng cua ngUdi dan phd cd da gdp phan quang ba hinh anh cua Thu dd Ha Npi ndi ehung va phd cd Ha Ndi ndi rieng.
Bang viec ddn tiep khach luu tru lai nha dan, cung sinh hoal trong mpt khdng gian chat hpp da gdp phan tang cudng giao luu hieu biet gifla cac dan tdc, gifla cac qudc gia tren the gidi. NhOng tac ddng "hudng dah" tieh ciic the hipn d viec ngUdi dan dupc md rpng sii hieu biet ve nhflng nen van hda khac, tiep can va hpc hdi d cac nen van minh khac, thay dd'i suy nghT, ldi sdng. NgUdi dan phd CO Ha Ndi dupe nang eao nhSn thOe ve du Ijch, hpc each lam du Ijch, tang vdn ngoai ngfl, 10 dd se coi du hch homestay la cd hdi tao vi$c lam va tang thu nhap cho minh.
Mac du vay, do lUdng khach du l|ch cdn thap nen nhflng tac ddng tren cua loai hinh homestay phd ed ehua the hien rd ret.
3. Mpt sdde xua't nham day manh khai thac du l|ch homestay tai phoco h-^ Npi trong thdi gian tdi Dua tren tinh hinh khai thac du Ijch homestay tai phdcd Ha Ndi trong thdi gian qua, chung tdi cd the dua ra mdt sd nhan dinh sau:
- Loai hinh du hch homestay la xu hudng du Ijch mdi d Vi#t Nam. Vdi xu hudng dd, homestay phd cd eung cd kha nang phat trien trong thdi gian gan nhat, phuc vu cho chien lupc da dang hda cac loai hinh du hch hudng den Dai le'ky ni$m 1000 nam Thang Long - Ha Ndi.
- Phd cd Ha Ndi cd nhieu dieu kifn, dae bi6t la cac ngudn liic van hda, con ngUdi... cd the phat trien loai hinh nay mdt each hiSu qua, cd sOc hap dah, thu hut nhieu khach du hch.
- Chi phf dau tu, xay dung cho du heh homes- tay la kha thap so vdi dau tu xay dung khach san.
Cd sd luu tru (nha dan) da cd san, ddi ngu nhan vien, hudng dah vien chinh la nhflng ngUdi dan d|a phUdng. Do dd, dd phat trien du l|ch homestay, khdng can qua nhieu vdn dau tU.
- Mdt trong nhQng muc dich du l|ch cua khach khi den phd cd la dope tim hieu ve Ijch sil, van hda, ve phong tuc tap quan, ve cac lang nghe, nghd thuat dan gian... du ijch homestay phd cd Ha Ndi hean loan cd the dap Ong dUdc nhflng mong dpi cua khach du ijch.
Tuy nhien, du ijch homestay phd cd cung tdn tai nhflng han ehe can khac phuc: sd lUqing cac chUdng trinh du hch homestay phd cd rat It, phan Idn eae cdng ty 10 hanh mdi chi lam nhi§m vu gOi khach xudng nha dan; chat lUdng cac d|ch vu phuc vu khach du Ijch cdn thap; cac dieu ki$n sinh hoat cua du khach vdi nha dan chua dam bao, dac bipt la dieu ki$n vp sinh; lupng khach tham gia loai hinh du hch nay rat (1, thu nhSp va vi^c lam cho ngudi dan phd cd cGng han che, sii ddng gdp ve kinh te - xa hdi khdng dang ke; hogt ddng du l|ch cdn Idn xdn, It/ phat, chua chuyen nghi§p. NhOng han che neu tren la do cac nguyen nhan sau:
- Loai hinh du heh homestay 6 phd Cd Ha Ndi chua dupc cac nganh, cac cap, cac doanh nghiep du hch va ngUdi dan phd co quan tam khai thac vi vay ket qua dat dUqic rat han che.
Sd Van hda - The thao va Du l|ch Ha Ndi va cac cdng ty du l|ch chUa cd sii phdi hdp chat che vdi ngudi dan phd cd de cung dua ra nhflng bi#n phap phat trien homestay.
- Quy hoach du Ijch tgi khu phd ed van chua rd rang. Nhieu thanh phan kinh te tham gia du Ijch tdn tai xen ke nhau nhUng thieu linh lien ket. Cac di lich hch sO, cae kien true cd... nam gifla nhflng ngdi nha da dupe sOa chOa hi$n dai. Hogt ddng thUPng mai,
So 36/2010
_KHOA HOC -^
Thuang Mai 49
QUAN TR! KINH DOANH
du hch gay xao Irdn d nhieu ndi... Ben canh dd, cac hoat ddng tai phd ed Ha Ndi cflng chua dupc quan ly, kiem soat va hudng dah phu hdp.
- Cac chinh sach eua eae sd, ban, nganh ed lien quan nham quan ly khai thac loai hinh du ijch homestay ehua phu hpp.
- CP sd luu tru la nha dan cd dien tieh hep, khdng ed du tien nghi, dieu kien vat chat can thiet de ddn tiep khach du heh. Viee sOa chfla, nang cap hay thay dd'i dien mao ngdi nha la van de rat phOe tap.
- Nhan thOc cua ngodi dan phd cd ve lam du l|ch, ve ddn tiep khach du l|eh homestay rat thap.
Trinh dd ve ngoai ngfl, giao tiep, sU hieu biet ve heh sO, van hda, xa hdi edn chua eao.
Vdi nhflng uu diem va han che eua du hch homestay tai phd cd Ha Ndi cho thay viec khai thac va phat trien loai hinh du Ijch nay can dupe coi la mdt san pha'm du hch dac sac cua Thu dd, to dd cac nganh, eae cap lien quan va ngudi dan phd ed can ed nhflng giai phap phu hdp de da'y manh phat trien loai hinh du l|ch nay, cu the:
- De xuat vdi Ban quan ly phd ed Ha Ndi Chu dpng ddng gdp y kien cho viec hoan thien va thue thi quy hoach quan Hoan Kiem, trong dd cd phd cd Ha Ndi. TO dd, cd Id trinh xay dOng quy hoach du hch chi tiet cho cae diem du hch phd ed mpt each phu hpp, tranh hien tUdng phat trien du heh mpt each tu phat, tuy lien, khdng dung hudng.
Xac dmh rd cac ngdi nha can bao tdn tuyet ddi, cac day phd dupe phep kinh doanh. Quan ly, kiem soat chat su thay dd'i kien true cae ngdi nha trong phd ed. Tao dieu kien cho eae gia dinh trong phd cd cai thien dieu kien sinh hoat, cai tao phdng nghi va khu ve sinh phO hpp vdi yeu eau cua khach du heh, dac biet la khach qudc te.
Thudng xuyen lu bd, tdn lao, gin gifl tai nguyen du Ijch phd ed. Mac du Luat Di san van hda, Phap lenh ve bao ve va sO dung di lieh heh sO, van hoa va danh lam thang eanh da dupe ban hanh, nhung hien lupng cac di tieh, danh thang xudng cap nghiem trpng, viec khai thac cae tai nguyen du hch ma khdng chu trpng tdi bao tdn qua van cdn phd bien.
Ban quan ly phd cd can nhan thOe rd vai trd ngodi dan la dac biet quan trpng, can lang nghe y kien eOa ngudi dan mdt each khach quan, dan ehu, cdng bang. Dau tu cho cdng tac tuyen truyen, giao due ve tai nguyen, mdi trudng du hch nham
khuyen khich du khach, cdng ddng dan cU, cac ed sd kinh doanh du lich... nang eao nhan thOe trong viee bao ve tai nguyen, mdi IrUdng du heh.
Quan ly mdi trudng trong khu phd ed, gifl gin an ninh trat tu, dam bao giao thdng di lai, gifl gin nep sdng van minh, van hda... ThUe hien thu phi khai thac tai nguyen ddi vdi cae ed sd kinh doanh tai phd cd ndi ehung va cd sd kinh doanh du hch ndi rieng de bd sung kinh phi nang cap, tu bd tai nguyen du hch.
- De xuat ddi vdi eae cdng ty Ifl hanh
Cd rat nhieu cd sd kinh doanh du hch tai khu vuc phd cd Ha Npi, song d gde dp khai thac loai hinh du hch homestay, bai viet mud'n de cap den su tham gia cua cae cdng ly Ifl hanh tren dja ban.
Cac cdng ty Ifl hanh gifl vai trd chu dao ket ndi gifla du khach vdi nha dan phd ed, gidi thieu vdi khach ve du l|eh homestay tai phd cd, to van va thuyet phue khach du hch tham gia loai hinh du l|eh nay. Vai trd nay phu thudc vao ddi ngu nhan vien marketing cua cac cdng ly Ifl hanh, vi vay cac cdng ty Ifl hanh can luyen truyen, xuc tien quang ba ve loai hinh du ijch homestay tai phd cd de khach du hch cd them lUa chpn khi den Ha Npi.
Cac cdng ly Ifl hanh eung can phdi hpp vdi Ban quan ly phd ed, cac nha hat, trung tam van hda nghe thuat... va cae hd gia dinh de xay dung, to ehOe thuc hien cac ehUdng trinh du heh homestay dae sac, hap dah. Cac chUdng trinh du heh home- stay phd cd bao gdm phan luu tru va sinh hoat vdi nha dan; cae hoat ddng tham quan, tim hieu kien true phd cd, thudng thOe van hda nghe thuat dan gian, mua sam, a'm thtic... se giup cho khach du heh cd nhieu so liia chpn hPn khi trong thdi gian gan day, khach du hch dang dan cam thay nham ehan vdi cac d|eh vu tai phd cd.
Cac cdng ly Ifl hanh khi gOi khach can cung cap trude eho ehu nha cae thdng tin ve khach nhu qudc Ijch, sd thich dac biet, diem khac biet trong phong tue tap quan... de ehu nha chu ddng hon trong ke hoach ddn tiep khach. Cac cdng Ifl hanh cung can tu van eho eae hd gia dinh ddn khach homestay ve bd tri, sap xep khdng gian ngdi nha, giao tiep vdi ngudi nude ngoai; phdi hpp cung vdi cae hd gia dinh du dieu kien de len cac ehUdng trinh ddn tiep khach du hch mpt each ehu dao, giOp khach hda nhap vdi cupc sdng cua nha chu va qua dd hieu biet nhieu hen cae phong tue tap KHOA HOC
50 Thuang Mai So 36/2010
quan eua ngudi dan p h d c d Ha Ndi.
- De xuat ddi vdi cac hp gia dinh tai phd cd De tham gia phat trien du Ijch homestay, cac chu hd nam trong dien du dieu kien ddn tiep can sap xep lai ngdi nha cua minh gpn gang va hdp ly, mang dam phong each cua ngUdi Viet ndi chung va mang phong each cua cac ngdi nha nam trong phd cd ndi rieng. Vdi khdng gian chat hep eua eae ngdi nha trong khu viic phd cd thi viec sap xep mdt khdng gian sdng cung nhu sinh hoat truyen thdng hpp ly la mpt dieu khdng he ddn gian ma can phai cd su hieu biet nhat dmh ve kien true phd cd.
Net van hda cua ngudi dan phd cd cdn dupe the hien qua nep sinh hoal truyen thdng cua ngudi Ha Ndi xua, vi vay can tai dung lai net van hda dd trong cac gia dinh thdng qua van hda ehao hdi, an udng, giao tiep, phong tuc tap quan...
Can nang eao trinh dd tieng Anh eua cac thanh vien trong gia dinh de giao tiep vdi du khach. Mdt giai phap dupc nhieu du khach va cac chu nha chap nhan la thue them cac hudng dah vien du Ijch khi cd khach den lUu tru homestay. Day chi la giai phap dupe chap nhan tam thdi, trong thdi gian dai se khdng hdp ly, bdi ngudi dan phd cd la nhflng ngodi hieu rd va cd the gidi thieu dupc het nhflng net dep trong van hda truyen thdng, nep sinh hoat eua hp ldi du khach. Khach du heh eung mong mudn dupe tiep xuc vdi eon ngudi ndi day de dupc hda minh vao mdt ddi sdng mdi la, nen su giao tiep gifla gia dinh va du khach can dupe chu trong nhieu hPn.
NgUdi dan phd cd can nang eao hieu biet cac gia trj van hda hch sO cua khu phd ed, y nghTa cua khdng gian sinh hoat truyen thdng trong gia dinh, y nghTa cua viee phat trien loai hinh du Ijch home- stay... to dd nang cao sii hieu biet, y IhOe bao ton cac gia tri van hda eua khu phd cd'. Ngudi dan phd cd cung can tu trau ddi hieu biet dac diem, tam ly cua cae ddi tupng khach, hpe each "chap nhan" du khach de eung Ong djch vu ldl nhat. Ca'n phdi hdp chat che vdi cae cdng ty 10 hanh va Ban quan ly khu phd ed de ed ke hoach cu the trong viec ddn tiep khach. Chu nha can dUa ra nhflng quy dmh cu the ddi vdi khach du l|eh nhu gid giac, nep sinh hoat, phong lue lap quan... de mdi quan he gifla nha chu va khach dupe thuan lpi hdn.
De khai thac tdt loai hinh du hch homestay tai
phd cd Ha Ndi khdng chi can cd sU tham gia cua cac hd gia dinh phd cd, eua Ban quan ly phd cd Ha Ndi, cua cac cd sd kinh doanh djCh vu du hch ma cdn ddi hdi sU giup sOc cua Uy ban Nhan dan Thanh phd Ha Npi, quan Hoan Kiem, Sd Van hda - The thao va Du hch Ha Npi, eae nganh cd lien quan... SU phdi hPp ddng bp eua cac nganh, cac cap trpng viee td chOe, quan ly khai thac loai hinh du hch homestay phdcd Ha Ndi mang lai hieu qua ve nhieu mat cho cdng ddng dan cu phd cd ma edn gdp phan thay dd'i dien mao khu phd cd ngay cang van minh, thanh hch xOng vdi Thanh phd 1000 n a m . *
Tai liSu tham khao:
1. Duy Vu, hiomestay - Xa hdi hda du Ijch. Bao Tai nguyen va Mdi trUdng, 2010.
2. www.dulichvn.org.vn, Du hch "homestay".
3. wvvw.vietravel247.com, Homestay - du hch' nha dan, di de trai nghigm.
Summary
Homestay is being viewed as a new tourism model, very attractive to visitors who want to have new life experience. This model has developed in many other countries as il has advantages of cre- ating jobs for local people lo improve their living standard as well as maintaining local cultural iden- tities. In Vietnam, more attention has been paid to the development of homestay service, but the number of service users is still poor, thus making a little contribution lo community development.
Partieulariy, it has not been exploited to its full use in Hanoi ancient quarter - a potential place to develop this tourism service. With the citys 1000th anniversary, its attractive and distinctive cultural values, Hanoi ancient quarter has enough condi- tions to develop homestay services if households have better awareness of their roles and respon- sibilities, if travel agencies have closer coopera- tion lo bring visitors lo the quarter, and particular- ly if the city, authority provide more effective sup- ports in maintaining and developing the quarters cultural values as well as create more favorable conditions for the local people to develop this tourism service.
86 36/2010
.KHOA HpC