Tgp chl KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Sd 30 ndm 2011
DAC DIEM
P H A N H 6 A T VNHlfeN VA SV' HtNH
T H A N HCAC DON VJ
C A N H Q U A NLlTU Vl^C
S 6 N GHirOfNG
NGUY6N OANG DO*, NGUVeN THAM**
T6M TAT
Diiu kien t\r nhien luu v(/c sdng Huang cd s^ephdn hda da dgng vd dpc ddo. Kit qud nghien cuu suphdn hda t\r nhiin cua Idnh thd vd thdnh Igp bdn dd cdnh quan luu v\rc sdng Hucmg, ty le 1:100 000 cho thdy: Luu vi,rc sdng Huang dupc phdn chia thdnh 117 logi cdnh quan trong he thing phdn logi cdnh quan cua Idnh thd, bao gdm: he cdnh quan, phyi he cdnh quan, kiiu cdnh quan, phg kiiu cdnh quan, l&p cdnh quan, phu l&p cdnh quan vd logi cdnh quan.
Bdi bdo nghiin cim ddc diim phdn hda t\r nhiin vd su hinh thdnh cdc dan v/ cdnh quan tren luu v\rc sdng Huang nhdm xdc dinh tiim ndng t{r nhien phgc vg mpt sd mgc tieu phdt triin kinh ti - xd hpi cua Idnh thS.
Tir khda: bdn do cdnh quan, cdnh quan luu v\rc sdng Huang, hf th6ng phdn logi cdnh quan, loai cdnh quan.
ABSTRACT
Characteristics of natural differentiation and the formation of landscape units in Huong river basin
The natural conditions of Huong river basin are multi -differential and original. The results of the differentiation of territory and establishing landscape map of Huong river basin in the scale 1:100 000 show that: Huong river basin lanscape is divided into 117 categories in the landscape classification system of territory, including seven levels:
Lanscape system, landscape subsystems, landscape types, landscape subtypes, landscape class, landscape subclasses and landscape kinds.
This article is about the natural characteristics of differentiation and the formation of landscape units in Huong river basin to define natural potential for some targets of economic - social development of the territory.
Keywords: landscape map, Huong river basin landscape, landscape classification system, landscape kinds.
1. Ddt vin de
Luu vvrc sdng Huong ndm ti-en Idnh tho tinh Thira Thien Hui (TTH), cd difn tich 3 232 km^ chiim 63,77% difn tich vd t$p tiamg 67,91% dan s6 nhung ddng gdp 75 - 85% gia trj GDP, gin 90% gid
ThS, Trudng Ogi hpc Su phgm Hu^
" TS, Trudng Ogi hpc Su phgm Hu^
trj gia tdng cdng nghiep vd 80 - 85% gia trj xult khiu... Ddy la vimg cd nhilu tilm ndng cho phdt trien kinh te da ngdnh, tuy nhien dilu kifn tvr nhien (DKTN) ciia lanh tho cd svr phdn hda da dang, svr tuong tdc giura hodn luu gid miia vdi cdc dilu kifn dja hmh khac nhau tren nin mdu chit phiic tap ciing vdi svr tdc dgng lau ddi ciia con ngudi da hinh thanh tren luru virc
Tap chl KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Nguyen Ddng Dp vd tgk
nhilu loai cdnh quan. Vi vdy, vifc danh gid tiem ndng sinh thdi tiJ nhien nhdm sir dving hgp ly lanh thd la vin dl mang tinh d p thilt. Kit qud nghidn ciiu se gdp phan xdc djnh CO sd khoa hgc cho vifc danh gid, phan hang thich nghi lanh thd cho phdt tiiln mdt sd ngdnh kinh tl theo dom vj cdnh quan.
2. Dac diem phan hoa tu nhien luu vuc sdng Huorng
2.L Vftridfaly
Luu vvrc sdng Hucmg ndm trong khodng tga dg dja ly: 107°09' din 107°5r kinh do Ddng vd 15°59' din 16° 36 ' vT do Bdc. Dugc gidi ban bdi: Phia Bdc gidp vdi luu vvrc sdng 6 Ldu, phia Ddng gidp vdi biln Ddng, phia Ddng Nam gidp vdi mii Bach Ma, phia Tdy, Tdy Nam giap vdi day Trudng Som. Luu vvrc sdng Huang bao gdm cdc huyfn Phong Diln, Qudng Diln, Huomg Trd, thdnh phd Hui, Nam Ddng, Huomg Thiiy, Phii Vang, gdn 50% difn tich ciia huyfn Phii Ldc vd mdt sd xd ciia huyfn A Ludi.
2.2. Dgc diem dfa chat
Theo sa dd kiln tao ciia Tran Van Trj vd nnk (1993) [5], khu vvrc TTH ndi chung vd luu vurc sdng Huong ndi rieng ndm vl phia Ddng Nam mien kien tao Trudng Son (mdt phin hf kiln tao Vift - Ldo) va ndm trgn tren hai ddi clu tnic Long Dai vd A Vuomg.
Phdn dien tich thudc ddi Long Dai phdn bd chii ylu d phia Bdc, Ddng Bdc vd Ddng, dugc ngan cdch vdi ddi clu tnic A Vuong d phia Tdy vd Tay Nam qua diit gay sau phan ddi Rdo Quan - A Ludi [4]
Phin dien tich thugc ddi nay phan bd d phia Tay va Tdy Nam ciia TTH,
thudc ria Tdy BIC ciia ddi A Vuong [4]
Ddi cdu tnic ndy dugc ngdn cdch vdi ddi Long Dai bdi diit gay Da Krdng A Ludi (cvi thi Id diit gdy Ta Lao - Td Rut).
Cdc thdnh tao dja chit trudc Kainozoi d luu vvrc sdng Huomg tuong doi dom gidn vd kha ddng nhdt, trong dd chiim tdi 80% difn tich luu vvrc Id cdc thdnh tao biln chit hf tdng Long Dai vd cdc dd xam nhdp phiic hf Hai Van tao thdnh dja hinh mii trung binh vd mii thlp vdi khd ndng thIm vd giii nudc kem ddn din gia tdng ddng chdy mat khi cd mua ldn gay ra lu lut, trugt Id vd xdi mdn dlt...
Trong pham vi luu vvrc sdng Huong, cdc trim tich Kainozoi la thdnh phin chii ylu clu tao nen ddi ddng bdng ven biln vdi be mat tuomg ddi bang phdng, keo ddi tir phia Tdy Bdc den Ddng Nam, chilu ddi tir 60- 70km, chilu rdng
15-20km.
2.3. Dgc diim dia hlnh - dia mgo
r
Dja hinh luu vvrc sdng Huomg rat phiirc tap, todn bd dia hinh ciia lanh thd keo dai theo phuong TB - DN, cd nhimg day mii va ddng bdng diu chay song song vdi dudng bd biln vd thlp ddn tir Tdy sang Ddng. Tren co sd xem xet ddc trung hinh thdi dja hinh, cd thi chia lanh thd luu vvrc sdng Huomg thdnh 3 vimg: vimg mii (chiim tdi 38,71% difn tich tvr nhien cua luu vvrc), viing gd ddi (chiim 38,33%
difn tich tvr nhien ciia luu vurc) vd vimg ddng bdng dim phd ven biln (chiim 22,96% difn tich tvr nhien cua luu vvrc).
Dja hinh trong pham vi luu vurc sdng Huong khd da dang vl ngudn gdc cung nhu hinh tiidi. Tdng hgp kit qua xay
Tap chl KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Sd 30 ndm 2011
dvmg bdn do dja mgo luu vvrc sdng Huong ty If 1: 100.000 dd xdc djnh dugc 32 dang dja hinh thugc 6 nhdm nguon goc khdc nhau nhu: nhdm dja hlnh bdc mdn tdng hgp, nhdm dja hinh do ddng chdy, nhdm dja hinh ngu6n g6c biln vd vung vjnh, nhdm dja hinh ngu6n g6c h6n hgp sdng - biln, nhdm dja hinh ngu6n goc do gid vd nhdm dja hinh nhdn sinh.
2.4. D^c diim khihgu
Luru vvrc sdng Hucmg cd chl dO biic xa phong phii, nin nhift df cao. Do vj tri ciia luu vvrc ndm trong vimg chuyin tilp giira khi hdu miln Bdc vd khi hdu miln Nam md ddy Bgch Md Id ranh gidi khi hdu tvr nhien giiJa hai miln Idnh tho, nen d ddy diln ra svr giao tranh gifl-a cdc khdi khdng khi xult phdt tir cdc trung tdm tdc dgng khdc nhau. Hdu qud mang lai la hlu het cdc loai thien tai cd d nudc ta deu xult hifn d luu vvrc sdng Huomg.
Nen nhiet d luu vyrc khd cao, dao ddng ciia nhift dg giira cdc thdng trong ndm khdng ldn. Nhift dO tiimg binh ndm xip xi 24,5 25, r c d viing ddng bdng vd gidm din khi 16n vimg mii, cdn khodng 22 - 23°C d do cao 500 - 600m vd xip xi 20°C d do cao 1 000m.
Ddy Id nai cd lugng mua ldn nhlt tren todn miln khi hgu Ddng Trudng Son vd trd thdnh mgt trong nhimg tdm mua ldn nhdt todn quoc. T6ng lugng mua ndm trung binh dao dgng trong khodng 2 200mm din tren 3 600mm. Lugng mua cd xu thi tdng tir vimg dong bdng (2 200 - 3 OOOmm/ndm) len reo cao phia Tdy vd trudc day Bach Ma, lugng mua dat tren 3 000mm (Nam Ddng 3 606mm/ndm) [6].
Luu vvrc sdng Huong Id mgt trong
nhflmg vung cd dQ Im cao nhdt so vdi cd nudc. Dg Im tuong ddi trung binh ndm dao dgng tii 84 87% vd cd svr tdng len theo dQ cao dja hinh.
Svr da dang trong cdc dilu kifn hinh thdnh khi hgu, ddc bift la miic dg chia cdt phiirc tap ciia dja hinh da ldm phdn hda theo khdng gian, tao ra 2 vimg vd 7 tilu vung khi hdu khdc nhau tren luu virc.
2.5. D^c diim thuy vdn
Hf thong sdng Huong la hgp luu ciia ba nhdnh chinh: sdng Td Trach, sdng HOru Trach vd sdng Bd cd chung doan sdng chdy ra bien 9km. Ddc diem chung ciia mang ludi sdng suoi trong luu vvrc sdng Huong Id phin thugng luu sdng thugc vimg nui thlp vd trung binh cd do cao tren dudi 1 000m chiim gin nhu todn bg vimg mii phia Tdy, Tdy Nam vd Nam cua luu vvrc vdi dg ddc dia hinh ldn, do doc Idng sdng d khu vvrc ndy thudng tren
40%OJ rriang ludi sdng sudi phat trien vdi mat dg ludi sdng tren 1,2 km/km^ Ldng sdng sdu hinh chflr V, hf sd udn khiic 1,1 -
1,3. Vimg gd ddi, dg cao luru vorc gidm hdn, trung binh Id 150m, tiiung liing sdng d ddy md rgng xen ke cdc bdi bdi, sdng uon khiic manh hon, hf so udn khiic tren 1,50. Mang ludi sdng kem phat trien do miic dg chia cit bl mdt ylu, mat do sdng sudi d khu vvrc nay dat dudi 0,5km/km^
Phan ha luu chdy trong ddng bang kha bdng phdng d do cao dudi 20m, sdng udn khiic manh vdi mat do ludi sdng trung binh dat 0,8kni/kml Todn bd he tiiong sdng Huong cd 18 phvi luu d p I din d p III cd chilu dai tren 10km vdi do ddc binh qudn todn luu virc khd ldn 28,5% [1].
2.6. Dgc diem thd nhu&ng
Tap chl KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Nguyen Ddng Dp vd tgk
Dvra tren nguyen tdc va tieu chi svr phan bd ciia cac nhdm, loai dat vugt phdn vimg dja ly thd nhuong, luu vvrc trgi trong nhumg khdng gian cvi thi toan sdng Huong dugc chia lam 3 viing vd 16 vimg nay va dugc phan chia ra 4 tilu tilu vung. Cvi thi: viing (bang 1):
2.6.L Vung nui (Sj)
Tren co sd ban dd thd nhudng luu vvrc sdng Huomg ti If 1:100 000 cho thiy
Bdng 1. Phdn logi ddt viing nui (Si) luu luu vuc sdng Huong Tieu
viing Sn
S,2 S,3 Sl4
Loai dat Ddt dd vdng tren da set
Ddt dd vdng tren da set bien chat Dlt dd vdng tren da macma axit Ddt vdng nhat tren da cat
Ddt mim dd vang tren da bien chat - Ddt mim dd vdng tren da macma axit
Ky hifu Fs Fj Fa Fq Hj Ha Tong difn tich dat vung mii
Dien tich song, suoi, ao, ho
Tong dien tich tu nhien vung mii song Huomg
Dien tich (ha) 10156,26 40722,41 63356,19 5218,83 386,27 5072,09 124912,05 182,06 125094,11
Tylf
(%)
8,12 32,55 50,64 4,17 0,30 4,06 99,85 0,15 100 Ngudn: [9]
2.6.2. Vung go ddi (Su)
Vimg dja ly thd nhudng gd ddi dugc gidi ban tir do cao 10m din 250m so vdi mvrc nudc biln [9]. Vimg ndm chii ylu d cac huyen Huomg Tra, Huomg Thiiy, Phong Diln, Nam Ddng, Phu Ldc. Difn tich vimg 123 908,4 ha chiim 38,33% dien tich tvr nhien todn luu vvrc. Dvra vdo ddc diem phan bd cdc nhdm, loai dat phd bien cd the chia lanh thd viing gd ddi ra 7 tieu vung sau (bang 2):
Bdng 2. Phdn logi ddt viing go doi (Su) luu vuc sdng Huang Tieu
viing
Sjii
SlI2
Loai dat
•
- Dat cat bien
- Dlt phii sa khdng dugc boi
- Dlt phii sa cd ting loang Id dd vang
Dat phu sa gidy
Dat phii sa dugc bdi hang nam - Dlt phu sa ngdi sudi
- Dat thung King do san phdm ddc
tiJ
Ky hieu
C •
P Pf Pg Pb Py D Xa
Difn tich (ha) 237,04 1374,16 491,16 189,8 170,91 1150,25 547,96 202,85
Tylf
(%)
0,19 1,11 0,41 0,15 0,13 0,92 0,44 0,16
Tap chl KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Sd 30 ndm 2011
Sll3 Sll4 Sjis S|I6 SlI7
Dat xdm tren da macma axit Dlt do vang tren da macma axit Ddt dd vdng tren dk s€x.
Dat vdng nhat tren dd cdt - Dat ndu vdng tren phii sa co - Dat xdi mdn tro sdi dd
Fa Fs Fq Fp E Tdng difn tich dat viing gd doi
, J . — .
Difn tich song, suoi, ao, ho
Tong difn tich t^r nhien vung gd doi
42071,99 55946,82 7958,19 3083,51 3537,95 117037,82 6870,58 123908,4
34,01 45,15 6,42 2,49 2,86 94,45 5,55 100 Ngudn: [9]
2.6.3. Viing dong bdng duyen hdi
Vimg dong bdng duyen hai dugc gidi ban tir dudng binh dg 10m trdi rdng vl phia Ddng Bdc cho tdi biln Ddng. Ldnh thd dugc phdn chia thdnh 5 tilu vung dja ly thd nhuong nhu sau (bang 3).
Bdng 3. Phdn logi dat vdng dong bdng duyen hdi (Sm) tuu vuc sdng Huang Tieu
viing
Snii
Sni2
SllI3
S|II4
Loai dat
- Dat dd vdng tren da macma axit - Ddt phii sa khdng dugc bdi
- Dlt phii sa cd ting loang lo dd vdng - Dlt phii sa gidy
- Ddt phii sa dugc bdi hdng ndm - Ddt phii sa phii tren nen cdt bien
Ddt cdt bien
Ddt con cat trdng vang Ddt mdn it vd trung binh - Dlt man nhilu
- Dlt phen boat dgng sdu, mdn trung binh
Ky hifu Fa P Pf Pg Pb Pc C Cc M Mn SjM Tong difn tich dat viing dong bdng
Difn tich song, suoi, ao, ho, dam phd
Tong difn tfch ty nhien viing dcIng bdng duyen hai
Difn tich (ha)
75,23 15136,05 3599,09 4366,94 211,04 1649,54 17345,68 6750,29 5863,75 407,20 3108,74 58.511,17 15.711,51 74.222,68
Tylf
(%)
0,10 20,39 4,84 5,90 0,28 2,22 23,37 9,09 7,90 0,55 4,19 78,83 21,17 100 2.7. D^c diim thdm thuc vdt
Tham tiivrc vat ti-en luu vvrc sdng Huong khd phong phii vl kilu loai. Dudi dnh hudng ciia khi hdu nhift ddi gid mua dm vd svr phdn hda cua dja hinh, thdm thvrc
Ngudn:[9]
vdt nguyen sinh tren ddt dja ddi gdm: ritng kin cdy Id rdng thudng xanh nhift ddi dm dudi dg cao 800 - 900m vd rimg kin cay la rdng thudng xanh d nhift ddi Im d do cao ti-en 800 900m din 1 600 - 1 700 m.
Tap chl KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Nguyen Ddng Dp vd tgk
Dudi tac dgng khai phd ciia con ngudi, tii cdc kilu thdm ti-en dd bhih tiianh hang loat cdc kilu thdm thii sinh, nhu rimg tre nira, trdng cdy bvii thiir sinh, trdng cd thii sinh vd thdm tiiurc vat trdng, nhu liia, cdc loai rimg tr6ng, hoa mdu, nuong riy, cdy cdng nghifp, cdc cay tirong ti-ong cdc khu ddn cu.
Tr6n dlt cdt phi dja ddi cd hing cdy bvii, cd thii suih thay thi cdc kilu rimg tiilp vdi bg Id cimg tiiich iing vdi khd ban. Tren dlt ngi dja ddi cd rimg ngdp nudc nggt vd rimg ngap mdn. Cdc khu vvrc hlu nhu khdng cd thdm thvrc vdt, chi cd difn tich nhd trong luu vurc nghien ciiru.
3. Nhirng nhan to anh hudng den sy phan hda lanh tho vd thanh tao cac dom vi canh quan liru vyc song Huomg
Svr phan hda lanh thd vd thdnh tao cdc don vj cdnh quan (CQ) ciia luu vvrc
r
sdng Huomg chju svr tdc ddng ciia rdt nhilu nhdn td. Neu sdp xep cdc nhan td theo nguyen tdc uu tien xet trudc cdc quy ludt phan hda chu yeu thi cd the coi vi tri
r r
dja ly vd kien tao - dja mao la hai nhdn td tiln dk; khi hau va thuy vdn vira Id hf qud cua hai nhdn td tren, nhung vira la tien de cho cdc nhan td thd nhudng vd sinh vdt [3].
Vj tri dja ly ciia mdt lanh thd phan anh tinh dja ddi ciia cdc hifn tugng, thdnh phdn tvr nhien vd cdnh quan. Xet trong pham vi luu vvrc sdng Huong, svr phdn hda lanh tiid theo vT do dja ly dk hinh tiidnh nen cdc don vi CQ khdng thi hifn rd bdng anh hudng ciia cdc nhdn to phi dja ddi.
Tuy nhien, toan bg he thong cdc don vj CQ nhift ddi gid mua ndi chi tuyln Bdc ban clu d luu vurc lai dugc quylt djnh bdi vj tri dja ly cua nd. Ndi cdch khdc, vj tri
7 / • /
dja ly cua mdt lanh thd se quyet djnh den hodn luu khi quyin, chl do biirc xa, nhift dg...
Kiln tao - dja mao d luu virc sdng Huomg dugc coi Id nhdn td quan trgng, dnh hudng gidn tilp din svr phdn hda cdc hifn tugng, thdnh phin tvr nhien vd canh quan theo dai cao. Kit qud ciia svr tuong tdc giu'a hodn luu khi quyen va dja hinh da tao ra d ddy mdt sur khdc bift vl chl do nhift Im, thdi ky mua, thdi ky khd ban, gid Tdy khd ndng...
Syr phdn hda ve mdt khi hdu vd thuy vdn d mdt lanh thd chju syr tdc dgng manh me ciia dja hinh. Vd chinh khi hau, thiiy vdn lai Id nhdn td tiln dl chi phdi
f r
den qud trinh hinh thanh va phan bd cua thd nhudng cung nhu sinh vat.
Ngodi cdc nhan td tvr nhien, con ngudi cung da tdc ddng mdt each manh me din cdc hgp phin ty nhien vd ldm biln ddi cdnh quan. Svr tac ddng ly diln ra vdi tdc do ngdy cdng cao, lam phd vd clu tnic vdn cd ciia tvr nhien nhu: con ngudi khai thac tai nguyen trong long dlt, xdy hd, ddp dap... lam thay ddi hinh thai bl mat dja hinh, ddng chdy sdng ngdi; con ngudi chat phd rimg mdt each bira bai ddn din svr bien ddi manh cdc kilu thdm thvrc vdt, gdy nen xdi mdn, sat Id dlt, thdai hda dlt... Chinh svr tdc dgng ciia con ngudi da tao ra phdn iing day chuyin tirong cdc hgp phin tir nhien theo thdi gian, dan din svr thay ddi cdnh quan tvr nhien ciia luu vvrc.
Nhu vay, mac dii luu vvrc sdng Huomg ndm d viing nhiet ddi, hang nam nhan dugc lugng biirc xa ldn nhung do dnh hudng cua do cao dja hinh ma d day
Tap chl KHOA HQC DHSP TPHCM Sd 30 ndm 2011
cd thi quan sat thiy svr cd m^t cua dai nhift ddi vd dai d nhift ddi. Mdi dai ddc trung bdi mgt nin nhift Im, mgt kilu tham thvrc vgt vd kilu dlt tuomg img. Svr phdn hda cdc DKTN vd CQ tren luu vvrc bj chi phoi d6ng thdi cua quy ludt dja ddi vd quy lu^t phi dja ddi. Nhflng quy luat tren tdc dgng ddng thdi, t6ng hgp vd quy djnh nhumg n^t ddc thu ciia CQ ldnh tho luu vvrc sdng Huong.
4. Cdc don v| cdnh quan luu vyc song Huong
4.1. H^ thong vd chl tiiu phdn logi cdnh quan
Cho den nay, dd cd nhilu hf thong phdn loai cdnh quan ciia cdc tac gid khdc nhau nhu: A.G. Ixatrenco (1961), N.A.
Gvozdexki (1961), Nhikolaev (1976), Vu Tvr Lap (1976), P.W. Michell va LA.
Howard (FAO - 1978) vd ddc bift la hf thdng phdn loai cdnh quan ciia tap the tdc gid Phdng Sinh thdi cdnh quan, thudc
Vifn Dja ly [2], [6], [7]... Cdc he thong phdn loai ndy khdng cd svr mau thudn ve nguyen tie, nhung do each tilp can theo nhflmg hudmg nghien curu khdc nhau vd tiiy thugc vdo myc tieu sir dung ma trong cdc hf thong cd svr khdc nhau vl sd lugng cdc cap cung nhu chi tieu phdn loai. 0 day, bdi bdo khdng di sdu phdn tich cac hf thong phdn logi cdnh quan cua cdc tdc gid trong vd ngodi nudc md chi xem xet, kl thira vd van dung mgt sd hf thdng phdn logi cdnh quan phii hgp vdi ty If bdn do, ddc diem tiJ nhien cua ldnh thd, mvic dich nghien curu vd co sd tdi lieu thu dugc. Hf thdng phdn loai cdnh quan dp dung cho bdn dd cdnh quan luu vvrc sdng Huong ty If 1: 100 000 gdm cd: Hf cdnh quan -* phu hf cdnh quan -• ldp cdnh quan -* phu ldp canh quan -• kilu cdnh quan -• phvi kieu canh quan -» loai cdnh quan (bdng 4).
Bdng 4. Hf thong phdn logi cdnh quan luu vurc sdng Hucmg
STT 1
2
3
4
Cap phan loai
•
Hf CQ
Phu hf CQ
Ldp CQ
Phu ldp CQ
Dau hifu phan loai
Nin biic xa chu dao, can bdng nhiet Im quylt djnh tinh dja ddi
r
Che do hodn luu gid miia ldm phdn phdi lai nhiet Im cdc ddi Ddc diem cdu tnic cdc don vj dja hinh d p ldn (dai dja hinh) da xdc djnh kilu dja ddi hay phi dja ddi ciia lanh tho
Tinh phdn tang cua cdc dieu kifn vd qua trinh tyr nhien
Ten g9i cac cap trong hf thong phSn loai CQ luu vyc song Huomg Hf CQ nhift ddri gid miia Ddng Nam A
- Phvi he CQ nhift ddri gid mua cd miia ddng khdng lanh
- Phu hf CQ nhift doi gid mua cd miia ddng laiih
- Ldp cdnh quan niii - Ldp cdnh quan ddi
- Ldp cdnh quan dong bdng duyen hai - Phu ldp CQ mii trung binh
- Phu ldp CQ nui thlp - Phvi ldp CQ doi cao - Phil ldp CQ doi tiilp
Tap chl KHOA HQC DHSP TPHCM Nguyen Ddng Dp vd tgk
5
6
7
Kilu CQ
Phu kilu CQ
Loai CQ
Dac diem sinh khi hau trong mdi quan he vdi kilu tham thvrc vdt phdt sinh trong pham vi mgt ldp, phu ldp CQ
Dvra tren cdc ddc trung cvrc doan ciia khi hau dnh hudng tdi cdc dilu kifn sinh thdi
Svr ket hgp cua cdc qudn xa thvrc vat phdt sinh va hifn dai vdi loai
dit
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Phil ldp canh quan ddng bang duyen hai
- Kieu CQ rimg kin la rdng thudng xanh mua miia nhift ddi (I)
= Kilu CQ rimg kin la rgng thudng xanh mua miia a nhiet ddi (II)
= Phvi kieu CQ cd miia he ndng hoi khd, miia ddng Im - rit am (la).
- Phvi kilu CQ cd mua he ndng hoi Im, miia ddng hoi lanh - rit Im (lb)
Phvi kilu CQ cd miia he mat Im, miia ddng lanh - rit Im (Ila)
* Bao gdm 117 loai CQ, trong dd:
92 loai CQ thudc phy kilu la 13 loai CQ thudc phy kilu lb 12 loai CQ thudc phy kilu Ila 4.2. Bdn dd cdnh quan luu vuc sdng Huong
Ban do CQ la mgt ban db tdng hgp phan anh mgt each dly dii, khach quan cac dac diem ciia tu nhien, mdi quan he va tac dgng tuong hd gifla cac thanh phan tu nhien.
Day la sdn pham cudi cimg ciia cdng tac nghien ciiu, danh gia, ddng thai la nin tang cho viec dl xult djnh hudng quy hoach va sii dyng hgp ly lanh thd.
De xay dvmg ban do CQ lanh thd nghien ciiu, tac gia da thdnh lap cac ban do thanh phin cimg ty If
1: 100 000: ban dd do cao dja hinh, ban do dat, ban dd tham thyc vat, ban do phan viing khi hau, ban dh do ddc... va lien ket cac ban db don tinh vdi su trg giiip cua cdc phan mem Mapinfo 9.0, ArcGIS 9.2. (hinh 1).
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Tap chl KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Sd 30 ndm 2011
Khi xay dvmg bdn db, ngodi hf thdng phdn loai CQ thi vifc thdnh l^p bdng chii giai d^ng "ma tr^n" Id hit siic cin thilt. Bang chii gidi ndy khdng nhflmg gidi thich nhihig ylu to bilu thj tren bdn dd, md cdn Id tdi lifu chiira dvmg nhflmg thdng tin mgt cdch cd dgng vd chdt chg, dong thdi thi hifn rd clu tnic, chirc ndng vd ddng lyc ciia cdnh quan. Trong bdng chii giai bdn do CQ luu vyc sdng Huong, cdc d p ciia hf thdng phdn lo^i cdnh quan dugc xip thdnh 2 nhdm: nin tdng nhift - Im vd nin tdng rdn.
Nin tdng nhift - Im bao gom: hf cdnh quan, phy hf cdnh quan, kilu cdnh quan vd phy kilu cdnh quan dugc xdp xep theo hdng ngang the hifn che dg hoan luu, ddc diem sinh khi hdu vd cdc ddc tnmg cyc doan cua khi b^u. Trong
Bdng 5. Chu gldl ma trgn bdn do
nhdm ndy cd 1 hf CQ, 2 phy hf CQ, 2 kilu vd 3 phy kilu CQ.
Nin tdng rdn bao ghm\ ldp CQ vd phy ldp CQ dugc xdp xip theo cgt hdng dgc thi hifn clu tnic hinh thdi dja hinh vd tinh phdn ting cua cdc DKTN. Tir 3 ldp CQ: nui, doi vd ddng bdng duyen hdi dugc phdn chia thdnh 5 phy ldp CQ: tm trung binh, niii thlp, doi cao, doi thlp vd ddng bdng duyen hdi.
Lo^ CQ Id d p phdn loai tiilp nhlt ti-ong hf tii6ng phdn lo^i CQ ciia ldnh thd nghien cim. CJ ddy, loai dlt, tdng ddy, thdnh phin CO gidi, do doc dugc xip theo cgt dgc vd cdc quin xd tiiuc v$t dugc xip tiieo hdng ngang. Lo^ CQ Id kit qud giao thoa giua hdng vd cdt trong bdng chii gidi ma t r ^ bdn db CQ luu vyc sdng Huong (bdng 5).
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Tap chl KHOA HQC DHSP TPHCM Nguyen Ddng Dp vd tgk
4.3. Ddc diem cdc dan vi cdnh quan luu vuc sdng Huang
4.3.1. He cdnh quan nhl^t d&l gid miia Ddng Nam A
Luu vyc sdng Huong ndi rieng va tinh Thira Thien - Hue ndi chung ndm trgn trong nin chung cua hf cdnh quan nhift ddi gid miia Vift Nam. Tong lugmg biic xa thuc tl hang ndm dat tir 124 126 Kcal/cm^/ndm. Cdn can biic xa ludn ludn duomg vd dat tir 70 - 80 Kcal/cmVndm, tdng nhift do cd ndm vdo khoang 9 000 - 9 100°C d dong bdng vd 7 800 - 8 400°C d vimg mii. Nhift do trung binh nam xap xi 24,5 - 25, r c d vimg ddng bdng va gidm din khi len vimg mii, cdn khodng 22 - 23°C d do cao 500 - 600m vd xip xi 20° d do cao 1 000m. Ndm trong vimg boat ddng cua gid mua ndi chi tuyen, hf canh quan luu vyc sdng Huomg cdn chju dnh hudng ciia gid miia Ddng Bdc di chuyen tir cdc vi do cao xudng theo miia trong nam, tao su phdn hda miia rd rft.
Mua he chju sy tac ddng chii ylu ciia gid miia Tdy Nam bj biln tinh khi vugt qua day Trudng Som trd nen khd, ndng. Mua ddng chju sy tdc dgng cua gid miia Ddng Bdc (kem theo front lanh cyc ddi) lam sdu sdc them cac nhilu ddng thdi tilt nhu: khi dp tang nhanh, nhift do gidm, gay mua ldn, lam djch chuyen miia mua ve cudi miia thu ddu miia ddng, Ifch pha so vdi tinh hinh chung cua gid mua Ddng Nam A va tao ra d Thira Thien Hui nhumg tnmg tdm mua ldn ciia cd nudc.
Tinh chit nhift ddi gid mua ciia hf cdnh quan luu vyc sdng Huang da tao dilu kifn ton tai vd phdt triln cac quan thi sinh vat nhift ddi vdi su da dang vl
thdnh phdn loai va phong phu vl clu tnic.
Tinh chit nhift ddi vd phan hda theo miia cdn dugc thi hifn rd trong che do thiiy vdn vd cdc qud trinh ngoai sinh cua luu vyc.
4.3.2. Phu h^ cdnh quan
4.3.2.1. Phu hi CQ nhiit d&i gid mua cd miia ddng khdng lanh
Do vj tri ciia luu vyc ndm trong vung chuyin tilp gifla khi hdu nhift ddi gid miia cd mua ddng lanh cua mien Bdc vd khi hdu nhift ddi gid miia khdng cd mua ddng cua mien Nam, ket hgp vdi sy tuomg tdc giua hodn luu khi quyen vd ddc diem dja hinh ddc ddo d day da hinh thanh nen phy hf cdnh quan nhift ddi gid miia cd mua ddng khdng lanh bao triim toan bd viing ddi mii thlp va ddng bdng ven bien. Nhift do trung binh nam dat 24,5 - 25, r c , nhift do trung binh tiidng lanh nhlt trong nam d phy he CQ nay diu dat 20°C. Lugng mua trung binh nam tir 2 200 - 3 000mm.
Tinh chdt nhift ddi gid miia cd miia ddng khdng lanh da tao nen tinh chat nhift ddi diln hinh ciia cdc thanh phin vd qua trinh ty nhien trong phy hf canh quan nhu: su hinh thdnh va phdt triln cdc quan thi sinh vat nhift ddi, qud trinh feralit trong thdnh tao dlt nhift ddi diln hinh...
4.3.2.2. Phu hi cdnh quan nhiet d&i gid mua cd mua ddng lanh
Sy tuomg tdc gifla hodn luu gid mua Ddng Bdc vdi hf thdng niii Trudng Som vd.day Bach Ma d phia Tdy vd phia Nam cua lanh thd do. ldm phan hda sdu sdc them chl do nhift Im vd nhjp dieu miia theo do cao. Mua lanh xult hifn va keo ddi 2 3 thdng (thdng 12, 1, 2), nhift do
Tap chl KHOA HQC DHSP TPHCM Sd 30 ndm 2011
trung binh cac thang lanh nhlt diu dudi 18°C. Lugng mua cd sy tdng len theo dg cao, trung binh tren 3 OOOmm/ndm nhu d A Ludi: 3 486mm/ndm, Nam Ddng:
3 606mm/ndm, Bach Md: 9 OOOmm/ndm, dg dm tuomg doi dat xip xi 90% [4].
Phy hf cdnh quan nhift ddi gid mua cd mua ddng l ^ d luu vyc sdng Huomg la noi giao thoa giua sinh vat bdn dja vdi sinh vdt di cu tir cdc khu hf phia Bdc, phia Nam Trung Hoa xudng, tir Miln Difn, An Dg, Malaysia vd Indonesia len, ddng thdi phdn djnh miia boat dgng, phdn dj cdc qud trinh, hifn tugng vd thdnh phin ty nhien khdc trong lanh thd.
4.3.3. L&p cdnh quan 4.3.3.1. L&p cdnh quan niii
Ndm d phia Tdy vd phia Nam cua lanh tiid, chiim 38,71% difn tich cua luu vyc, bao gdm dja hinh niii trung binh cd do cao 750- 2 000m vd dja hinh niii tiilp vdi do cao 250- 750m tren myc nudc biln.
Trong dd cd dd cd nhieu dinh mii cao nhu ddng Ng^ (1 774m), ddng Pho (1 436m), ddng Ruy (1 220m), Bach Ma (1 444m), niii Mang (1 780m)... CJ day quy luat dai cao chiim uu thi, tao nen sy phdn hda cdc qua trmh vd hien tugng ty nhien tiieo vdnh dai.
Thudc ldp CQ niii, lanh tho nghien ciiu dugc chia ra 2 phy ldp CQ nhu sau:
a. Phu l&p cdnh quan nui trung binh (>750m): Phdn bd chu ylu d khu vyc xung quanh ddng Ngai, dgng Pho... d phia Tdy vd day niii Bach Ma d phia Nam.
Trong phy ldp CQ nay, nhift dg khdng khi TB ndm tir 18 - 20°C, nhift do TB thang 1 khodng 15°C, lugmg mua TB nam tren 3.400 mm va hlu nhu du Im quanh
ndm. Dja hinh ti-ong phy ldp CQ ndy cd mirc dg chia cdt sdu ldn (300 400 m) vd chia cdt ngang manh (1,0-1,2 km/km^).
Dg ddc hau hit difn tich nay diu ti-en 25°
nhung d phdn dinh thudng cd dQ ddc nhd
r r «
hon vd ddy Id ddu vet cua cdc be m$t san bdng cd. Qud trinh thdnh tao dlt d phy ldp CQ niii TB mang tinh chit nhift ddi khdng diln hinh vdi 3 loai dlt chii yeu Id: ^ mim
r
do tren da macma axit (Ha), ddt do vdng tren dk set bien chdt (Fj) vd ddt do vdng tren dd macma axit, Phy ldp CQ niii trung binh d luu vuc sdng Huomg cd 12 logi CQ, ndm trong phy kieu CQ cd miia he mdt - Im (22*^0 > T'n^ua h* ^ 20°C, 3,0>K> 2,0), miia ddng lanh rdt dm (18^C > T^mua ddng
> 15°C, hf sd K>3,0) vd tiiugc kilu cdnh quan rimg kin la rgng thudng xanh mua miia d nhiet ddi vdi cdc loai thyc vdt chju lanh, cd ngudn gdc phuang Bdc nhm De, Re, Do quyen...
b. Phu l&p cdnh quan nui thdp (250- 750m): Chiem hom 30% dien tich ciia lanh tiid, vdi ddc tnmg chii ylu la: nhift do khdng khi tiung binh ndm ti-en 22-24°C, lugng mua TB nam tir 2 800 - 3 400 mm vd trong ndm tihilu Im tir 1 - 3 thdng. Do ndm d vj tri thlp hom vd vdi do cao tir 300 750 m, phy ldp CQ ndy vira Id noi tilp nhdn vat chit di chuyin tir tren xudng, vira Id noi cd cdc qud trinh ngoai sinh nhu: xdm thyc, bdo mdn vd rua trdi chiim uu thi. 6 day, dlt dugc thdnh tao tren cdc sdn phim phong hda ciia cdc dd cd tinh nhift ddi vdi 3 loai dlt chii ylu la:
r f f
dat dd vang tren da set va dd bien chat (Fs), ddt dd vdng tren da macma axit (Fa) vd dlt dd vdng tren da set biln chit (Fj).
Phy ldp CQ mii thlp d luu vuc sdng
Tgp chl KHOA HQC DHSP TPHCM Nguyen Ddng Dp vd tgk
Huong cd 21 logi CQ, trong dd cd 17 logi CQ thugc phy kilu CQ cd mua h^ ndng - hoi khd (SO'^C > T°„,t.a hd ^ 25°C,
1,5>K>1,0), miia ddng Im - rit Im (22'^C
> T^t,a ddng > 20°C, hf so K>3,0), 4 logi CQ thudc phy kilu CQ cd mua h6 ndng hoi dm (30"C miia h£ > 25°C, 2,0>K>1,5), miia ddng hoi Ignh - rit Im (20°C > T°„,,ad6ng ^ 18°C, hf sd K>3,0) vd ndm ti-ong kieu cdnh quan rflng kin Id rgng thudng xanh mua miia nhiet ddi vdi cac loai thyc vat chu ylu nhu: Gy, Huynh, Lim, Trudng, Gidi, Gdi, Ngdt, Kiln kiln.
NhQng noi bj khai thdc kift quf thudng hay gap cdc lodi Gao, Thdnh nganh, Ba soi, Ba bet, Sim, Mua hodc Cd tranh...
4.3.3.2. L&p cdnh quan ddi
Vdi ddc dilm la cd difn tich h?p vd hinh thdi khd phiic tap, ranh gidi ciia ldp CQ nay dugc xdc djnh tir do cao 10- 250m so vdi myc nudc biln, cd dinh la cdc vdm thoai hay lien ket cdc vdm vdi cdc triing giua ddi rdng va bang phdng, mang ludi thiiy van thudng phiic tgp. Net dac tnmg ciia vimg doi luu vuc sdng Huomg la phdt triln tren nen dja chit cua da trim tich biln chat he ting Long Dgi (Oa-Sild) va da ti"lm tich lyc nguyen ciia hf ting Tan Lam (Ditl) va chiim khoang 1/4 difn tich luu vyc. Do ndm d vj tri chuyin tilp gifla
r r
niii thdp vd thung liing thdp nen phy ldp CQ nay cd cac qud trinh ngoai sinh nhu:
xdm thyc, bdo mdn, nia trdi vd tich ty chiem uu the. Thudc ldp CQ ddi, lanh thd nghien curu dugc chia ra thanh 2 phy ldp CQ nhu sau:
a. Phu l&p cdnh quan ddi cao: Nam d bdc do cao tir 100- 250m so vdi myc nudc biln, chiem 18,4% difn tich toan
luu vyc. Nhift do trung binh nam tii 24- 25,2°C, lugng mua trung binh 2 800- 3 400mm/ndm vd cd 6- 8 thdng du Im.
Khu vyc ndy cd do ddc chu ylu tir 15- 25 , ddt dugc thdnh tgo tren cac sdn phdm phong hda cd tinh nhift ddi vdi logi dlt chii ylu Id: dlt db vang tren dd set vd da bien chdt (Fs), dlt dd vdng tren da macma axit (Fa). Trong phy ldp CQ ndy cd cdc lodi thuc vat chu ylu la: Gdo, Thanh nggnh, Ba soi, Ba bet, Hu day, Sim vd Mua. Nhumg khu vyc thdm thyc vat da bj khai thdc kift que, chi cdn lgi la cd tranh vd cdy byi rai rdc. Phy ldp CQ ddi cao luru vyc sdng Huong cd 24 logi CQ thudc kilu canh quan rimg kin la rdng thudng xanh mua miia nhift ddi. Trong dd cd 15 logi CQ ndm ti-ong phy kieu CQ cd mua he ndng - hai khd (30°C > T^ca he ^ 25°C, 1,5>K>1,0), mua ddng Im - rit dm (22°C
> T°^ua d6ng > 20°C, hf sd K>3,0), 9 logi CQ ndm trong phy kieu CQ cd miia he ndng - hoi Im (30°C > T^^^^ h^ ^ 25°C, 2,0>K>1,5), miia ddng hoi lanh rit am
(20°C > T^uadoag > 18°C, h f sd K>3,0). ^
b. Phu l&p cdnh quan ddi thdp:
Phan bd d bdc do cao tir 10 - 100m so vdi myc nudc biln, chiim 15,8% difn tich cua luu vuc. Do ddc chu yeu tur 8 15° va ddy la khu vuc da dugc ngudi dan dua vdo khai thdc tir ldu. Thdm thuc vat cdy byi vd trdng cd thii sinh, thdm thyc vat nhdn tdc chiim uu thi. Phy ldp canh quan nay cd 29 logi CQ thugc kilu cdnh quan rimg kin Id rdng thudng xanh mua miia nhiet ddi vd phy kilu CQ cd mua he ndng hoi khd (30°C > T°„f,a ha ^ 25°C, 1,5>K>1,0), mua ddng Im rit Im (22°C
>T°^,ad6„g>20°C,hfsdK>3,0).
Tap chl KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Sd 30 ndm 2011
4.3.3.3. L&p cdnh quan ddng bdng duyin hdi
Dja hinh tuong doi bdng phdng, cd dg cao dudi 10m so vdi myc nudc biln, bao gdm bg phgn dong bdng Huong Thiiy, Phii Vang, Huong Trd, Phii Lgc;
cdc trdng cdt ngi ding Phong Diln, Qudng Diln, Phii Vang vd bl m^t ddng bdng tich ty nhilu nguon gdc cung nhu cdc dgng dja hinh dim phd phdn bo tren dong bdng. Difn tich cua kilu dja hinh ndy chiim 22,96% difn tich ty nhien cua luu vyc. Nhin chung dja hinh cd xu thi gidm din dg cao theo hudng TN DB va thodi din vl phia dim phd Tam Giang - c l u Hai. Tuy nhien, bl mdt nghieng thodi vl phia DB vd DN cua dong bdng d mdt sd noi bj biln ddng do xult hifn nhflmg trdng cdt ngi ddng, dim phd va cac Igch trieu biln tdn du ton tgi dudi dgng cac trdm, bdu.
Do ddc dilm dja hinh ciia ldp CQ ddng bdng duyen hdi it cd sy phan hda nen chi hinh thdnh 1 phy ldp cdnh quan.
Phu l&p cdnh quan ddng bdng duyin hdi: Ndm d do cao dudi 10m so vdi myc nudc biln, dja hinh tuomg ddi bdng phdng, Id noi qud trinh bdi ty chiim uu thi. Nhift dg trung binh tir 24 25,2°C/ndm, lugng mua tir 2 600 - 2 800mm/ndm. Dlt d ddy chu ylu Id cdc logi dlt thugc nhdm dlt phu sa (P), nhdm dlt mdn (M) vd nhdm dlt cdt (C). Thdm thyc vdt nhdn tdc chiim uu thi, bao gdm liia, hoa mdu vd cdy cdng nghifp ngdn ngdy, cay dn qud... Phy ldp CQ ddng bdng duyen hdi cd 27 logi CQ ndm trong kilu cdnh quan rimg kin Id rgng thudng
xanh mua mua nhift ddi vd phy kieu CQ cd miia he ndng hoi khd (30°C > T°mua h^
> 25°C, 1,5>K>1,0), miia ddng Im - rdt Im (22°C > T°^,a dang ^ 20°C, he sd K>3,0).
5. Ket lu^n
M^c du luu vyc sdng Huong cd difn tich nhd, nhung ddc dilm dja hinh cd su phdn hda tuong ddi phirc tgp vdi 4 kieu dja hinh: niii trung binh, nui thdp, gd ddi vd ddng bdng - ddm phd ven bien. Trong do, difn tich vung doi mii chiem 77,04%
difn tich luu vuc. Dieu ndy dd dan den su hinh thdnh cua 3 ldp CQ vd 5 phy ldp CQ tren luu vyc sdng Huong.
Ndm trong vdnh dai nhiet ddi dm gid mua, luu vuc sdng Huong cd chl do biirc xg phong phii, mgt nen nhiet cao vd cd lugng mua rdt ddi ddo. Sy tirong tac gifla hodn luu gid miia vdi hf thdng som vdn tren lanh thd da tgo nen su phdn hda phiic tgp trong che do nhift dm, hinh thdnh 1 hf CQ, 2 phu he CQ vd 3 phy kilu CQ. Kit qua tdc dgng giua dilu kifn khi hdu nhift ddi gid miia dm vdi su phdn hda ciia dja hinh vd kilu tiiam thyc vdt da hinh thdnh ti-en luu vyc 2 kilu CQ.
Sy tdc dgng gifla nin tang nhift Im vdi nin tdng rdn da hinh thanh tren luu vyc 117 logi CQ tiiugc 1 hf CQ, 2 phy he CQ, 2 phy kilu CQ, 3 phy kilu CQ, 3 ldp CQ vd 5 phy ldp CQ. Dilu nay cho thdy ddc dilm phan hda ddc ddo va tilm ndng da dang, phong phii ciia DKTN tren luu vyc sdng Huong.
Tgp chl KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Nguyin Ddng Do vd tgk
TAI L i f u THAM KHAO
1. Nguyen Vdn Cu vd nnk (2010), Xdy d\mg di dn tdng thi bdo ve mdi tru&ng luu vuc sdng Huang. Bdo cdo tdng ket dh dn d p Nhd nudc, Hd Ngi.
2. Phgm Hodng Hai vd nnk (1997), Co s& cdnh quan hpc cua viec sie dung hpp ly tdi nguyin thien nhien, bdo ve moi trudng ldnh thd VietNam^ Nxb Giao dye, Ha Ngi.
3. Ha Vdn Hdnh (2002), Nghiin cuu vd ddnh gid tdi nguyin phuc vu cho phdt triin kinh ti ndng, ldm nghiep bin vimg d huyen A Ludi, tinh Thira Thiin Hui, Lugn an Tiln sT Dja ly, Dgi hgc Quoc gia Hd Ngi.
4. Trdn Dure Luang, Nguyen Xuan Bao va nnk (1982), Dia tdng Viet Nam. tap 1, Tdng cyc Md vd Dja chit, Hd Ngi.
5. Trin Vdn Trj vd rmk (1993), Thdnh he dia chdt vd dia ddng luc Viet Nam, Nxb Khoa hgc Ky thugt, HdNgi.
6. Nguyen Vift (1997), D^c diem khi h^u thiiy vdn Thira Thiin Hui. Bdo cdo tdng kit de tdi d p tinh. Hue.
7. Nguyen Vdn Vinh vd nnk (2000), Cdc quy lugt phdn hoa cdnh quan sinh thdi Viet Nam, Vifn Dja ly, Phdng Sinh thdi cdnh quan. Ha Ngi.
8. Nguyen Vdn Vinh vd nnk (1999), Quy lugt hinh thdnh vd suphdn hda cdc cdnh quan sinh thdi- nhdn sinh viing nhiit d&i dm gid miia Viet Nam, Vifn Dia ly, Phdng Sinh thai canh quan. Ha Ndi.
9. UBND Thvra Thien - Hue (2003), Dfa chl tg nhiin Thira Thien - Hui
(Ngdy Tda so^n nt}$n duxjtc bdi: 02-8-2011; ngdy chip nh$n ddng: 30-8-2011)
