sfi LIEU CAI CACH R U O N G DAT OTTHAI B ) N H (1945-1954)
NGUYEN VAN KHOAN'
C
fich mgng Thfing Tfim nfim 1945 thflnh cfing, Thfii Blnh dfi chia lgi cfing diln cho nara nfl tfl 18 t u i i trd lfin vfl chia mfit phfin rufing bfin cfing, bfln tfl cho nfing dfin, quy djnh giam tfi 25% so vdi trfldc. "Bfldc dfiu, binh qufin chitfm hflu rufing dtft eiia etf nfing Ifi 94m', bfin nfing 450m*, trung nfing 1488m', phfl nfing 3600m', dia ehu nhd 11.100m2, dja ehu bfic trung 18.340m', dja chu ldn 72.000m'... (1).Trong khfing chitfn ehtfng Phflp, khi vflng du kich md rfing, Tinh iiy Thfii Binh dfi tfip trung rufing dtft cua Vi$t gian, phfin dfing, rufing vfing chu, tgm ctfp, tgm giao cho nfing dfin. Rufing cfing trong vflng du kfch, dfl to cung dfldc ehia lai, efing bfing hdn. "Cho dtfn trflde nfim 1955, ctf nong dfi cd 192m', b i n ndng 450m', trung ndng 920m', phfl nfing chi cdn 2.520m', dia chu cdn 5.400m', dia chu ehitfm 2,8% dfin so vfi chitfm lufin 13% ttfng stf rufing dtft trong tinh (2).
Nfim 1953, cai each rufing dtft thflc hi$n dot mfit thi diem tgi Thfii Nguyfin, dfin thi hfinh tdi cac vinh vflng tfl to... tdi cflc dpt 5, dot 6... Thai Binh cfii cfich rufing dfi't vflo dpt 7, dpt 8. Dpt 7, titfn hflnh thf dilm d 51 xa thufic hai huyfin Duyfin Ha, Hflng Nhfin
vfl 9 xa cua huy§n Tifin Hflng, bfit dfiu tfl ngfly 1-2-1955, ktft thfle vflo thflng 4-1955.
Sau mtft thdi gian 'lfin xfin" vy "Dflc chua vflo Nam"... dpt 8 t r i l n khai trfin cflc huyfin edn lgi, efic xfl cdn lgi cua Tifin Hflng, bflt dfiu tfl thfing 4-1955, ktft thfle vflo thfing 6 eflng nflm. Ca hai dyt d i u do Dofln I eai cfich rufing dtft chi dao, ed nhilu dfii, moi dpi tfl 8-15 cfin bfi.
Ciing nhfl d cfic dja phfldng khfic, theo
"le" lflm gitfng nhau, eai efich rufing dfl't d Thai Binh cung titfn hflnh theo cac bfldc;
bfit r l , xfiu chuli, "tim" b i n co nfing nghfio kho, cd ofin thfl dja ehu lfim "cho dya".
Trong bfldc nfiy, efin bp phai ba cflng (cflng ftn, cflng d, ciing Iflm) vdi cfi nghfio, cd khi, cd thfl...". Budc nfly dflpc "titfn hflnh" trong thdi gian tfl 7 dtfn 10 ngfly, cd nOi gin den 15 ngfiy.
Bfldc thfl hai Ifl "phat dfing" nfing dfin ttf k h i , vach tfii ac vfi t h u dogn bfic Ifit cua dja chu, thfinh Iflp tfia fin (do dofin, dfii chi djnh) d cfic xa d l xfit xfl dja chii, Dofin, doi cd tofin quyln phfin xfl tfl giam tii den tfl hinh. (Trong cai cflch rupng dfl't, Thai Binh da xfit xfl 1419 dia chu, trong dd cd 362 xit tfl hinh) (3). Bfldc nfly cd t h l kfio dfli dtfn 30 ngfiy...
TS. Hdi Khoa hoc Lich sil Vi$t Nam
70 Rghien cflu L|eh afl. atf 11.2009 Bude thfl ba Ifl "bflt dja chu gifim tfl,
thofli tfi, xfia ny, hofin np cho nfing dfin".
Trong bude nfly, dja ehii Thfii Blnh dfi thofli tfi 2683 tfl'n, 253kg thdc cho nflng dfin. Stf thfic nfly dfi dupe chia eho nflng dfln d l Ifi'y fln mfl sfin xufl't, ehtfng ddi. Titfp dd lfi ehia
"qua thUe" ruong dfi't, nhfl cfla, trflu bd...
Trong cfii cfich rutfng dfi't, bd mfiy ehfnh quyln ciia nhfl nUdc bj giai t h l , xda bd.
TrUdc tinh cd bay xfi, trong cfii cfich dofln chia lai thfinh 294 xfi, thay dfi'i tfi't efi tfin cu ciia xfi thfinh ten m6i (4). Cfin bd xfl gfin nhu bj logi g i n htft, trong stf I 8 I 7 cfin bd xfi chi cd 159 ngudi dupe gifl lgi lflm cflng tfic vdi dofln, dfii, dang vifin chitfm 17% t i n g stf cfin bd xa vdi 311 ngudi, phfin ldn dflpc ktft nap trong "cfii cfieh". "3196 dang vifin cfl hi khai trfl, 22 chi bd hi giai tfin, 120 chi bd bj quy ket cfi Qutfc dan dfing chui vflo lung doan, 35 dang vifin bi XLI bfin" (5).
'Tofin tinh Thai Binh da quy 10.225 hp Ifi dia chu; da tjch thu, trUng thu 78.666 mflu rupng (29.135 ha); 7.456 trfiu bd;
150.000 ta'n lUdng thUc chia cho 170 ngfin nfing dfin trong tofin tinh (6).
Binh quan rufing dtft cho mfit nhfin khfiu sau eai efich nhU sau:
- Dan nghfio: 2 sfio - Co nflng: 2 sflo 8 thUdc - B i n nong: 2 sfio 12 thUde - Trung nflng: 3 sflol thudc - Phfl nong: 4 sfio
- Dja chu: 1 sflo 8 thude (7) (Trd Igi "\km"
thfinh phfin "vfl san nfing thfln" "nghfio"
nhfi't).
Cai efich rufing dfi't thfing ldi ''vfla xong".
Thai Binh Igi bflt tay vflo "sfla sai". TrUde htft lfi sfla sai thflnh p h i n trong nfing dfin.
- Trong eai each quy 10.255 hfi lfi dja ehu, khi sfla sai da ha thflnh phfin eho
4.993 hd. Nhu vtfy Ifl quy sai (10.255- 4.993
= 5.265 htf), ty 1§ quy sai lfi 48,7%.
- Hg xutfng phfl nfing 1.449 h^.
- Hg xutfng trung nfing 3.233 h^.
• Hg xutfng bfin nfing 32 hfi.
- Hg xutfng thflnh p h i n Iao d^ng khflc 65 hd.
- Hg xutfng thflnh phfin ft rufing dtft cho phfit canh vfl thufi ngfldi lflm 169 hfl.
• I Ig xutfng thflnh phfin vifin chflc 11 h^.
- 492 hd "dja chu, cfldng hflo, gian fie"
duyc hg xutfng dja chu thudng, 91 hd dupc lfi dja ehii khfing chitfn, 5 hd dupc kifim cfing thUdng. Stf dia chu thudng duyc quy trong cfii cfich, dtfn lflc sfla sai cd 28 hfl 'lfin" dja chu, cfldng hfio, gian fie... (8).
Sau khi sfla sai, "so dja chu" trong tinh cdn 5.328 hp, chitfm 2,14% tong so hd tofln tinh.
Doi vdi phu nfing, trong cai each quy ra 5.805 hfl, trong cai cfich da quy 21 phfl nfing lfin dja chii. ha thfinh phfin cho 4. 424 phu nfing xuong t r u n g ndng, 6 hfi bfin nfing, 49 hd cho phfit canh thue ngfldi lflm; vifln chflc cd 7 htf. Ktft thfle sfla sai tofln tinh cdn 2.783 phfl nfing... (9).
Sfla sai di dfii vdi d i n bfl tfli san. VI rudng dfl't da d i n bfl 6.217 mflu 8 sflo 6 thflde, trong dd 2.985 mfiu 5 sflo 10 thflde den bfl cho cfic htf bj quy sai... VI trfiu bd, trong cai cfich da tich thu, tnttig thu, trflng mua 3.924 con. Khi sfla sai da d i n bfl 1.348 con... VI nhfi cfla da trfi lai cho 2.008 hfi trong tfi'ng stf 7.301 hd hi tjch thu sai... (10).
D l ehfl'n ehinh t l chflc trong sfla sai, dfiu tifin lfi ehfl'n ehinh tfi' ehfle Dang.
Trfldc cai efich tofln tinh ed 13.098 dfing vien (8 cfing nhfin, 6500 bfin etf nfing, 77 con dia chu, 5 dang vifin ft r u d n ^ . Trong cai cflch dfi xfl ly 8.700 dang vifin, khai trfl
stf lieu ve cAi each rupng dtft..
5.211 ngudi, giai tfin vfi cho tfl r u t lui 3.498 ngUdi... Khi sfla sai da phuc h i i 7.288 dfing vifin, 7.191 ndng dan; 43 phfl ndng, 2 dja chu, 13 eon phfl nflng, 20 con dja chii, 1.421 ngfldi khflng dflpc trfi Igi dang tieh (1.001 nfing dan, 135 phfl nfing, 202 dja chii, 26 con phfl nfing, 57 con dja chfl). Trong stf nfiy ed 7 bf thfl, phd bf thU chi bd; 44 chi fly vien.
Hofin thfinh cfing tfic sfla sai, tofin tinh cd 15.371 dfing vifin (12.508 dang vifin cu;
2.963 dang vifin radi...). Trong sfla sai dfi phyc hoi 262 bf thfl, phfi bf thfl, 755 chi iiy vien (trong td'ng so 269 bf thfl, phd bf thU vfl 799 bj xfl ly sai).
TrUdc cai cfich tofln tinh cd 169 chi bp, trong cai cfich 31 chi bfl bj giai tfin, sfla sai da khfii phuc lai du 31 ehi bfi.
Doi vdi cfin bp ehfnh quyen, trong cai each da cho nghi vfl ehuyin cdng tfic 899 can bfi UBHC xa. Sfla sai da phuc hdi cho so nfly vfl bo sung thfira, d l tofin tinh cfi 2.786 uy vien UBHC xa (247 Ifi phy nfl, 91 ngudi cflng gifio, 1.669 bfin co nfing, 1.058 trung nong, 59 thupe thfinh phfin lao dpng khfic... (11).
Cflc ddi tUOng khfic bj xfl ly khdng dung trong cai each nhfl cdng an, dofln vien, thanh nifin, dfin qufin du kich... eung da dupc sfla sai.
Doi vdi dong bao theo dao Thifin chua vfl mfit stf linh raue, tu si, mot stf d i n g bfio theo dao Phfit sfl sai bi da kieh, quan chg', tfl dfly (da so bi oan) cung dfi dfldc sfla sai, din bfl. Da tra lai tfl do cho hai linh muc, tra lai d6 thd eung vfi so tien lfi 1.585 dong, 124 mflu 7 sfio 3 thflde, giai quytft xong 184 dinh chfla trong stf 224 ndi sai pham (12).
Trong sfla sai bflde mdt da tra ty do cho 1.258 ngudi, bfldc thfl hai 736 ngfldi (13).
Nhfin djnh v l nhflng thitfu sfit bfin canh thfing lpi, Tinh iiy Thfii Binh ktft lufin: "do khfing nfim vflng vfi khong vfin dyng dung dfldng ldi ciia Dang, cai cfich rudng dtft (d Thfli Binh) da mfic nhilu sai lfim cd tinh nguyfin tfic v l chinh dtfn t l chflc, vl danh djch vfl ve dfldng Ifii giai ctfp d nfing thfin.
Cfing vide sfla sai d Thfii Binh bfit diu tfl 25/7/1956 vfi hofln thfinh trong thang 10/1957 (14).
Trong 'Thfl gfli dong bfio ndng thdn vfi efin bd nhfin djp cai cfich rufing dfi't cd ban hofin thfinh", Chu tjch H i Chf Minh da chi ra nguyfin nhfin eua nhflng sai llm trong cai cfich rudng dtft lfi: "vi ke dich pha hoai difin cuing, vi mpt stf can bfl ta chfla nflm vflng chfnh sfich, chfla thUc sU di dung dudng ldi q u i n chflng, vi sU lanh dao ciia TU" Dang vfl Chfnh phu ed chS thitfu cu thl, thitfu kiem tra, dfin dtfc cho nfin da xay ra nhflng khuyet dilm, sai l l m trong vific dofin ktft nfing thfin, dfinh ke djch, vific ehfl'n ehinh tfi' chflc trong chfnh sach thutf ndng nghifip" (15).
Trong Hdi nghj TU" U n thfl 10, Chu tjch Ho Chi Minh da ty phg binh: "vi thieu dan ehu ngn nghe ft, thfl'y ft... tfii nhfin trach nhifim trong lue sfing gifi nfiy" (16).
Nflm 1996, Bfi chfnh trj Dang dfi tfl nhfin xfit: "trong mdt so linh vflc vfl mot stf eflng tfie, khi hpc tfip vfin dyng kinh nghiem cua each mang Trung Quoe (ta da) ed nhflng bilu hifin rfip khudn, mfiy mde, bflt dfiu phgm khuyet dilm mang tinh chfl't gifio dilu vao nhflng nfim cudi cua cufic khang ehitfn (ehtfng Phfip). Mflc dfl, cai each chi mdi Ifim thf dilm nhUng le ra nd cd t h l giai quytft vfi'n d l rupng dfl't vfi quyln lpi eua ndng dfin bfing nhflng cfich nhfl ta da lflm: ehia rupng dfi't cua chu tfl ban Phfip vfi vifit gian phan dfing, chia cfing
72 Rghian cihi Ljch sit, atf 11.2009 diln, cfing thl cho nflng dfln, thye hidn
gifim tfi, gifim tflc" (17).
Nhin thfing vfio sy thtft, nhin rfi nhflng di efin cho tdi ngfly nay trfin phgm vi cfi nfldc vfl rifing d Thfii Binh cho dtfn nhflng nflm m&'t In djnh 15 n&m trfldc d Thfii Blnh- cd thl ktft lufln rfing "dd lfi nhflng sai Ifim nghifira trpng mang ntfng b^nh giflo dilu, ta khuynh chfl khdng nhg nhfing chi lfi raang "tfnh chfi't giflo dilu" (18).
Thfii Binh rdi vflo sau dpt 5, dyt 6 cd mfle dfi sai llm nghifim trpng nhtft "Igl"
CHU THtCH
(1), (2). Tinh iiy Th&i Blnh. TH dii'n Thdi Btnh.
2010, tr. 124.
(3), (4), (5). Tinh iiy Th&i Binh, TU Diin Thdi Binh. sdd, tr. 333- 334.
(6). (7), (8), (9), (10). Tinh ily Thfti Binh, Tit Biin Thdi Binh, add, tr. 135.125, 807, 806, 806.
(11). (12). Tinh iiy Th&i Binh, Tit Diin Thdi Binh. add, tr. 806-807.
(13), (14). T^nh ily Th6i Binh, Tit Diin Thdi Binh, edd, tr. 308, 125.
(15). HS Chi Minh Todn tdp. Tftp VIII, Nxb.
Chfnh tri Quoc gia, Hft N$i, 1995, tr. 236.
(16). S a u khi thi hftnh m$t stf c&n b9 (Hoftng QuSc Vi?t, H I Viet ThSng). H§i nghj dfl bflu H i Chf Minh Iftm T i n g bf thU BCH TU" Dang (Wtf Chl Minh biin niin tiiu sd. Nxb. Ly lufln chfnh trj, Hft N§i, 2006, tr. 483.
nfira trong Lifin khu 3, khu tfi nggn ndi cd nhflng sai lfim nghifim trpng, phi bitfn kfio dfli vl nhilu raflt. Xfit dtfn cflng, dd Ifl sal lfim "tfi khuynh giflo dilu" (19).
Trudc nhflng nfim 1963, 1955 trong bfli
"Hoa sen", Bfic Hi dfi gyi y cd thl vfln ddng cfic diln chu hitfn diln nhfl cflc dng Dd {^nh Thidn... Nhflng "cfich lflm" nfly ciia Bfic khdng dupc chtfp nhtfn, vtfn d^mg rafl "thfch"
Ifim mdt "Didn Bifin" trong eai eflch "long trdi Id dtftf', rafl nhiing "cfinh tupng thfi thfim cung khfing thl kl htfr (Ttf Hihi) (20).
(17). Ban chl d^o ttfng ktft ehtfng Thgc d&n Ph&p tryc thufic Bfi Chfnh trj. Ting kA cudc khdng chiin chdng Phdp thdng l^ vd bdi hge. Nxb. Chfnh trj Qude gia. Hfl N^i. 1996. tr. 232- 233.
(18). N g u y i n Vfln Khoan, Nhin lgi cu^c cdi cdeh rudng ddt d Hdi Phdng, KUn An, Tgp chf Nghiin cOu Lfch aCt, stf 6-2(X)7, tr. 28.
(19). Ly Vifit Quang, Bdng ldnh difo cdi each ru^ng ddt d Bdc Bd tit 1945 dih ndm 1957, Tdm tfit Lufln &n titfn ai, 2 0 1 1 . Ban luu tgi vi$n H i Chf Minh.
(20). DUdng T r u n g Qude, Ddn cdy cd rufng, Lao ddng cutfl t u l a , 26/2/2012.
- Xin dpc t h i m : L l Xufin Khoa, Vi4t Nam 1945- 1995, (Chitang UI, Chtnh sdch cdi each ru^ng d&), Nxb. T i l n R i n g , Hoa Ky, 2004.