Ngiiien eia trao loi
Do lirang I0i the thirang mai t m bdo cdo tdi chinh hop nhdt
Lgi the thirang mai (LTTM) ia mot chO d4 gay nhieu franh cai tren the gidi. C§c cuoc thao luan deu xoay quanh si/ nhan didn ve LTTM, ban chat cOa LTfM, do /udng va ghi nhan LTTM Viec 60 lifdng LTTM lien quan den cac k^ tituat rat phdc tap bdi LTTM d\igc xac dmh bSng chenh lech cao han giffa gia phi hgp nhat va giii tn hgp ly cua tai san thuan CO the xic dmh dugc va ng phai tra cOa ben bi mua vao ngay mua. Do dd, l<et qua do iwang khong chinh xac se anh hi/^g den do tin cay cua thong tin LTTM trinh bay tren bio cio hgp nhat vdi tir cich la tai san. Bai viet nay nham muc dich trao doi ve vi$c li/a chon ngay do lirdng va phuang phap do ludng LTTM khi ghi nhan lan dau.
LTTM Id mdt tai san dai didn cho nhiing lgi ich kinh td tucmg lai phat sinh til eae tdi san khac dugc mua trong hgp nhdt kinh doanh ma khdng thi xac dinh vd ghi nhdn mdt each ridng re (Intemational, 2008).
Reilly (2014) cho rdng, LTTM la gia tri phdn du duge tinh todn bdng each trd gia tri hgp ly cua td't ca cae tai san mua dugc ra khdi gia mua. Lgi the' thuang mai duge xac
^ ^ PGS. TS. Nguyin Thi Dfing*
Ths. Dodn Thj Hong Nhung*
dinh la chdnh lech gifla sd tien chi tra vdi gia tri thi trudng hop ly eua tai san thudn duoc mua khi mdt cdng ty hgp nhd't vdi mdt cdng ty khac. Mdt cdng ty san sang tra gid cao ban gid tri thi trudng hgp ly cita tai san thudn eiia cdng ty bi mua vi hg tin rdng cdng ty bi mua boat ddng hidu qua (Kintzele va cdng su, 2005). LTTM chi duge tinh toan sau khi mua mdt cdng ty, la khoan chdnh Idch giiia chi phi mua vd gia tri cua cac tai san cua edng ty bi mua. Ndn LTTM la gid tri cdn lai (Victor va cdng su, 2012). Quan dilm eiia cae tac gia trdn ddu eho thd'y su nhd't qudn trong vide do ludng LTTM la chdnh lech giua gid phi hgp nhat va gia tri hgp ly cua tai san thudn ciia cdng ty bi mua.
Theo chudn mUc bdo cao tdi ehinh qudc td IFRS 3- Hgp nhdt kinh doanh, LTTM dugc do ludng bdng chenh lech cao hem gifla gid phi hgp nha't va gia tri hgp Iy cua tai san thudn cd thi xac dinh dugc va ng phai tra cua bdn bi mua vao ngay mua (doan 32) (Intemational, 2008)
Theo ehuan muc kd todn Viet Nam VAS 11- Hop nhd't kinh doanh, LTTM dugc ghi nhdn la tai
Nhan: 28/11/2018 Bie'n tap: 10/12/2018 Duyet'dBng: 17/12/2018 san tai ngay mua. Gia tri ban ddu cua LTTM dugc xdc dinh theo gia gd'e, Id phdn chdnh Idch cua gid phi hgp nhdt so vdi phdn sd hflu eua bdn mua trong gia tri hgp ly thudn cua tai san, ng phai tra c6 thi xac dinh dugc va cac khoan ng tilm tang (doan 50) (Bd Tdi chinh, 2005).
Ro rang la kdt qua tinh todn LTTM se phu thudc vao vide do ludng gia tri hgp Iji cua gid phi hgp nhat va gia tri hgp ly eua tai san thudn ed the xac dinh dugc vd ng phai tra cua bdn hi mua. Nhu vdy, viec do ludng gia phi hgp nhdt vd gia tri hgp ly cua ede tai san va ng phai tra cua bdn bi mua ddng mdt vai trd rd't quan trgng.
Dilu nay se dam bao su chinh xdc va tinh dang tin cdy trong do ludng gia tri LTTM.
Khi thuc hien do ludng LTTM, chdng ta cdn lam ro mdt sd vdh dl lien quan ddn lua ehgn ngay do ludng va phuong phap do ludng.
Lira chon ngay do luomg:
Vide lua ehgn ngay do ludng la rdt quan trgng khi do ludng gia tri hgp ly cua tai san eflng nhu no phai tra bdi gia ca va cac thdng sd
' Sai hoc Thing Long ' d/^t c/u Me todn %' Miem tadn Ac //idnf/ J2/20J8
Nghien curn trao Ool
dugc sd dung khi do ludng thay ddi hdng ngay. Vi du, ddi vdi nhflng cd phid'u niem yd't trdn thi trudng chdng khoan, gia thi trudng cua cac cd phid'u nay dao ddng timg ngay. Vide lua ehgn ngay do ludng se anh hudng ddn vide lua ehgn gia thi trudng sd dung trong tinh todn gia tri hgp ly cua nhflng cd phidu dugc phat hanh bdi bdn mua dl thanh toan trong hgp nhdt kinh doanh.
Do dd, ngay do ludng edn duge quy dinh chung trong chudn mUc kd todn dl dam bao su thd'ng nhdt trong do ludng gid tri hgp ly cua tdi san vd ng phai tra.
EFRS 3 quy dinh ngay do ludng gia tri hgp ly cua ca gia phi hgp nhat va gia tri tai san thudn cua bdn bj mua la ngay mua, trong khi dd VAS 11 lai quy dinh ngdy do ludng gid phi hop nhdt la ngay trao ddi va ngay do ludng gia tri tai san thudn eua bdn bi mua lai la ngay mua. Ngay trao ddi Id ngay mua khi vide hgp nhdt kinh doanh dugc thuc hidn trong mdt giao dich don le. Nhung khi vide hgp nhdt kinh doanh lien quan ddn nhieu giao dieh, vi du vide hgp nhdt dat dugc theo tiing giai doan bdng vide mua cd phdn lien tidp, thi ngay trao ddi la ngay mdi khoan ddu tu don le do dugc ghi nhdn trong bao cao tai ehinh eiia bdn mua. Chting ta ed thd thdy, VAS 11 dang tao ra su thidu nhd't quan trong lua ehgn ngay do ludng. Theo quan diem tac gia, ngay mua ndn duge lUa ehgn thdng nhdt la ngay do ludng nhu quy dinh trong IFRS 3, vi nd la ngay ma hgp nhdt kinh doanh xay ra. Hgp nhdt kinh doanh lidn quan ddn su kdt hgp eac tai san dudi su kilm soat cua mdt ben cu thd hoac cac bdn; do dd, hgp nhd't kinh doanh xay ra vao ngay ma cac tai san hoac cdc tai san thudn
ndm dudi su kilm soat cua bdn mua. Viee sd dung kilm soat la tidu chi chinh di xac dinh ngay mua, dam bao viec eoi trgng ban chdt cua giao dieh hon la hinh thdc eua giao dich. Dinh nghia ngay mua lien quan ddii thdi dilm khi cac tai san thudn cua bdn bi mua trd thdnh cdc tai san thudn cua bdn mua, vao ngay dd bdn mua ed quyen ghi nhdn cdc tai san thudn da mua trong du lidu cua minh.
Cdch tidp can nay nhat quan vdi dinh nghia tai san, nhflng loi ich kinh td tucmg lai duge kiem soat bdi mdt don vi,
Phuong phap do Indng:
Do ludng gid tri hop ly thue chdt la chung ta xac dinh gia thi trudng cua dd'i tugng cdn do ludng.
Tuy nhidn, edng ty mua khdng ban cae tdi san trdn thi trudng, ma dang cd' gdng udc tinh gid trao ddi ndu cac tai san do dugc ban. Chinh vi vdy, qua trinh xac dinh gia tri hgp ly lien quan ddn su udc tinh va phan doan.
Do ludng gid tri hop Ij cda gid phi hap nhdt:
Trong trao ddi cu thi, gia phi hgp nhdt cd the dudi dang tiln mat, c6 phieu hoac cac tdi san cd dinh hflu hinh... Gia phi hgp nhdt cd the dudi hinh thdc thanh toan bdng tien mat, thanh toan bang cdc tai san phi tiln te hoac thanh toan bang vide phdt hanh ede edng cu vd'n. Mdi phuang tien, hinh thdc thanh toan ed thi phat sinh mdt sd vdn dl trong do ludng gid tri hgp ly nhu sau:
Trudng hffp ben mua thanh todn bdng tien mat
Ndu bdn mua sd dung tiln mat de thanh todn thi gia tri hop ly ehinh la sd tiln dugc dem di trao ddi. Tuy nhidn, mdt vdii dd ed thi phdt sinh dd la trudng hgp sd tiln dd duge thanh toan sau ngay mua.
Theo doan 26 cua VAS 11, "khi vide thanh todn tdt ea hoac mdt phdn gid phi cua viec hgp nhdt kinh doanh dugc hoan lai, thi gia tri hgp ly cua phdn hoan lai dd phai duge quy ddi vd gia tri hien tai tai ngay trao ddi, cd tinh ddn phdn phu trdi hoac chid't khdu se phat sinh khi thanh toan" (Bd Tai chinh, 2005). Khi thwe hidn quy ddi vl gid tri hidn tai thi viec lua ehgn ty Id ehilt khdu ndo se rdt quan trgng. Theo Leo va cdng su (2005) thi ty Id chidt khdu duge sd dung la lai vay bdi gid tri hgp ly cac khoan thanh todn tra chdm dd'i vdi ben mua la sd tien md bdn mua se phai di vay dl thanh toan khoan ng ngay ldp tde.
Trudng hop b^n mua thanh todn bdng cdc tai sdn phi tiin te
Cdng ty mua cd thi sd dung cae tai san phi tidn td dl thanh toan trong giao dich mua nhu nha xudng, may mdc, thiet bi, ede khoan ddu tu, gidy phep, bang sdng chd... Ndu thi trudng cua cac tai san nay la thi trUdng hoat ddng, thi ta cd thi bill gia tri hgp ly cua cae tai san nay bang each tham chidu gid thi trudng. Tuy nhidn, nhiing tdi san giao dich trdn thi trudng khdng thi gidng hdt cae tai san dem trao ddi. Do do, ta khdng the sd dung ngay gia ban cua cac tai san giao dich trdn thi trudng ma ta vdn phai thuc hien viec udc tinh gia tri hgp Iy ciia eae tai san. BQii thi trudng khdng tdn tai, cdc cdng cu danh gia khac cd thi dugc sd dung, gdm ca vide sd dung cac chuyen gia dinh gia tren nhiing co sd danh gid dang tin cdy.
Trudng hap ben mua thanh todn bdng cdch phdt hdnh cdc cong cu vd'n
Trong trudng hop ben mua phat hanh cac cdng eu vd'n de thanh toan cho bdn bi mua thi ben mua
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Nghign cihi trao doi
se cdn phai xac dinh gia tri hgp Iy cua eac edng cu vd'n nay vdo ngay mua. Dd'i vdi cae cdng ty nidm yet, xac dinh gid trj hgp ly cd the tham chidu gia nidm ydt cua cdng eu vdn dd.
Trudng hop bin mua thanh todn bdng viec hinh thdnh cdc khodn ng
Trudng hgp bdn mua thanh toan bang vide hinh thanh eac khoan ng thi gia tri hgp ly cua cdc khoan ng da phdt sinh dugc do ludng tdt nhdt bang gid tn hidn tai cua dong tiln ra trong tuong lai (Leo va cdng su, 2005).
Cdc chi phi phdt hanh cdc cdng cu ng hoac cdng cu vdn dl thanh todn cho bdn bi mua khdng dugc tinh vdo gia phi hgp nhdt kinh doanh (Bg Tai chinh, 2005).
Theo VAS 11, gia phi hgp nhdt kinh doanh cdn bao gdm cac ehi phi lien quan true tid'p ddn vide hop nhdt kinh doanh, nhu chi phi tra cho kilm todn vien, tu vdii phdp ly, thdm dinh vien vd gia vd eac nha tu vdn khae vd thuc hien hgp nhdt kmh doanh. Trong khi dd, IFRS 3 phidn ban ndm 2008 da thuc hidn vide dilu ehinh loai bo cac chi phi nay ra khdi gia phi hgp nhat kinh doanh va hach todn true tidp vao ehi phi kinh doanh trong k^* ma chung phdt sinh. Viec dilu chinh ndy cua IFRS 3 la hgp Iy bdi ndu cdc chi phi nay dugc dua vao gid phi hc^ nhdt se la tang gid phi hgp nhdt va kdt qua la lam tang gia tri LTTM md thuc chdt ddy khdng phai la khoan tiln ma ben mua bd ra dl mua dugc nhiing lgi ich kinh te' trong tuong lai nhu chdng ta da dinh nghia vd LTTM.
Bo ludng gid tri hpp /y' cua cdc tdi sdn, nffphdi trd hoac na tiem tdng cua bin bi mua:
Viec do ludng gid tri hgp ly cua cdc tdi san, ng phai tra va ng tilm
nang cua bdn bi mua cd the dua tren CO sd gia tri thi trudng hien hanh ndu cac tai san dd dugc trao ddi trdn thi trudng. Dd'i vdi cac tai san khdng trao ddi trdn thi trudng thi bdn mua se sd dung gia udc tinh. Dd'i vdi eac khoan phai thu vd phai tra bdn mua se sd dung gid trj hidn tai cua cdc khoan phai thu va phai tra nay theo mdc iai suat hidn hanh thich hgp. Tuy nhidn, trong VAS U khdng quy dinh ro mdc lai sudt chidt khdu dugc sd dung dl xac dinh gia tri bidn tai cua cae khoan phai thu va phai tra nay Id lai suat nao, Theo quan diem cua tac gia thi Iai sudt chidt khdu sd dung ddi vdi eac khoan phai thu nen la lai tiln giri bdi ndu bdn mua ed tien mat ngay bdy gid thi hg se gdi tien vdi lai sudit tiln gui va thu vl mdt khoan tuong dng vdi khoan phai thu trong tUong lai. Tuang tu vdi cac khoan phai tra, bdn mua nen sd dung lai vay dl chid't khdu cac khoan ng phai tra vd gid tri hidn tai bdi ndu ngay tai thdi didm hidn tai ben mua di vay tiln dl tra ng thi khoan tiln vay bdy gid chinh la gid tri hien tai eiia khoan ng phai tra trong tucmg lai. Khi lua ehgn lai sudt tiln giri hoac lai sudt tien vay nen chu y lua ehgn lai sudt tiln gdt hoac Iai sudt tien vay cd ky han phii hgp vdi ky ban cua cac khoan phai thu hoac cac khoan phai tra.
Tdm lai, ket qua do ludng LTTM se phu thude rdt 1 ^ vdo hai ydu td dd la: ngay do ludng va phuong phap do ludng gia phi hgp nha't va gia tri hgp ly cua cac tai san, ng phai tra va ng tilm tang cua bdn bi mua. Hien nay cdn tdn tai su chua thdng nha't trong quy dinh lua ehgn ngay do ludng va quy dinh ddi vdi cdc chi phi phat sinh lien quan true tie'p ddn hgp nha't kinh doanh nhu chi phi tra
cho kiem toan vidn, tu vdn phdp ly, t h ^ dinh vidn vl gia va cdc nhd tu vd'n khac vl thuc hien hi?p nhd't kinh doanh gifla IFRS 3 va VAS 11. Bdn canh dd, vide xdc dinh gia tri hi3p ly ciia mdt sd khoan muc phai thu va phai tra dua trdn chilt khdu dong tiln tuong lai cung cdn lam ro ty le chie't khdu dugc sir dung trong timg trudng hgp. Trong tuong Iai, tac gia hy vgng cac nha soan thao chudn muc kd todn Viet Nam se nghidn edu vl cac vd'n dl ndu trdn d l dua ra nhiing dieu chinh thich hop, tao su thdng nhd't gifla chudn muc kd toan Vidt Nam vdi chudn muc kdtoan qudc td.D
Tdi liiu tham khdo
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2. International Accounting Standards Board (2008). IFRS 3- Business Combinations, Nhd xudt bdn International Accounting Standards Committee Foundation, London
3. Kintzele Marilyn R., Philip L.
Kintzele vd Vernon E Kwiatkowski (2005), Goodwill: Accounting and financial reporting issues, Tap chilnternal Auditing, So 20(l),Trang.
29-34.
4 Leo Ken, John Hoggett, John Sweeting vd Jennie Radford (2005), Company Accounting. Xudt bdn lan thU 6, Nhd xudt bdn John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd,
5. Reilly Robert F. (2014).
Construction company goodwill valua- tion approaches and methods, Tap chi Construction Accounting & Taxation, S624(3)Jrang: 17-26.
6. Victor Munteanu, Alice Tinta, Andrei Alina Elena vd Vdtdttotu Cristian lonel (2012), The Accounting Treatment of Goodwill as Stipulated by IFRS 3, Tap chiProcedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, Sd' 62 Trang:
1120-1126.
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