Nghien cuu An Dd va Chdu A. Sd 4 - 2017
QUAN CANG CAM RANH TRONG QUAN HE VIET NAM - LIEN X 6 THOa KY CHIEN TRANH LANH (1979 - 1991)
Pham Thi Yen*
J^di viet ldm ndi bdt vai trd cua qudn cdng Cam Ranh trong quan he giua Viet J^ Nam vai Lien Xo thai ky Chien tranh Lanh bang phucmg phdp lich sir vd phuang phdp phdn tich lgi ich. Vai trd do duac xdy dung qua viec phdc thdo dac diem dfa hinh vd vi tri dia ly cua qudn cdng Cam Ranh, phdn tich nhimg yeu td dua din su hien dien cua Lien Xo tai cdn cu ndy vd md td chi tiet nhimg thay ddi md Lien Xo da tdc dgng vdo Cam Ranh vd khu vuc trong qud trinh "ldm chu " a d^. Ket qud cho thdy. Cam Ranh cd vi tri dia chien luac quan trpng; chinh ddc diem ndy da thiic day quan he Viet Nam - Lien Xo thai ky Chien tranh Lanh vd nhtrng tdc dong md Lien Xo da ldm vdi Cam Ranh se cdng gia cd cho gid tri chien luac cua qudn cdng a thdi hien tai.
Tir khda: Quan h$ Viet - Nga, quan h6 Viet Nam - Xd Vilt, Vinh Cam Ranh, qudn cdng Cam Ranh
Trong nhiing ndm gdn ^ y , di ciing vdi su leo thang ciia cde xung dot tren bien Ddng thi cdi ten Vinh Cam Ranh - mpt vinh bien ehiln lupc cua Viet Nam ndm sdt cde dilm ndng tren biln Ddng, ciing trd nSn thu hut su ehii -^ ciia truyin thdng qudc tl han. Trong bii cdnh md Trung Quoc dang gdy "nhilu loan" an ninh idiu vuc, cac nude ldn nhu My, An Dp, Nhdt Bdn... dang chuyen minh manh me hudng vl chdu A - Thai Binh
*Khoa Quan h§ Qu6c ts, Tnr6ng Dai hpc Ngo^ii Ngu- Tin hoc TP.HCM.
Duong thi dia hinh dpc dao, vi tri dac biet cua Cam Ranh dang trd thdnh mot chdt xuc tac thiic ddy quan he qude te eua Viet Nam.
Hi6n nay, khu vue Vinh Cam Ranh cd ddy du cdc CO sd, phuang tien va linh virc cho hpp tac quoc te toan dien, vdi cdng thuang mai, cang qudn su vd cang dich vu hdu edn qude tl. Tuy nhien, ndi vl Vinh Cam Ranh, khdng ai, d£ic biet la gidi qudn su qude tl, ed thi phii nh^n rdng, "trai tun"
cua vung vinh - di§u lam nen lieh sii vd gid
47
Pham Thi Yen. Qudn cdng Cam Ranh trong quan hi.
hi cua Cam Ranh thdi hien tai chhih Id quan cang Cam Ranh, ncfi da luu dan dn cua nhilu cudng qulc hong lich sd, tir Phdp, Nga, Nhat, My va gin nhdt la sieu cudng Lidn Xd thdi ky Chiln tranh L?nh.
Trong dd, cd thi ndi, su hien dien cua Lidn Xd la ddc biet nhit, la duy nhit; vi day la trudng hgp "hgp tac qulc tl" diu tien cua nude Vidt Nam thing thit dli vdi qudn cdng ndy, hon niia lai Id su hgp tac giiia mgt sieu cudng vd mot nude nhd, ylu, vira budc ra khdi cudc chiln tranh khde lidt, trudng ky.
Tren co sd nhdn thdc rang qudn cdng Cam Ranh cd tam quan hgng ddc biet, lam ciu nli cho quan he Vigt - Xd thdi Chiln hanh Lanh; vd, vifc tim hilu quan hd nay se lam ro va tdi khdng dinh gid hi chiln luge cda Cam Ranh, ldm co sd dl Vift Nam thiic ddy quan hd qulc t l t^i ddy. Bdi vidt phdc thdo ddc diem vd vi hi chiln luge cda quan cdng Cam Ranh; phdn tich diln biln vd nhiing Iy do ddn tdi su hidn dien ciia Lidn Xd tai qudn cdng ndy; ding thdi md td nhung thay dli cua qudn cdng hong qud hinh Lien Xd sd dung can cii. Bdi vilt kit luan, dia hinh va vi hi chiln luge da lam nen vai hd cda Cam Ranh trong quan he giua Vidt Nam va Xd Vilt. Cam Ranh id mdt hong nhttng ylu t l "keo" Lien Xd vl gin Viet Nam, giup thu hep khoang each giua mgt nude nhd vdi mdt nude ldn.
1. Cang Cam Ranh trudc ndm 1979 Qudn cdng Cam Ranh ndm hong dia phan Vinh Cam Ranh, thudc tinh Khanh Hda, Vi$t Nam, noi dugc ddnh gid la "mdt
hong ba cang bien tu nhien tot nhit the gidi cdng vdi San Francisco cda My va Rio de Janneho ciia Brazil"' do cd du cdc ydu td CO ban la chidu rdng, do sau, dugc che ehan tit va ndm trong vimg it bao. Dia hinh dugc
"dm ggn" bdi ban ddo Cam Ranh d ca 4 hudng, biln qudn cdng trd thdnh mdt cdn cu: chiln luge, phdng thd hay tiln cdng diu thuan tien. V l vi tri dia ly, Cam Ranh chi each dudng hdng hdi qudc te khodng 1 gid tdu bien, day dugc coi la lgi diem chien luge dl kilm sodt eo biln Malacca, Singapore, ciing nhu cd thi giam sdt cdc khu virc phia Bdc An Do Duong, biln Hoa Ddng vd biln Ddng. Gia hi chiln luge ciia Cam Ranh ed mdt vj hi ddc biet ddi vdi gidi qudn s\i ma khdng mdt cang ndo hong khu vuc cd the so sanh dugc. Vi hi ddc biet ndy da dinh hinh tir trong lich sd, thi hidn qua cac "ylu t l nude ngodi" da hifn dien t ^ Cam Ranh trudc day.
Tit nhien, sir "hidn difn nude ngodi"
nhttng thdi diem ndy khdng phai id hinh thdc "hgp tdc qudc t l cua Vift Nam", dieu ma chi chinh thiic bit diu tir ndm 1979 sau khi Vift Nam da thdng nhit dit nude vd In dinh chinh hi. 0 ddy, su "qua lai" gitta qudn cang vdi "nude ngodi" chi xit hen phuong difn "dia dilm", khdng phdi gdc do
"qulc gia" va nd dugc thilt lap chu ylu do sdc hut tir vi tri dia chidn luge cda viing Vinh Cam Ranh, mdt vmh biln rdng ldn nhung d vao thdi k^ an ninh qudn su dugc
Thailand government PR Department (2016),
"Vietnam's Cam Ranh bay a pristine paradise", Thailand government FR Department, http://thailand.prd.go.th/ewt news.php?nid=3829&filenameHndex.
48
Nghien eiiu An Dd vd Chau A. Sd 4 - 2017 day len eao, dd gdn nhu dupe ddng nhdt vdi
quan edng.
Tii trudc ndm 1979, han cd mdt thi k^, Vinh Cam Ranh da dupe kham phd va sii dung bdi nude ngodi, trong do, Phdp la ngudi ddt nhdng ddu chdn ddu tien. Ngay tir the ky 19, sau khi ddnh chiem Khdnh Hda (1886), Phap dd xdy dung mdt edn cii ddng tdu thiiy hien dai d Cam Ranh. Ddy eiing ehinh la cdn cii ddu ti6n xudt hifn tai vimg vinh, va Idc nay, tdm dnh hudng qu6c tl ciia Cam Ranh chi gdi gpn tir thudc dia tdi chinh qudc - Phap. Sau do, cudc ehiln tranh Nga - Nhdt nam 1904 - 1905 da dua ten tudi eua Vinh Cam Ranh ddn vdi th6 gidi nhilu han. Vao nam 1905, hgm dpi Batie cda Nga dd ghe vao Cam Ranh dl siia chiia, tiep nhien lieu, luong thue, nude ngpt vd than sudt mdt thang trdi trudc khi tham gia trdn ddnh tai eo biln Tsushima ndm giiia Trieu Tien vd Nh^t Bdn^. S\r kien nay da gdp phdn ldm nen lich sii ciia Cam Ranh, vi day la mdt trong nhiing ham dpi manh thdi ky dd.
Sau chuyen vieng thdm ciia ham dpi Batie, Phap da quyet dinh xdy dimg mOt qudn cang d Cam Ranh nhdm phdng bi cho cupc chien tranh gianh thudc dia d Vien Ddng vd Thai Binh Duong vdi Nhat Ban.
Den giSa ndm 1939, Phap xdy dtmg Cam Ranh thanh mdt can cii hai qudn ldn trong ke hoach "Phdng thd ehung" d Ddng Duong^ vd
^ Trong Kha (2010), "Vj thi Cam Ranh", Diin dan cua Hoi lien hiip Thanh nien Vi^t Nam, http://thanhnien.vn/the-gioi/vi-the-cam-ranh- 134 879 .html.
' Ban tuySn gido Cam Ranh (2010), Cam Ranh-Ljch su hinh thanh, phdt trien, djnh huang tuang lai (Luu
xay d\mg nhilu cdng trinh qudn sir khde tren ban ddo Cam Ranh nhdm ddi phd vdi Chiln tranh thi gidi thii hai. Nhung den ndm 1942, Nh^t Ban vdn dpc chilm dupe Cang vd vung vinh, ddng thdi xay dung thdm sdn bay lam bdn dap tiln ddnh Anh, My.
Cam Ranh sau dd lai trd vl vdi Phdp va tilp tuc duac M^ sd dimg trong chiln tranh Viet Nam. My da phdt triln manh quan cdng Cam Ranh, biln nd trd thanh mot trong nhiing cdn cti quan su quan trpng bac nhdt ciia qudn ddi M5^ va chinh quyln Viet Nam Cpng Hda (VNCH). Nam 1965, My quylt dinh xdy dung Cam Ranh thanh cdn Cli qudn su lidn hop hdi-luc-khdng qudn va khu hdu can ldn nhdt Ddng Nam A dl Idm can Cli tilp li6u, khi tai qudn su vd binh sT cho chien tranh Viet Nam, ddng thdi khdng chl hanh lang phia Tdy Thdi Binh Duang.
Tai ddy, My dd xdy dung cdn cii khdng qudn gom "1 san bay cd 2 dudng bang vdi chilu dai hon 3.000m (10.000 feet) dimg cho cac loai mdy bay hi$n dai, kl ed B-52, 1 sdn bay diing eho true thdng va he thdng dudng sa vdi tdng chieu ddi 260km..."''. Vl lire lupng, vdo giai doan nay, qudn cdng timg ed 4000 cdng binh Mj?, 4000 linh My thupe LCr dodn 1, Su doan dii 101, Trung dodn 30, Su dodn Bach Ma Nam Trilu TiSn. Cd thdi dilm cd tdi 2 van quan My vd 1 van qudn ehu hdu tai can cii ndy^.
hdnh npi bo), Khdnh H6a: Ban Tuyen gido Thi \x^
Cam Ranh, tr.9.
* Tir Linh (2011), "Cam Ranh - D§ nhdt qudn cang", Cong thong tin dien tu Bdo Cong an Nhdn ddn, http://antg.cand.cora.vn/Phong-su/Cam-Ranh—De- nhat-quan-cang-299426/.
* Ban tuy6n gido Cam Ranh, Tldd, tr.lO.
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Pham Thi Yen. Qudn cdng Cam Ranh trong quan he...
Thdng 3/1967, chinh quyln Vift Nam Cdng Hda da ky hifp dinh "bdn vimg ban ddo va Vjnh Cam Ranh cho My trong 99 nam"^, h6n eg sd do. My da bien Cam Ranh thdnh can cii hai qudn Idn nhdt Ddng Nam A. Vinh Cam Ranh hd thanh trung tdm chi huy cho cdc hoat ddng tudn ha hen khong cua Hdi qudn My dl gidm sdt chiln dich
"Market Time"', nhdm ngan chdn Qudn gidi phdng miln Nam Vift Nam. Can cii Cam Ranh hd thanh dia diem chinh sua chua tau chien vd cung cdp dan dugc, hdu can eho hdi qudn, bao gom cd cho tau khu true va tau dd bg cuaHfim ddi 7 (Fleet 7), My. Ndm 1968, qudn sl cua quan doi My vd cdc lire lugng ding mmh d Cam Ranh ldn tdi 30.000 ngudi. My cdn xdy dung hf thing kho tdng hdu ein, ra da, trdn dia phao vd he thing phdng khdng. Dac bift, qudn dgi My con ldn dau tien su dung cd heo duge huin luyen dl bdo vf cdng Cam Ranh*.
Tuy nhiSn sau dd, khi ting thing Nixon dua ra ehinh sach "Vift Nam hda chiln hanh", vinh Cam Ranh da dugc bdn giao lai cho Vift Nam Cong Hda vao nam 1972.
Din thdng 4/1975, chmh quyln Vift Nam Ddn Chu Cgng Hda tilp qudn cdn cii nay va vinh Cam Ranh chinh thiic trd vl vdi mgt Vift Nam thing nhdt tir ndm do.
Nhu vdy, tir hudc nam 1979, cdng Cam Ranh dd cd mgt vi thi nhit djnh hong gidi qudn su, chinh hi cua thi gidi; dugc thi hien
' Ban tuyen giio Cam Ranh, Tldd, tr.9.
Mat chi4n djch cua Hai quSn My nhSm ngan ch5n binh luc vi tiSp te hSu cin tham nhap theo ditimg biln til Bac ViSt Nam vdo Nara Vi^t Nam, diln ra tCr thdne
3/1965-thing 12/1972. ^ 'TirLinh (2010), Tldd.
qua vifc Cam Ranh da "tilp ddn" nhilu nude ldn vd d quy md ciing Idn. Hdu nhu cdc cudng qulc Idn nhit thi gidi va khu vuc diu da hifn difn tai day. Dd rdng, thdi dilm ndy, vi hi dia If ciia Cam Ranh chua mang nhilu •} nghia chiln luge vi su giao thuong qua biln Ddng chua dugc thue diy nhu bdy gid va cac hanh chip lidn quan din biln dao ciing chua khoc lift nhu hifn tai; nhimg, cd thi khdng djnh, chi ridng dja hinh cua Cam Ranh thdi ciing da lam ndn gid trj cua quan cang. Sir xuit hifn cua Phdp, Nga, Nhdt, My suit ttr nhihig nam 1886 din 1975 dd chiing mmh dilu dd.
2. Cac ylu t l dan din su hifn dien cua Lifn Xo tai Cam Ranh
Su kien Viet Nam thing nhit dit nude vao thang 4/1975 la su kifn mang tinh chit budc ngoat dli vdi nhan ddn Viet Nam;
nhung til ddy, nd cihig ddnh diu nhilu thdng ham hong quan hf gida Vift Nam vdi cac nude ddng minh dudi dnh hudng cua hf thing song cue Xd - My.
Da timg ghe thdm edng vao thdi ky Nga hodng Nicolas df nhi. Lien Xd hilu rit ro vj the cda Cam Ranh. Ddi vdi mdt dai cudng diing diu khIi Xa hdi chd nghia nhu Lien Xd thi mdt can eu tai Cam Ranh se la mgt giai phap hiyft vdi dl Lien X6 phdt di
"heng ndi idnh dao" cua mmh tai khu vuc chau A - Thai Bmh Duong, nhit la khi Trung Quoc dang cd diu hifu muln "biit"
ra khdi hf thing. Hon nila, vifc My cd cdn Cli tai Subic - Philippines cdng khiln cho viin ednh "quan edng Cam Ranh eua Lien Xd" them chiln luge, dac bift Id hong
50
Nghien eim An Dd va Chdu A. Sd 4 - 2017 khdng gian chay dua vii hang khic Uft cda
2 dai cudng Xd - My. Mdt Cam Ranh cd dja thi d|ic biet, sS Id mgt doi hgng hon hdn Subic, la dilu md Lien Xd mong dgi hon ea.
Vi nhQng IS ndy. Lien Xd rit muln dugc hifn difn tai. Cam Ranh. Ngay sau thang 4/1975, LiSn Xd da ngd y, thdm chi gdy dp luc len Vift Nam de dugc sd dimg can cii cii cua hai qudn My tai Cam Ranh.
Tuy nhidn, Vift Nam khdng phai nude ludn "gat diu" vdi ngudi "anh cd" trong mgi tinh hudng. Dii dugc giiip dd rit nhilu hong thdi ky chiln hanh vd luc dd vin dang nhan vifn hg tit Lien Xd dl tai thilt dit nude, nhung Cam Ranh khdng phai vdt dl ddng hao ddi. Viet Nam ciing nhdn thiic sdu sdc ve tam quan hgng cda can ed dilm nay. Bdi thi, khi Lien Xd ngd y xin dugc sii dung, Vift Nam da khdng ddp lai. Trong su cdng thing cua cudc dli diu Xd - My, ehii dinh cua Vift Nam We nay Id "phdn ddi sir baquydn cua tat cd cdc cudng qulc va se khdng cd nude nao duge phdp sii dung edn cii Cam Ranh"'.
Nhung rli, hnh thi 6 giai dojn dd khdng cho phep Vift Nam cd nhilu lira chgn, bdi vi, thir nhit, Viet Nam vdn dang cin su hd trg kinh tl cita Lien Xd dl vuc day; hong khi Lien Xd d thdi dilm sau nam 1975 da cd nhimg phdt hiln vugt hdi cd vl kinh tl, quan su vd uu thi hong cudc Cliidn hanh Lanh. Thii hai, tuy hda binh da Idp Iji tren hai miln Nam, Bdc, nhung nguy
' Storey, Thayer (2001), "Cam Ranh Bay: Past Imperfect, Future Conditional." pp.452-473 in Contemporary Southeast Asia, Vol.23, No.3. ISEAS - Yosuf Ishak Institute, p.454.
CO chiln hanh van cdn d phia trudc, ddi hdi Vift Nam phdi cdng c l vd hifn dai hda luc lugng qudn sir eua minh de ed thi ling phd;
vd Lien Xd, ed thi ndi Id mft ddi tac gin nhu duy nhat cua Vift Nam vao thdi diem ndy. Chinh vi vdy, dii chua sin sdng nhung Vift Nam cung din "mIm hda" vin dl.
Ben canh dd, quan hf xau di vdi Trung Qulc sau gidi phdng cdng ldm cho Vift Nam ed co sd dl "thdn hon" vdi Lien Xd.
Khdng nhu thdi ky khdng chien kien qude, Vift Nam cua nhihig nam sau 1975 la mdt nude nhd ma manh, nude thdng sign cucmg My, nude diing ddu phong hdo cdch mang d Ddng Duong, nude ldng gilng cita Tnmg Qulc, ed nguy ca vugt ra ngoai tim kilm sodt ciia Trung Qulc vd lam mdt vj thi cua Trung Qulc d khu vue. Chinh vi IS dd, chiln thing Mda Xuan ljch sd da hd thdnh ranh gidi dl Trung Qulc bdt diu quay ngugc chiln tuyIn: ngan ehan Vift Nam ldn manh. Vdn dl Hoa kilu vi thi dugc thoi bung len thdnh vin dl chinh tri nghiem hgng, khie sdu them nhQng bit ding giua hai nude. Cae cudc chiln d bidn gidi Tdy Nam do Khmer Dd chu chiln vdi su hdu thudn cua Trung Qudc suit tir ndm 1976 din culi ndm 1978 khi Vift Nam chinh thiic keo quan sang ngan chdn va giup Campuehia Idt d l ehinh quyln Pol Pot da biln quan hf Vift - Trung hi ddng minh than can trd nen thii nghjch. Vift Nam vi vdy lai cdng xich vl gin hon vdi Lien Xd nham edn bdng vdi ngudi ldng gilng khing Id phuang Bic.
Nam 1978 cung Id nam budc ngoat cua Trung Qulc khi DJng Tilu Binh quay lai
Pham Thi Yen. Qudn cdng Cam Ranh trong quan hf...
chinh trudng, re hudng Trung Qudc, xdy dtmg Xa hgi Chii nghla mang mau sic Trung Qulc, dli diu vdi Lien Xd. Trung Qulc coi Lidn Xd la "dai ba", Vift Nam la
"tilu bd", xa thi cdng kich Lidn Xd, gan thi ching pha Vift Nam. Hodn cdnh ndy edng thue diy mli quan hf Vift - Xd them khing kbit, din din ban Hifp udc HQu nghj va Hgrp tdc Vift - Xd dugc ky kit vao thdng 11/1978. Trong dd, mdt phin ngi dung dang chd y md bdn hifp udc qui djnh la, nlu mgt bdn bj tin cdng hoac bj de dga tin cdng, edc ben sS "ngay Idp hie thdo ludn vdi nhau nhim loEii trir mdi de dga dd va su dung nhitag bifn phap hgp ly, hifu qua dl dam bdo hda binh va an ninh cua hai qulc gia"'°.
Hifp udc ndy khdng dl cdp gi din Vjnh Cam Ranh nhung l^i Id tiln dl cho mdt nghj djnh thu song phuong duge ky ket bi mat vdi thang sau dd. Theo nghi djnh nay, Lidn Xd duge phep sii dtmg Cam Ranh din nam 2004 Idm edn cit hdu cin, ten ggi diy dd Id Dilm cung eip vat Ueu - ky thuat sd 922 (PMTO) cua Ham ddi Thai Bmh Duong vdi difn tieh khodng 100 km^, phuc vu mdt dan vi thudng hue ehiln diu mang ten LiSn dgi tdu chiln diu sl 17 cua Ham dgi Thai Bmh Duong". Thdng 3/1979, dgi tau hdi qudn ddu tien cua Lidn Xd cap cdng Cam Ranh, chinh thiic ddnh diu su hifn difn cua Lien Xd tai qudn cdng nil tilng nay.
'° Chang Pao-min (1985), Kampuchea between Cfiina and Vietnam, Singapore: Singapore university Press p.l92
' ' T r o n g Kha (2010), Tldd
Cd mdt dilm dang chd y la, du sir dung Cam Ranh dudi danh nghia "tiiud" nhung Lidn Xd khdng phai trd phi cho can cii. Tuy nhien, dilu do khong ed nghia Vift Nam phdi chju "thift thdi". Theo thing kd. Lien Xd da tdng them han 1 ty dfl la vifn hg kmh tl va qudn su cho Vift Nam hdng ndm cho din tan culi nhttng nam 1980'^
Ben canh dd, Viet Nam cdn cd cai lgi vl an ninh. Vifc hifp udc Hgp tac.va Hihi nghj Vift - Xfl dugc ky kit, eimg vdi sir hien difn quan sir cua qulc gia hang diu thi gidi t^
Cam Ranh da gdp phdn bdo dam an ninh cho Vift Nam. Ddu h t o thuc tl, bdn hiep udc nay khdng ngan dugc su ehIng phd Vift Nam cua Trung Quoc, nhu su kifn Trung Qulc phat dgng chiln hanh bien gidi vao thang 2/1979; tuy nhien, cd thi khdng djnh, nd khflng leo thang qua miic la nhd tdc ddng chinh hj eung nhu tam anh hudng qudn su cua Lidn Xfl tai Cam Ranh.
Song hanh vdi vifc LiSn Xd hifn difn tai Cam Ranh, quan hf qudn su Vift - Xd dugc tang cudng thi quan hf kinh tl giQa hai quflc gia cung dugc thiic ddy. Dau an cua hgp tac kinh t l Vift - Xfl chinh la LiSn doanh diu khi Vietsopeho, thdnh Idp hSn ca sd Hifp djnh Vift - Xd vl hgp tde tham dd, khai thdc ddu khi hen thim lue dja Vift Nam ngdy 03/07/1980 vd Hifp djnh Lien Chinh phii Vift Nam Lidn Xfl ngdy 19/06/1981 vl vifc thdnh lap Lien doanh diu khi Vift -Xfl. Vietsopeho Id Lien doanh dau tien cda Vift Nam vdi nude ngodi trong ITnh vuc dau khi va Id mflt bieu
^ Storey, Thayer (2001), Tldd, p.455.
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Nghidn eim An Do vd Chdu A. Sd 4 - 2017 tugng cila tinh hiiu nghj Vift - Xfl cho tdi
tan thdi dilm hifn tai.
3. Qua trinh Li§n Xfl sir dyng quSn cang Cam Ranh
Budc chdn vao Cam Ranh, Lien Xfl Si biln quan edng nay thdnh mdt cdn ed hifn dai, dli hgng vdi cdn cii Subic cua My d Philippmes. Tu gitta ndm 1979 din 1981, Lidn Xd sda chtta vd n4ng eip nhttng ca sd bj chiln hanh tdn pha tai qudn cdng Cam Ranh, xay them 5 cdu cdng b l sung vdo 2 ciu cdng hifn hihi, xay 2 xuorng can, bin ddu tdu ngim nguyfln tir, edc kho vii khi va kho chiia nhidn lifu ldn, mflt nhd may difn;
dudng sd cung duge xdy mdi va md rdng, dflng thdi nang cip, kdo dai dudng bdng cua sdn bay. Lidn Xfl cdn xdy ham tinh bdo tin hifu (SIGINT) gdm mflt hf tiling chin vf tinh thdng tin, hai anten chi ducrag tin so cao, mdt h^m vf tinh ket ndi true tilp Cam Ranh vdi tdng hanh dinh ham dgi ddt t£ii Vladivostok ciing nhu kdt nli vdi Ban tham muu tai Moseow'^-
Tram tmh bdo tin hifu tai Cam Ranh dugc xem la ham "ldn thu ba hen thi gidi ddt ngoai Lien bang Xd Vilt"'*. Thilt bj nay cho phep Lien Xfl theo doi nhung tau bd qua lai hen biln Ddng, gidm sat boat ddng cita hdi quan Trung Qulc bdn ngodi dao Hdi Nam va ngdn ehan vifc truyin tin cua edn cd qudn su My tai Philippines.
Tram tinh bao cdn dugc b l sung bing hai
cdn Cli quan sat dat tai Da Nlng va Hd Ndi ciing vdi hai may bay do tham Tu-95D von da din edng Cam Ranh tir ndm 1979.
Nhttng mdy bay do thdm sd giup Lien Xfl thu thap tin hifu tinh bao vl tdu chiln cita Hoa Ky va Trung Qulc hojt dfng hong viing, giam sat cac cudc dien tap qudn su, kilm ha hf thing phdng khdng cua edc nude ASEAN... Vdo nam 1984, sd lugng Tu-95D tang len bin chile, mflt sl chile thu th^p tin tlie tmh bao ciia Lien Xfl cung dugc dat tai day".
Lifln Xd tilp tuc fang cudng siic manh quan su eho Cam Ranh vao nira dau nhttng nam 1980 khi sir dfli dau gitta cdc cudng qude leo thang. Don vj diu tien ciia Hdi quan Lidn Xd din Cam Ranh vdo thdng 4/1980, chi gdm 54 ngudi, ba ndm sau, ea mflt hai doan ca dgng cua Ham dgi Thai Btoh Duong da duge b l hi d day hong do cd cdc tau ngim nguyfin hi mang tdn liia hdnh trinh ching ham Project 670, 675, 675MK; tau ngim nguydn td chflng tau ngim chiln luge Project 659, 671; tdu ngim difn - diezel tiln cflng thdng thudng Project 64; Itt doan tdu chien diu mdt nude sl 119". TTidi gian eao dilm nam 1986, sl lugng cao nhit len tdi 6.000 quan nhdn, ky su va cdng nhan Lidn Xfl ldm vifc tai day.
Bdi thi, ngay tir ndm 1984, Cam Ranh da hd thdnh cdn cii qudn su Idn nhit cda Lien Xfl dat ngoai cdc nude thuoc Hifp udc Warsaw", lam ddi hgng vdi can cd hai qudn '* Desmond Ball (1993). Signals intelligence in the
post-cold war era-Developments in the Asia-Pacific region, Singapore: Institute of Southest Asian Studies, p.61.
" Desmond Ball (1993), Tldd, p.61.
" Storey, Thayer (2001), Tldd, p.455.
"Tir Linh (2011), Tldd.
" Katsuro Sakoh (1987), "How Japan can do more to defend itself. The Heritage Foundation,
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Pham Thj Yen. Qudn cdng Cam Ranh trong quan hf...
a hdi ngoai ldn nhat cua My tai Subic, Philippmes.
Tuy nhiSn, canh hanh Xfl - My bit diu di vao thodi hao khi Lien Xfl cd nhitag diu hifu khung hodng kinh tl - chinh hj, keo theo nd la nhttng thay dli mang tinh chiln luge, trong do cd Cam Ranh. Thdi dilm chmh thdc danh diu su thay dfli nay Id thdng 3/1985, khi Mikhail Gorbachev trd thanh Ting bi thu. D I phuc hii kinh tl, Gorbachev cdt gidm chi tieu qudn su, tdng cudng quan hf ngoai giao vdi phuang Tay va Trung Qulc. Culi ndm 1989, Lidn Xfl da nit nhttng vii khi tin cflng bao gdm phi ddi MiG-23 va oanh tac co Tu-16. Den dau 1990, ehi cd tdu Tu-95D vd Tu-142 dugc duy hi tai ddy ciing vdi khoang 20 tdu hai qudn; binh linh hdi quan eiing bj cdt giam xuIng khodng 2.500 ngudi. Thang 5/1990, theo bdo cdo, sfl lugng ehuyin bay van chuyen qudn su gitta Vladivostok vd vjnh Cam Ranh da giam tit mflt tuin mdt ldn xudng cdn mgt thang mflt Idn'^
Nhttng diln tiln tai Cam Ranh thdi diSm nay khdng phdi la dieu mong muln dli vdi giiSi chuc cip eao cua Ham Dfli Thai Binh Duong Lidn Xd, nhttng ngudi nhdn thiic dugc tam quan hgng chiln luge eua vjnh Cam Ranh vd muln duy tri hifn dien edn cit Lien Xo tai day. Nhung, vdi khdng hodng him hgng hong nude, chmh phii Lien Xd da budc phdi di budc dudng nay.
Vd, su sup dl eiia Lien Bang Xfl Vilt ndm 1991 edng ldm cho tiln trinh rut qudn khdi
http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/1987/02/how -japan-can-do-more-to-defend-itself.
" Storey, Thayer (2001), Tldd, p.456.
Cam Ranh diln ra nhanh chdng hon. Tat ea may bay cdn lai va hdu hit tau hdi qudn dugc nit khdi Cam Ranh, Nga bit diu ban giao lai cdn cii cho Vift Nam kilm soat; chi dl lai khodng vdi ham nhdn vien quan su, ehit ylu la cac chuyen gia hdi qudn.
Su kifn Lien bang Xfl Vilt tan rd eiing Id diu chim hit cho quan hf Vift - Xfl tai Cam Ranh. Tuy Nga tilp quan vd vin duy tri mli duydn ng vdi Cam Ranh them mdt thap ky, nhung dd lai la ehuyfn cda Nga, khdng phai Lifln Xfl. Hon thi nua, cue difn the gidi sau nam 1991 khac hoan todn vdi trudc do, yeu td an ninh qudn su da dan nhudng chfl cho an ninh kinh te. Tttndml992,ViftNamdacdy dinh kinh te hda Cam Ranh, nhu cdch md Philippine da lam vdi cdn cur Subic ciia My.
Day cd le Id mgt phan Iy do ma cdc eufle ddm phan nham gia ban hgp ddng su dyng Cam Ranh cua Nga hong suit 10 nam sau do khdng dat dugc kit qud, din din vifc Nga nit qudn, hoan todn ban giao cdn cii lai cho Vift Nam vao ndm 2002, chinh thiie kit thuc sir hifn dien cua ngudi Nga/Xd Vilt tai qudn cdng ljch sd niy.
Kit lu|n
Cd thi thiy rdng, chinh nhttng ddc dilm vl dja hinh vd vj hi chiln luge da xdc djnh nen vai hd cua cang Cam Ranh hong mli quan hf gitta Lidn Xfl vdi Vift Nam thdi ky Chiln hanh Lanh. Du rdng, dgng lue dl Lien Xfl xuc tiln thilt Idp can cu qudn su tai Cam Ranh phdn ndo bj dnh hudng bdi cugc chay dua vdi My, nhung khflng thi phii nhdn rdng, chinh dja the cua Cam Ranh dd ddn din quylt dinh hen, chmh nhitag uu thi
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Nghien cuu An B6 va Chdu A. So 4 - 2017 noi trdi ciia qudn cdng da dinh hinh nen
quan he ViSt-X6 thai k>' ndy.
Trong ni6i quan he giua mot sieu cuong nhu Lidn Xo va mot quoc gia nho, ngheo, dang hi eo lap nhu Vi^t Nam; Cam Ranh la mpt vdt trao doi eo gid tri, giiip cdn bdng "dp chenh" giiia mpt nuoc Ion voi mpt nuoc nho, de quan he Viet - Xo tro thanh quan he eimg eo led ehu khong don thuan la su tuong tro mpt chieu tii Lien Xo cho Vi^t Nam.
Va til nhihig ^ da dien ra trong qua khii, Viet Nara hoan todn co the van dung cho hodn cdnh hiSn tai, turc Id thu hiit "hinh anh nuoc Ion" vdo vinh Cam Ranh nhdm
"ddy" hinh anh Vi$t Nam ISn trSn trucmg quoc te. Tuy nhien, viec "eho thue" nhu eii se khdng phdi lua chpn khon ngoan trong boi cdnh co rdt nhieu cucmg quoc quan tam den Cam Ranh nhu hi?n nay, ciing nhu khong con phii hpp voi ducmg Ioi doi ngoai noi ehung cua Viet Nam hay cu the la chinh saeh 'Ija khong". The eho nSn, viSe thuc ddy hpp tae quoc te theo huong da phuong hoa, da dang hoa se la mpt gidi phdp t6i uu nhat. Hinh dnh nhieu nude 16n liSn tuc cap edng Cam Ranh chde ehan se gop phdn ndng eao vi the eua Viet Nam trong khu vue, dong thoi tao ra thS chien lupc moi cho viec giai quyet tranh ehdp tren biin Dong.
Tdi lifu tham khao
1. Trong Kha (2010), "Vi thi Cam Ranh", Dien ddn cua Hoi liin hiep Thanh nien Viet Nam, http://thanhnien.vn/the-gioi/vi-the-cam-ranh- 134879.html.
2. Ban tuyen gido Thi liy Cam Ranh (2010), Cam Ranh-Lich su hinh thdnh, phdt triin, dinh hudng tmmg lai (Luu hdnh noi bo), Khanh Hoa:
Ban Tuyen giao Thi uy Cam Ranh.
3. Tu Linh (2011), "Cam Ranh - De nhdt quan cang", Cdng thong tin dien tu Bdo Cong an Nhdn ddn, ht^v'/antg.cand.com.vn/Phong- su/Cara-Ranh-De-nhat-quan-cang-299426/.
4. Chang Pao-min (1985), Kampuchea between China and Vietnam, Singapore:
Singapore university Press.
5. Desmond Ball (1993), Signals intelligence in the post-cold war era-Developments in the Asia-Pacific region, Singapore: Institute of Southest Asian Studies.
6. Katsuro Sakoh (1987), "How Japan can do more to defend itself. The Heritage Foundation, http://www.heritage.org/research/
reports/1987/02/how-japan-can-do-more-to- defend-itself.
7. Storey Thayer (2001), "Cam Ranh Bay:
Past Imperfect, Future Conditional." pp.452-473 in Contemporary Southeast Asia, Vol.23, No.3, ISEAS - Yosuf Ishak histitute.
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