LICH SU' THEO Dp

1P^ II T R L f d N G Q A I H D C T H i L B D H A N D I

QUAN D I E M CilA R.FORGATY VE TICH HpP VA CACH VAN DUNG DAY HOC TICH HpP N G C VAN - LICH SU' THEO Dp«I HlTdNG GIAO DUC P H 6 THONG MpI

Nguyen Thi Mai Anh Tru&ng Dgi hgc Thd do Ha Ngi

Tdm lal: Tren co sd nghiin cuu quan diim cua KForgaly vi tich hgp, li lugn cua vifc tich hgp tri thuc klioa hgc liin ngdnh van su. bdi viit tim cdch nhdn thdc vd md id Igi cdc phuang ihuc tich hgp, tuang quan ngi bg giita cdc phdn mdn Ngir vdn vdi cdc phdn ngdnh Irong khoa hgc ljch su nham gdp phdn vdo dinh hudng dgy hgc phdt Iriin ndng lyc cua ngudi hgc. viic xdy dung chuong Irinh ddo tgo Iheo chudn ddu ra cd lich hgp cdc ngi dung tri thirc liin mdn vd ndng cao chdt lugng ddo Igo gido viin phd Ihdng.

Tit khda: lich hgp, gido dye phd thdng mdi, mdn Ngir van, lien mdn, lu hgc ndi mgng Nhgn bdi ngdy 12 4.2020; giti phdn bi?n, chinh sua, duyit ddng ngdy 25.3.2020 Lien hi Idc gid: Nguyen Thi Mai Anh; Email: nlmanh@4aihocthudo.edu.vn

1. D A T VAN D ^

Tich hgp la tu tudng ndi bat nhdt ciia chucmg trinh vd sach gido khoa Ngii vdn hidn hdnh. chi phdi each xay dyng chuong frinh day hpc, chi dao ndi dung vd phuang phap day hpc NgiJ vdn. Hieu theo each chung nhdt, ti'ch hgp (integration) la phuang hudng phdi hpp {integrate - combination) mdt cdch tdt nhdt cdc qud frinh hpc tap ciia nhidu mdn hpc cung nhu cac phdn mdn nhu Vdn, Tidng Viet Lam vdn trong mdn Ngii vdn. Tir tu tudng tich hgp ciia chucmg trinh sach gido khoa (SGK) hidn hanh din day hpc phdt tridn ndng lyc vd phdm chdt theo djnh budng gido due phd thdng (GDPT) mdi la mdt bude tiin quan frpng, tich hgp d miic dp cao ban. Bdi vidt nghien ctiu quan diem ciia R.Forgaty vd tieh hgp va each van dyng day hgc tieh hgp Ngii vdn -Lich sii theo dinh hudng GDPT mdi.

2. N O I D U N G

2.1. Tir tuong tich hgp trong day hpc hien dai

Tich hgp Id tu tudng. Id nguydn tdc, la quan didm hidn dai trong giao dye. Hidu dung vd ldm idt qud frinh lich hgp se dem Iai nhihig hidu qua ey thd ddi vdi phan mdn frong mdt the thdng nhat ciia mdn hpc. Tu tudng tich hgp bat ngudn tir co sd khoa hpe vd ddi sdng.

Trudc bet, phai thdy rdng cupc sdng Id mdt dai bd phdn bach khoa loan thu ciia fri thiic.

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kinh nghidm va phuong phap. Mpt tinh hudng xay ra trong ddi sdng bao gid ciing la nhiing tinh hudng tieh hgp. Khdng thd giai quydt mgt vdn dd, mdt nhidm vy nao trong mdt tinh huong nhdn thiic li luan va van dung thyc tien ma Iai khdng sii dyng thao tac tdng hgp, ph6i hgp kien thiic, kT ndng, kinh nghidm da nganh ciia nhidu ITnh vyc khac nhau. Ticb bgp frong nhd trudng sd giup hgc sinh hpc tap thdng minh, van dyng sdng tao kidn thiic. kT ndng va phuong phdp khdi lugng fri thiic toan dien va hgp li.

Thdi dai thdng tin vd kinh td fri tinic dang bidn ddi bg mdt xa hdi mdt each nhanh chdng, chiing ta chua the kham pha hit nhiing kdt qua tdt dep cung nhu ludng trudc dupc nhihig di hai ciia nd. Vi the ndn giao dye edc nude frdn thd gidi dang phdi cd gdng tim mdt eon dudng de lya chgn kien tinic that co bdn, bdn vung va phucmg phap van dyng kien thlic dy mgt each thidt thuc, cap nhdt va kinh td nhat. Moi ngay frdn thd gidi cd tdi hai nghin cudn sdch duge xudt ban khidn cho nhOng didu chiing ta cdn hpc, cdn Idm (to do learn, lo do list) ngay cang nhidu. Dieu ay dii thay, khdng thd giang day va hpc tap nhu cii theo chuong frinh va sdch gido khoa gdm qua nhidu mdn hpc rieng re, bidt lap vdi nhau.

Tich hpp Id quan didm hda nliap, duge hinh thanh tir sy "nhdt thd hda" nhimg kT ndng, mpt sy quy tu tdi da tdi ca cac dac frung chung va mdt chinh the duy nhdt. Khoa hpc hidn nay coi trpng tinh tuong thich bo sung Ian nbau dd Um kiem nhihig didm tidp xiic ed thd ch^p nhdn dugc giifa eac mdn hpc. Vdy day hpe tich hop la mdt quan didm day hgc nhdm hinh thanh d hge sinh nhung ndng luc gidi quydt hieu qud cac tinh hudng thyc tidn dya trdn sy huy ddng ndi dung, kidn thiic, kT nang thudc nhieu ITnh vyc khdc nhau.

Cdch thlic tieh hgp: Thuc hien vide lich hgp phdi vugt qua ndi dung true tidp mang ddc didm rieng ciia timg phan mdn de cd tri thiic, kT ndng va phuong phap mdi tir sy hda nhdp nhiing npi dung trung gian (yiu id ddng guy) nham gidi quyet cac tinh hudng day hpc ey thi. Trong sy phdt fridn cua gido dye hidn dai, tich hgp Id mdt nguydn tdc vd cd thd xem Id phuong phdp luan chi dao vide hda nhap tdi uu cdc qua frinh su pham. qud frmh nhdn thirc vd qud frinh tiip nhan tir cac phdn mdn theo nhiing hinh thiie, cdp dp khdng hodn toan gi6ng nhau di dat hidu qua day hpe. Myc dich bao quat cua nguydn tdc tich hgp frong chuong trinh vd SGK Ngii vdn trung hgc co sd (THCS) la tim tdi didu kien, phuang phdp day hgc kha thi, co sd li ludn tich hgp cimg md hinh. each thiic tich hpp dd hinh thanh va phdt fridn ndng lyc doe hidu, kT ndng tidp can, phdn tich, cdt nghia, binh gid van ban kit hgp nang cao bdn kT nang dpc, vidt, ndi. nghe frong van hda giao tiep cho hpc sinh (HS)

Theo Tir diin Giao due hpc: "Day hpc tieh hgp Id hanh ddng lidn kdt cac doi tugng nghidn ctiu, giang day, hgc tdp cua cimg mdt ITnh vyc hodc vai ITnh vyc khdc nhau trong ciing mdt kd hoaeh day hgc".

* Tich hgp cdc bd mdn: Qua frinh xich gdn vd lien kit cac nganh khoa hgc Iai vdi nhau trdn CO sd cQa nhiing nhan td, nhung quy luat gidng nhau, chung cho cdc mdn bpc, ngupc lai vdi qua frinh phdn hda chiing.

* Tich hc^D dpc: Kiiu tich hgp fren co sd lidn kit hai hodc nhieu mdn hpe thude cimg mgt ITnh vyc hodc mdt sd Hnh vyc gdn nhau.

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* Tich hgp ngang: Kidu tich hgp frdn co sd Hen kit edc doi tugng hgc tip, nghidn ciiu thudc cac ITnh vuc khoa hpc khac nhau.

* Tich hgp chuong frinh: Tidn hanh lien kdt hgp nhat npi dung cac mdn hgc cd ngu6n tri tinic khoa hpe va cd nhiing quy luat chung gan giii nhau.

* Tich hgp kien thiie: Hanh ddng Hen ket, ndi lidn cac tri thiic khoa hge khae nhau thanh mpt tap hgp kidn thiic thdng nhat.

* Tich hgp kT nang: Hdnh ddng Hdn kdt ren luydn hai hoac nhidu kT ndng thudc cdng mpt liiih vye hodc vai ITnh vyc gdn nhau dd ndm viing mdt thd,

Day hpc tich hgp theo nghTa hep la vide dua nhiing van de ve ngi dung ciia nhidu mdn hpe vao mpt gido trinh duy nhdt frong dd nhiing khdi niem khoa hpe duge dd cap den theo mdt tinh thdn va phuong phap thdng nhat.

Cd the tich hgp hodn todn hodc mdt phan eiia eac mdn khoa hpc xd h^i: Ngii vdn - Lich sii - Gido due cdng dan; ede mdn khoa hgc ty nhien nhu Vdt Ii - Hda hpc, Hda hpc - Sinh hge. Vat li - Sinh hge, Dia chat - Dja li.

- Trong tich hgp hoan loan cung nhu mgt phan lai cd cdc cdch :

* Lien mdn: Cd su phdi hgp chdt che ve ngi dung phuang phap, ki hoach bdi gidng ciia cdc mdn hgc lieh hgp, tuy nhidn mdi mdn vdn ddt trong mdt phdn rieng hodc mpt chuong ridng. Day la hinh thiic thap ciia tieh hgp - tich hgp lidn mdn.

* Td hgp: Trong each nay thi ndi dung cae mdn hpc tich hgp duge hda vdo nhau hodn todn. Tuy nhidn da dam bao phdn ndo tinh he thdng ciia moi mdn, van cd nhihig bdi hodc ndi dung ndng vd mdn nay, nhihig bdi khdc nang vd mdn kia; bdn canh dd cd nhiing bdi cd tinh chat bdc eau giira edc mdn vdi nhau, ddy Id hmh thiic tich hgp d miic do cao ban. Ta ggi dd Id sy td hpp cdc mdn hpc khoa hpc.

* Tieh hgp: Tich hgp d mire cao nhdt ndi dung ciia cae mdn hgc ridng rd duge hda vao nhau hodn loan vd dupc frinh bdy thdnh nhimg bdi hodc nhiing chit dd.

- Khdi niem day hpc tich hpp cdn bao gdm cd vide day hge tich hpp cac khoa hgc vdi cdng nghd hpc. Djnh nghTa ndy nhdn manh sy phu thupc, ho trg Ian nhau, giiia hidu biit khdi nidm va nguydn li khoa hgc vdi ling dyng thye tien. Cd nhidu each dinh nghTa khdc nhau vd tich hgp, nhung chiing lai thdng nhat, bidn chiing vdi nhau d tu tudng ehinh la thuc hien mdt myc tieu "kep" frong day hpc (mdt la myc tieu day hge thdng thudng ciia mdt bdi hpc. hai la muc tieu tich hpp frong ndi dung bdi hpc dd).

Cdc nhd giao dye da khang djnh rdng: Ddn nay khdng cdn la liic bdn den vdn dd can hay khdng ma chdc chdn la can phai day hgc tich hpp. Day cung Id y kidn kdt ludn ciia hOi ddng lien Qudc gia vd giang day khoa hpc vdi sy bao trg cua UNESCO td chire tai Varna (Bungari): "Hdi nghi tieh hgp vide gidng day cdc khoa hgc" (thang 9/1968).

Day hgc cdc mdn hpc. cdn day hpc sinh each Um tdi sdng tao, cdch van dyng kidn thirc vao cac Unh hudng khdc nhau. Tire la, day eho hpe smh hidu cdch sii dyng kidn tinic vd kl

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ndng ciia minh dd gidi quydt nhiing tinh hudng cy thd ed y nghTa, nhdm mye dicb hinh thanh, phdt tridn ndng lyc ciia ngudi hpc. Ddng tiidi chu y xde lap mdi Hen he giO^ cdc kidn thlic, kl ndng khac nhau eiia mdn hgc nay vdi cdc mdn hge hay phdn mdn khac nhau dd ddm bao cho hgc sinh khd ndng huy ddng cd hidu qua nhimg kidn thiic va nang lyc ciia minh vao giai quydt cac tinh hudng tieh bgp. Do vdy ndi ddn day hpc tich hgp vdi vide hinh thanh. phdt fridn ndng lyc ngudi hgc ddng nghTa vdi vide ngudi hpc Id trung tam eiia boat ddng hpe tap theo hudng tich hgp.

Khi ndi den day hgc tich hgp, can hidu ro cac dang tich hgp frong chuong trinh hgc.

Cd the tdn tai nhieu quan diem khdc nhau ve tich hgp, nhidu each frinh bdy khac nhau vd tieh hgp, tuy nhien qua nghien ciiu, quan diem ciia Forgaty vd tich hgp khd ro rdng.

2.2. Quan didm tich hpp ciia R^Forgaty (1991)

Trong khi Xavier Roegiers khdng dinh: Khoa su pham tich hgp nhdm bdn mye tidu:

ldm eho cdc qud frinh hpc tdp cd y nghTa; phdn bidt cdi cdt yeu vdi cai it quan frpng hon;

day sir dung kien thiic trong Unh hudng; lap mdi lidn he giiia cdc khdi nidm dd hpc [1];

ddng thdi dd xu^t cdc mire dp tich hpp:

- Tich hgp trong npi bp mdn hpc: tim kidm sy kdt ndi giiia cdc ndi dung, chti dd;

- Tich hpp da mdn: Mdt chii de cd the xem xet trong nhieu mdn hpc khdc nhau;

- Tieh hgp Hdn mdn: Phoi hgp su ddng gdp cua nhidu mdn hpc dd nghien ciiu va gidi quyit m^t Unh hu6ng;

- Tich hgp xuyen mdn: Tim d cdch phat tridn d hpc sinh nhung ky nang xuydn mdn cd tinh chat chung vd dp dung dupc mgi noi;

Quan didm tich hgp ciia Robin Forgaty nam 1991, giiip giao vidn hieu han vd cdc phuong phdp va mirc do tich hop [2]. 6 n g dd xudng 10 hmh thiic tich bgp, ehia thdnh 3 dang nhu sau:

Dgng 1: Trong khuon kho cdc mon hgc rieng re

Chia thdnh cdc mdn hge {Fragmented): Phuang phdp chia nhd thanh cdc mdn hpc Id each truydn thdng thidt ki chucmg frmh gidng day, tdch chu dd va cae khda hpc thanh cdc nganh ridng biet. Cdc khda hgc duge chia ra tiianh edc ITnh vye hpc tap truydn thdng nhu:

todn hpe, khoa hgc, nhan vdn, nghidn ciiu xd hdi,... moi ITnh vuc Iai xac dinh khda hpc ddc lap. Mdc dii bi ehia nhd tiianh mdn, phdn mdn tiieo phuang phdp nay. nhung tich hop cd thi bdt dau bdng lidt kd va sdp xip cdc chii dd, ndi dung va kT ndng de cd tiie td chiic chuong trinh theo he thdng thii ty uu tidn vdi mdi ehii de do.

Kit noi (Connected): Phucmg phdp kit ndi tap trung vao cdc chi tiet, chii de nhd (phdn mdn) va mdi lidn kit trong ndi bd mdt mdn hpc. Dd Id tap trung vao vide tao ra cac kdt ndi.

Dd la mpt hinh thiic dan gidn eua tich hgp. Theo phuang phdp nay thi didu quan frpng la cdc npi dung vd tich hgp phdi lidn quan tryc tidp den y tudng xuydn (hay mach kien thiic frong mdn hpc). Gido vidn (GV) giiip HS tao ra cdc kit ndi nhd lidn ket mdt each ro rdng giita cac chii dd mdn hpc. kT ndng vd kidn thiic (khdi nidm).

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Ticb hgp long nhau (Nested) duge tao ra nhd Igi thi la sy kit hgp ty nhidn. Tich hgp dugc thyc hidn bdng each tudng minh eac kit ndi hay tao ra sy kit hgp. Didu ndy cd thi duge thyc bien frong tiing bai hpe frong be thdng ddng tam md rdng ddn qua nhihig bai hpc ddng tdm thd hidn duge ea he thdng chuong trinh vd he thdng ndi dung. Nhin ehung day ehinh la dang ma hidn nay edu tnic chuong trinh hidn hdnh dang thd hidn.

Dgng 2: Ticb bgp xnyen mon

Md hinh chudi tidp ndi {SequencedModel): Vdi md hinh nay thi ehii de vd cdc bai hpc dugc day dgc lap nhtmg chiing dugc bd fri va sdp xdp theo frinh tu dd cung cdp mOt khung cho nhimg ndi dung cd Hen quan. Cae GV sap xdp cac chu dd sao eho cac bdi hpc cd nOi dung tuong tu an khdp vdi nhau.

Chia se (Share): Md hinh chia sd ghep ndi dung thudc hai ngdnh ridng bidt Iai vdi nhau dya frdn mdt tidu didm (frpng ldm). Theo each Uep can nay vd tich hgp thi cae GV ciia hai mdn hpc can phdi tieh hgp, ldn chuong frinh kd hoach day. Khi dd cdc GV (thdnh vidn frong ddi tdc Hdn mdn) cd thd xuyen mdn nghidn ciiu lap k i hoach cdc bdi hgc dya trdn frpng tam eiia edc chii dd khdi nidm vd kT ndng chung. Luu y khi ldm vide cdc GV trdnh trung ldp ndi dung.

Noi mang {Webbed): Chucmg frinh gidng day ndi mang thudng sii dung cdch tiep can theo chu 6e tich hgp cac sy kidn. Day hge vdi long ghep sir dyng tidt kidm vd hidu qud ndng lupng bdo vd mdi trudng,...

Cdch tidp cdn ludng {T/ireaded): Cdch tidp can ludng dd tich hgp la mdt phuong phdp tiip can chucmg frinh, nhd dd nhung y tudng ldn dugc md rdng. Phuang phdp ndy cho phdp sdu chudi cdc kT nang tu duy, kT ndng xa hdi, kT nang nghien ciiu, cdc td chiic do hpa cdng nghd, da fri tud, dd cung Id cdch tidp can vd tu duy xuydn sudt tdt ca cdc mdn hpc.

Cdc tidp can nay dua ngudi dpc din mdt cdp dp tdng hgp. Khi dd, GV kit hpp vdo cdc chidn lupc gidng day nhu tim kiem va ty phan anh.

Tich hgp {Imegraied): Trong phuang phap tich hgp, cac chu dd lidn mdn duge bd tri xung quanh khdi niem vd cdc phdn ndi frdi cd mdt d mdi mdn do. Ddy la mdt kit qud ciia sy thay ddi Hen quan ddn y tudng chung tdch ra khdi ndi dung mdn hpc. Mdt qua trinh quan trpng la cac GV lam vide cimg nhau dd tim dupc cdc chii dd chung do.

Dgng 3: Bdng va thdng qua viec hpc

Nhiing chim, ddm minh (Immersed): Phuong phap nay tap trung het vdo tit ea cdc npi dung chuong trinh gidng day dua fren sy quan tam va y kien ciia gidi chuydn mdn. Vdi phuong phdp nay, tich hpp dugc didn ra ben frong ngudi hpe, cdn sy can thiep ben ngodi it hodc khdng cd.

Ndi mang (Nehvorked): Phuong phdp ndi mang tao ra nhidu kich lhudc va hudng frpng diem, cung gidng nhu ddng ndo, nd cung cap nhidu y tudng va cdch thiic phat hidn.

Phuong phdp nay cbo rdng ngudi hpc bidt vd chii 6e cua hp vd ed thd ty dinh hudng vao frgng tam dua fren ngudn diJ lieu cdn thidt ed cd frong cdc mdn hgc vd xuyen cac mdn hpc.

TAP CHf KHOA HDC - SO BB/ZDZD [| 1D9

Trong 3 dang ndy, chiing tdi nhdn manh ddn dang 2 vd dd cap ddn day bpc tich hop Ngii vdn - Licb sii theo hudng tich hgp Hdn mdn.

2.3. Van dung quan diem cua R.Forgaty ve tich hgp vao day hpc Ngtr van - Ljch sir tbeo dinh binhig gido due phd thdng mdi

2.3.1. Dgy hgc tich hgp phdi ddm bdo nhirng yeu cdu chung cOa dgy hgc - Bdm sat chudn kien thiic, kT ndng can dat d moi bdi hgc cy the

Chudn kien thiic, kT ndng cua mdn hge la cac ydu cdu ca ban, tdi thidu vd kjdn thiic, kT ndng ciia mdn hpc ma HS cdn phdi va ed thd dat duge sau mdi don vj kidn thiic (moi bai, chO dd, chu didm, md dun). Chudn kien thiic, kT nang mdn hpc se dugc ey thd hod frong muc tidu cua timg bai hpc, gid hpc. Mdt frong nhiing co sd quan frpng ciia qud frinh day hpe la bam sdt mye tidu ciia mdn hgc, tir dd xdc djnh ndng luc can dugc hinh thdnh vd phdt tridn d ngudi hge.

- Phdi tudn theo mpt tidn frinh day hpc hgp ly, vdi cdc bude sau:

+ Bu&c 1: HS dpc ngii lieu, tun hieu, phdn tich ngir Hdu theo he thdng cdu hdi hay ydu ck\x frong SGK.

+ Bu&c 2: Gido vidn dan ddt de HS dan ddn hinh thdnh kidn thtic va kT ndng + Bu&c 3: Luydn tap thyc bdnh dd cimg cd, md rpng kidn thiic va kT nang. Bai luydn tap thudng sii dyng edc ngfr lieu klidc, da dang ban ngii lieu ban dau, hodc dat ra nhimg ydu cdu luydn tap phong phii hon. Vdi loai bdi luydn tap, GV can ggi dan de HS nhd lai cae kiin thiie, kT ndng da dugc hpc d cac bai trude, ddng thdi ndng cao thdm mdt bude nhan thiic va ndng lyc sir dung.

- Day hpc tich hgp dap ung dugc yeu cdu thyc tidn

2.3.2. Lua chgn npi dung tich hop phdi hgp ly, tu nhiin, trdnh guffng ep

- Npi dung tich hgp cua ba phdn frong mdn NgiJ vdn (Van hgc,Tidng Viet, Lam vdn) la rk phong phii, cd tiii tich hop frong timg thdi didm (mot tiit bpc, mdt bai bpc). Ddi vdi nhihig kiin tinic cu, GV ggi md, so sdnh. ddi chidu vdi kiin thiic mdi, giiip HS van dyng cdi dd bidt dd xir li cai ehua biet, qua dd, khoi ggi tinh thdn khdm pha, ham hoc hdi ciia HS.

- Sau khi chgn dupc don vj kiin thiic cd thi tich hpp d bai bpc. tidt hpc cu thd GV chpn pham vi va miic dd tieh hpp thich hop. Chuong trinh Ngir vdn mdi ydu cdu tich hgp cao hem chuong frinh hidn hdnh:

+ Ydu cau tich hgp khdng chi d kiin thiie ma cdn d ky ndng thyc hanh, van dung tiidng qua 4 ky ndng giao tiep: nghe, ndi, dgc, vidt.

+ Tich hgp cao giita dpc vd viet: Bd tri, sap xep cdc Ioai van ban mdt cdch tucmg thich, phii hgp giita dgc - hidu theo the loai van hpc va vidt edc kidu van ban thdng dung tao didu kidn tdng cudng tinh tich hgp. Cu the phdn dpc - hidu, day cae tiid Ioai nhu fruyen, tidu thuyit, tho. kich. hdi k\'. biit ky, friy but, tan van,... thi phdn viit cung ed yen eau tao lap

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eac kieu van ban mang tinh vdn hpc nhu tap lam tho, viit truydn (vdn kd chuydn va mieu td), chuydn thd kich ban, vidt nhat ky, tan van, ghi chep,...

+ Ydu cdu tich bgp eac tri thiic va ky ndng lien mdn, Hdn ngdnh. Hen linh vyc, nhiing vdn de mang tinh tfadi sy. cd tdm quan frgng va y nghia mang tinh ddn tOc va toan cdu.

Chuong trinh Ngu: vdn mdi ydu cdu tich hgp khdng chi d ngi dung day vd hpc md cdn tich hgp frong ca phuang phdp, cdch tinic day hgc va kidm fra, danh gia: frong day dgc cd ydu cau vidt; frong day viet gdn vdi kit qua day dgc; day ndi va nghe cimg ed eho day dgc vd vid,t... Cudi ciing kiem tra ddnh gid cung can ehii y yeu cau tich hgp: kidm tra kdt qua dpc thdng qua viet bai vd ngugc Iai thdng qua viet ma kiem fra ndng lyc dgc - hidu; cung thdng qua kiem fra ma ddnh gid duge kidn thiie ve tidng Vidt, vdn hpc, vdn hda; khd ndng v$n dyng, thye hanh eiia ngudi hge.

Van dyng Iy thuyet tich hgp ciia R.Forgaty, ehung tdi dua ra dinh hudng tich hpp trong day hgc NgQ- vdn - Lich su nhu sau:

Dgng J: Trong khuon khd cac mdn bpc rieng re

Xay dyng edc bdi bpc ticb hgp theo chii dd ndi mdn, vi dy trong mdn Ngit vdn sd cd cdc cbii dd sau phii hgp vdi chuong frinh hgc ciia timg cdp Idp nhu: Vdn hda - vdn hge ddn gian, Truydn trung dai. Tho trii tinh sau 1975, tiia hi tuydt, tiio Ndm Dudng luat, Truypn ngdn hidn thyc phe phdn 1930 - 1945, Truydn hien dai Vi^t Nam, Tho lyc bat Vipt Nam, Vdn bdn thuydt minh, Vdn bdn thdng tin, Vdn ehinh ludn trung dai, Vdn chinh ludn xd hpi, Cdm thy vdn hpc qua viec phdn lich ngdn tir nghd thuat,...

Trong mdn Ljch sii se xdy dyng dugc nhidu chii dd nhu: Cudc song con ngudi thdi ki dd dd - dd ddng, Cdc fridu dai phong kidn Viet Nam, Vdn hda thdi Ly - Trdn, Quoc gia Dai Viet, Lich sir cae cudc khang chidn chdng giac ngoai xdm, Lich sii cac ndn vdn minh trdn thi gidi,...

Dgng 2: Tich hgp xuyen mdn

Td ehiie cdc tidt hpc ti'ch hgp xuydn mdn NgQ: vdn - Lich sii frong cac bdi hpc Luy^n ndi, Luyen viet vdn bdn thdng tin. Chucmg trinh dia phuang, Ngoai khda chuydn mdn, Vdn hda ljch sir - vdn hpc thdi Ly Tran, Ljch su va vdn hpc chdng Phdp, Ljch su va van hpc thdi chdng My. Nhiing vdn de thdi dai frong mdn khoa hpc xa hdi. Hon nira, ndu vdn dyng day hpc Ngit vdn theo cdc md hinh mdi vdi cdc chien thudt dgc hidu - vdn ban ndi ehung nhu Vdng trdn thdo luan vdn chuong, Hpi thao dpc, CLB Dgc sach, Day hpc dua frdn su phan hdi eiia ngudi dgc.... thi co hdi eho tich hgp xuydn mdn dupc md rdng.

Dgng 3: Bang va thdng qua viec hoc

Vdi vide tich hgp dupe didn ra bdn frong ngudi hgc, gan nhu khdng cd sy ean thiep bdn ngoai. hidu ling dem lai tir tieh hgp qua that tuyet vdi. Mdt tae phdm van hpc ra ddi ed Hch sii sinh thanh ciia nd. ed sinh mdnh ridng eiia nd, md d dd khdng thd thidu ddu vdt cua ljch sii. Song song vdi cac sy kidn lich sir, cd bidt bao nhung tdc pham nghd thuat dd ddi, lay ngudn cam hiing tir nhirng cdu chuyen cd that, tir nguyen mau. Va cam hiing lich su

T A P C H I K H O A H D C - B O 3 B / Z O Z D [| 111

ludn la mpt ngudn cdm biing dem lai cho kho tang vdn hpc nhung tac pham IdiL tae phdm vT dai cua mgt thdi ma ddnh eho mpi thdi, nhu 6 tac phdm bdt bupc phai cd mat trong SGK chuong trinh phd tbdng mdi: Nam qudc scm ha, Hich tudng sT, Binh Ngd dai cdo, Truydn Kidu, Vdn td nghTa sT Cdn Giupc, Tuydn ngdn ddc lap. Phuong phdp noi mang tao ra nhidu kich thudc va hudng frpng didm, cung gidng nhu ddng nao, nd cung cap nhidu y tudng va each thlic phat hien. Nd tao ndn mpt thdi quen tu duy, huy ddng tri thiic ndn, ngudi hgc bidt kidn tao tri thiie mdi, dya fren nhimg gi thu thdp dugc tir sy doe, su hpc.

Xu hudng tich hgp nay rat de nhdn thdy qua cac bdi hgc frong he thdng SGK ciia MJ, Ue. Chdng han, frong SGK mdn Dgc hidu Nghd thuat ngdn ngir ciia My (A reading/Language Arts Program) [7], ngudi bien soan xay dyng cbii de tich hgp nhu sau:

- Khd nhidu vdn bdn thdng tin trong SGK, cae vdn ban hpc ve lich sii, dja ly, vdn hda, vdn hpc. Npi dung vdn ban thidn ve gidi quyet nhiing van de cua cupc sdng, mang hoi thd ciia cudc s6ng hidn tai, nhiing vdn dd dua ra cdn dugc giai quydt, nhiing thdng tin ddy siic chiia, ddy sy ggi md va sang tao.

- Tich hgp nhidu kt ndng trong mdt don vi bai hpc, xen ke nhidu bai dgc van Id bai hpc luyfn viit, moi bai ed nhChig hoat ddng dugc thidt ke phii hgp vdi ndi dung bai;

- Phidu hpc tdp (md hinh phidu) dugc thidt k i ngay frong SGK;

- Day kT ndng viet rat thii vj, hudng dan cdc kT nang vidt (Writer's Checklist, Focus, Organization, Support, Conventions);

Chdng ban mpt bai hpc cy thd vdi chu dd tich hgp: "Adapting to Survive" (Su thich nghi de tdn tgi) bao gdm 4 bai hpe:

- "Sy sdng d Alaska" (^'Living in Alaska"), tdc gid: Marsha Adams - "Dao choi fren sa mac" ("^ walk in the DeserC). Tac gid Rebecca L.Johnson - Thi tiia Cinquains dugc viit bdi Polly Perterson (5 ddng, mdi ddng theo thir tu Id 2- 4-6-8-2 am tiit) gidi thidu chiim viit vd chu de lodi vdt (dd so sdnh vdi cac lodi vat d sa mac frong myc Ket ndi vd so sanh {Connect and Compare)

- Viit vd mOt lodi ddng vat [7]

Hoat dOng dpc vdn se bdt ddu tir mdt vdn ban vd dja ly, sinh hpe. ljch sii; tiep den la tim hiiu mdt truyen ngdn; sau dd Id dpc chiim tho vd ddng vat (con ich xanh. con thien nga trdng, con rdn luc); sau do la boat ddng vidt vdn vdi cdc hudng ddn ey thd, ti mi dd ren cdc kT ndng vidt. Tir cdc bai bpc tich hgp nay, HS thue sy dugc phdt fridn kT ndng dgc - hieu, kT ndng giao tiip, kT ndng xa hdi; phdt trien nang lue dpc - hidu, nang lyc nghd thuat, ndng lyc tu duy, ren dc tu duy phd phdn, ndng lyc ty hgc, sang tao.

Vide day hpc mdn Ngir van theo hudng tich hgp cdc mdn khoa hpe xa hdi nhu thd can dugc sdm thuc hidn frong chuong frinh phd thdng mdi. Ddy la y tudng ma chiing tdi se de cap den frong mdt bdi vidt khdc, cd tinh thyc Uen eao han, khi bd SGK Ngir van mdi chinh thlic dugc lua chpn va ban hanh.

112 II T R U D I N G BAI HOC T H O B D H A N D I

Ndu chiing ta vi moi mdn hpc la mpt canh ciia, thi sy ty hpc gidng nhu vide tim each md mdt cdnh ciia, md duge eanh eua tri tinic nay se dan ta din nhOng cdnh cira tri tiiirc khac, tri thirc va nhimg kT nang xa hdi se hda quydn dan din sy thay ddi bdn trong cbu the hpc tap, theo quy luat lugng ddi ddn ddn chat sd ddi. Ddy chinh la ban chat ciia tieh hgp trong day hpc.

3 . K E T L U A N

Bai viet chia se, luan giai, each van dung quan didm eiia R.Forgaty vd tich hgp vdo day hpc Ngii" vdn - Lich sii theo djnh hudng giao dye phd thdng mdi; Tom lirgc y nghia cua viec day hgc tich hop, eac dang tich hgp khac nhau, va da dang hoa, khong don gian hoa viee tich hgp de co the phat huy dirge nang luc eiia ngucri hgc. Ngudi viit mong mudn dira ra duge nhirng d i n giai ciing nhu nhimg y tuong day hge tieh hgp hai mon khoa hgc xa hgi ed diem xuat phat rat gan nhau la Ngir van va Lich sir.

T A I L I E U T H A M K H A O

1. Xavier Roegiers (1996), Khoa su phgm lich hgp hay Idm thi ndo de phdt triin cdc ndng lyc a nhd trudng, Nxb. Giao due. Ha Npi,

2. Fogarty (1991), Ten ways to integrate curriculum. Educational Leadership. 49(2), pp61-65.

3. Bp GD&DT( 2010^, Ddnh gid chuong Irinh gido dye hien hdnh - Hudng tdi phdt Iriin ben vinig. Tdi Uiu lap hudn.

4. Bp GD&DT (2014), Day hpc tich hop d trucmg THCS, THPT (diing cho CBQL, GV THCS. THPT). CT DBCLGD frudng hpc, Nxb. Dai hpc Su pham. Ha Npi.

5- Dd Ngpc Thong (2011), Chuang Irinh Ngii vdn trong nhd trudng phd thdng Vi^t Nam, Nxb. Giao dye Viel Nam.

INTERGRATION FROM R.FORGATY'S STANDPOINT AND HOW IT IS USED TO INTEGRATE LITERATURE AND HISTORY

IN TEACHING PROCESS: A NEW ORIENTATION OF GENERAL EDUCATION

Abstract: On the basis of studying the view of Forgaty on the integration, theoretician of integration of interdisciplinary scientific knowledge, the article aims to perceive and re- describe integration meihods, con-elation berween Ihe Literature sub-disciplines with the sub-disciplines in historical science to contribute to the orientation of developing the competence of learners, the development of the training program under standard oulpurnilh the integration of interdisciplinary knowledge and improving the quality of general teachers.

Keywords: integration, orientation of general education. Literature, interdisciplinary integration, cross-disciplinary integration, nerworking self-learning