NHiN RA THE QI6I
Khdi nghiep va Sang tao:
"Loi kep" cho tang tru'dng
DiiiriG LE NGaY6M Vfi, NANCY K. NAPIER, VddNG QUAN HOANG'
Cue di^n dja kinh te' - chinh trj the' gi(?i dang d trong giai do^n bi^n chuydn nhanh chdng. NhiTng s\f ki$n quan trpng: CuOc dua vko Nhi Tr^ng tdi thing 11 mdi nga ngii; chuygn giao quyln di£u khi^n "con tku" nin klnh tlTldn thii' hai the'gidi vdi hdn 1,3 ty hknh khich dang diln ra vk iiiifc ky VQng se sdm hoan tfi't trong Ql/2013; khung hoang Eurozone v3n dai ding vk ddy bS't trie; ng6i nd' xung dOt qufin sif t^i Trung D6ng vk eic viing bi^n tilTp giip Trung Qud'c chifa Siitfc thio gd.
Khdi nghidp vi sing t^o d^ tim kie'n dQng li^c mdi cho ting tri<dng kinh t(, thoit khoi v&ng xoiy suy giam hi$u qua la nhi^m vy cfifp bich trifdc mdt. Tap chl Kinh te' va Dii bio gidi tbi^u bii vil^t ciia 3 tic gia trong 2 ky tap chi.
LY LUAN VE KHOl NGHIEP VA SANG TAO
N
ghidn eihi ndi tieng ve mdi Udn he giffa khdi nghidp vfi sdng tgo cfia Schumpeler (1942) lln dau tidn de cap ddn thugt ngff ngfiy nay da trd ndn ndi tidng - srf phfi hfiy mang tinh kidn tao - ndu Idn eu$c cfich mang cua ehfi nghia tff bfin thflng qua thi trrfdng vd canh tranh. Nghien cihi da drfa Schumpeler trd thanh mdt trong nhrfng ngrfdi dau tidn kdt ndi khdi nghiOp vd sdng tao vdi quan dilm rdt mach Igc vd phdt triln kinh td.Cuo'i nhthig nfim 1950 vfi diu 1960, cfic hpc gifi tiep tuc nghidn cffff khdi nghipp vfi sfing tgo trong kinh td vd kmh doanh. Silberman (1956) thdo ludn cfie khia cgnh khdc nhau cfla khdi nghidp trong bd'i cdnh hdi
(I) - N^i dung bii vifi'i c6 tham khao ke't qud nghien ci}u da gidi thi^u c&h Vu Dang Le Nguyen & Nancy K.
Napier & Quan Hoang Vuong, 2012 "11 Takes Two to Tango: RnlreiH-eneurchlpand Creativity in TniuUed Timev - Vieinam 2012,- Working Papers C£B 12-022.
ULB — Universiie Libtv de Bnixelles \ i difljc ditfp nhiin rfng btf n*n tap cM khoii hpc Journal ofSmioh^s su,d\iyjsM
Kinh t^vilM bio
phuc kinh td' hdu Chid'n ttanh Thd gidi II.
Silberman d l xud't cde khfii niOm nhrf "chu nghia ddn tOc lfi ngfln ngff tiiff hai cfia khdi nghidp" vfi "cdng nghiOp hda Id npi dung ehfi dao cfia khdi nghidp". Sau dd Taylor (I960) dinh nghia suy nghi sdng tgo ttong qud trinh phdt trien sdn pham mdi, vd gpi y
^ g quan dilm cfla dng khong mdu thuan vfiiquan dilm ve tinh mdi (novelty) vfi gifi Iq (worth). Taylor coi sdng Igo Id mpt qufi tiiiji phffc tgp, vd bao gim nhilu ye'u to', tir sfin phlm, qud trinh, eon ngrfdi, nhidm vu, ldi mfli ttrfdng vfi srf irfpng tfic giffa cdc yiu id nfiy.
Dau nhiTng nfim 1980, Greenfield vfi Stricken (1981) vfi Klein (1982) lid'p tue phfit ttiln cdc khdi niem nfiy. Hp coi khdi nghidp Id "cP chd' qua dd xa hpi tid'n bda liy giai doan ndy sang giai doan khde".
Ngtfdi khdi nghidp lfi trung tam efla cp ch^nay bdi nhffng dfic trffng cfia hp lfi srf dOc nhat vfi tinh sdng tgo.
Khdi nghiep - vdi vai ttd Id tru cot Mnh td cfla mfl hinh kinh td' tff bdn - da 0ig chim xufl'ng ttong he thfl'ng nghien
cih] kinh td, mac dfi lfi va'n d l ehfi dao ciia tnrdng phdi Ao, theo quan diem cfia Uff(1979).
Nhffng ro rfing ngrfdi khdi nghiOp tim kilm cai lidn ttong khi lidn hdnh cde dy inkinh doanh mdi. Dieu gi se xfiy ra ndu efic qua trinh nfiy drfpc md rflng ra cho cd xihfli? Baumol (1990) de xuat rang tiiay ti'cd gIng thay ddi cfic doanh nghidp, cd le xa hpi nen Irfa chpn phrfPng thffe flghi va hogt dpng gifl'ng nhff ede doanh i#idp/ngffdi khdi nghidp. That thu vi Sfii Baumol md diu tdc phlm Bandits (1969) dfi trich cau ndi cfia nhfi sff hpc ngtfdi Anh (vfi cung Id mdt doanh nhan) Eric J.E. Hobsbawm "quan niOm ring mot nin kinh td trf nhdn trf nd da quan i3m tdi dii mdi Id khong dung. Xa hpi dang nfiy chi quan tdm tdi Ipi nhudn".
Trong lugn didm cfia Baumol, sy phdn biet giffa khdi nghiOp hipu qud - cu the la doanh nhan tidn hdnh cdc boat dpng hi^u qui vfi cd tinh xay dyng nhrf cfic c^i tidn ttong cflng nghd vd qudn \f - vd cachogt dOng khdi nghidp ed tinh phfi
^^y nhrf tim kidm tfl Ipi hofic tdi phgm
«S t6 chffc - lfi dung vd phu hpp, bdi vi si/ph5n b l cdc nfl lyc giffa nhffng hdnh
%g nay lidn quan ddn nhffng tiifinh qud
^g ffng dat drfpc. Chinh vi vdy, chlnh
^ch cfla chinh phu ndn khuydn khich p i nghiOp hidu qud b^ng cdch tdi phdn ,"|a§ Irfc ttieo hrfdng xfiy dyng hPn la
J O B M and Forecast Review
ed gfing thay ddi muc tidu vfi hdnh vi cfla nhffng hogl dpng phd hfly.
Drucker (1993) eung khdo sfil lai mfl'i lidn hd giffa khdi nghiep vd sfing tao/dol mdi da drfpc ndu ra irong nghien cffu cfia Schumpeler dau Ihap ki 40 trong Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Practice and Principles. Nhffhg ngodi cfic hpc gid theo Irrfdng phdi Ao, ngoai ttff Sternberg vfi Lubart (1993), cfic nghidn cffu khflng sff dung nhieu khdi nidm d l edp ttong trrfdng phdi nfiy.
Day (1995) cung ihdo luan vl khdi nghiOp vd sang lao. Day nha'n manh lam quan trpng cfla "sdng tao kinh te" ddi vdi cfic he thdng qudn ly md trdi lim lfi cde nhan lfl' lao ra phfil minh, doi mdi va pho bidn phat minh. Ngffdi khdi nghipp vfi nhfi qudn Iy can trf trfdng trfpng bi hgn chd eua minh (bounded rationality) de dinh hffdng irfpng lal vfi tlm tdi sfing tao. Cd nhfi phat minh va ngrfdi khdi nghidp phdi hinh dung ra nhffng cfii mdi chrfa tffng tin lai, thidl kd nhffng brfdc di cho phdp hp thffe hidn drfpc y trfdng sfing tao vd tao ra nhiJng cdi lien hiJu ich. Nhffng hfinh dflng cfla hp - tri tffdng trfpng, cdi tid'n, bit ehrfde - Ifim thay dii xa hpi.
Sff dong ton tai cfla qudn Iy, khdi nghidp vd bit chffde ehffng minh eho khd nfing gidi han cfia chffc nfing nao dd Irong bat kl he thdng kinh td'nfio. Dfiy la cdch phan bo nguon Iffc rat kinh id'.
Day (1995) khang dinh rang nhu cau khdi nghiep ngfi ydn bdn ttong cdc doanh nghiOp lau nam, ttong cfic t l chffc xa hfli vfi ludl phap, ndi luat Id ydu eau con ngffdi phdi tuan theo. De xff Iy cfic he thdng ngfiy cfing phffc tgp, xa hpi lya chpn cdc thu tuc mlu, khidn tao ra thdi quen, sffe 1, srf thidu hnh hoat vd phdn ffng chgm. Hfiu qua la, bfii lap sang tao bi bd ttong nhffng lffa chpn dffpc coi lfi hpp ly ton tgi ttong mdt phgm vi gidi han. Vi vfiy, bang each tao ra sffc i nham In dinh doanh nghiOp, cdc quy dinh cfing Ific ngan cdn cdc hoat dflng sfing tgo, khid'n doanh nghiep khdng cd tri trfdng trfpng vfi sff sfing sudt.
Khdi nghiOp Ifi cflng cu hiJu ich de gidi phdng cac hogt dpng sfing tgo. Tff nhffng rfing bupc cffng nhic cua hO thdng ha tang da qud phdt trien, trfPng trf nhrf chu nghTa trf bdn da ldm ddl vdi chd dfl phong kie'n. Thflng qua nS Irfc khdi nghiOp, ngffdi khdi nghidp cd till kich thich efic phfit minh, edi tid'n, va phd vd nhffng hinh tiiai vgi chd't cfla hd tiifl'ng kinh td dang tin tgi, diy nd vao mOt qua ttinh doi mdi cap tid'n hdn. Hdn tiid nffa, eac nd Irfc khdi nghiOp chi hiOu qua ttong mdi tifdng ton tgi cP chd till trrfdng vd hO thdng gia gifip phd'i kdt cfic hogt dOng kinh td tiieo cdch gifip ngrfdi tiiam gia ttii tiiTdng ed till dat drfpc nhffng ldi ich tiirfdng mai cao hdn chi phi bd ra. Khi dilu nfiy xdy ra, ngffdi khdi nghidp ttfdng lai cd till thu drfpc Idi ieh. Tit nhidn, eanh ttanh cung se day cfic doanh'nghidp tiiua l5 (ttiid'u hidu qua, tti^du nang lyc) ra khdi tiii toldng. Vide tiep qudn cdc nguin lyc vd lai suat tix)ng tro chdi tiij mrdng tiirfdng eho tiidy fip Irfc khdi nghidp gdy ra bdi nhflrig phdn tiiffdng bat cdn vfi cd sff tiimg phat bat cfin xffng ttong hO tiidng thi trffdng.
' Nhffng hoc gia khfic, nhff Amabile (1996) gdi y
125
MHiM RATHE GI61
rfing khdi nghiOp thffdng dffpc dinh nghTa bdng dii nidi, nhrfng nhffng hoc gid nhrf Kirzner (1973) dinh nghia khdi nghipp !d srf y thffc drfpc nhffng cP hOi mdi ho^e chrf;i drfdc khai thdc iicn ih; trffdng, vd chip nh^n nhffng rfii rt> eho phdp hp di licp.
Brfdc sang ky nguyen indi. nhilu hpc gid cfing chuyin trong iiini sang mdi hen hp Irf nhidn giffa sang tao/doi mdi vii khdi nghiOp (vi du: Brown, Davidsson
& Wiklund.2()OI; Kaulmann. 20(14. (iilson & Shallcy, 2004; Miron, Erez & Naveh. 20(14; McAdam .*i; Kcogh, 2004). Brown. Davidsson va Wiklund. 2001) nhd'n manh srf cln thidt phdi cd c;if chidn Irfpc cd thl kilm dinh bSng phrfdng phap thrfc nghipm d l tidp tuc phdt irien gia Ihic'l rang "qudn ly khdi nghidp. drfpc djnh nghTa Id mOt tfip hpp cdc biOn phdp quan 1^ dpa trdn cd hOi. cit thl giup cac doanh nghiOp gifi* nguydn vai ird ihiel yd'u vfi ddng gdp cho qua ttlnh tgo ra gid trj d L.ip do doanh nghiOp vfi xfi lini". Thyc id. cd chd'boat ilnug cua edc chien Irfpc nhrf vfiy khdng sin sdng dd kiC'iti djnh bdng thye nghiOm. Ddng gdp cfia cdc chid'n Irfpc Ifi nhhm bid'n cdc gid thid'l vfi khung IJ thuydt thfinh hicu hicl thffc id Dieu nfiy Ifim tfing nhu cau ddi vdi cde bdng ehffng thrfc nghipm cd khd nfing dp dung trong thyc Id'quan ly vfi van hdnh kinh doanh.
Nhidu nghidn cffu gan day tid'p tuc phfil trien cfie khfii niOm vfi cdc md'i lidn be. Kaufmann (2004) phdn biet giffa sfing tgo ehfi dpng vfi bi dpng do sy khfic nhau giffa hai loai sdng lao ndy chdng lai hpe thuyd't thich nghi-edi tid'n (adaptor-innovator theory of creativity).
Gilson vd Shalley (2004) de xuat rfing nd'u thfinh vidn ttong nhdm Ifim vide tin rfing cflng vide cfia hp ddi hdi tinh sfing tgo cao, phai kd't hpp Ian nhau vfi cdc muc tieu cln dffpc chia se cd xu hffdng dfinh gifi cao vide cfing nhau gidi quydl van de vfi ddnh gifi cao mfli Irrfdng ung hp sfing tao. Trdn thrfc td, nhffng thfinh vidn sfing tao cd xu hrfdng dfinh nhilu tiidi gian vfi n6 lyc giao tidp vdi nhau. Ndu nhffng tiifil dp ndy xud't phdt tff mfli ttrfdng fing hp khdi nghiOp. cd Id cd die md rOng cho cdc mfli trrfdng khde, nhrf mdi ttrfdng phfit trien kinh id, day Ifi van de se drfdc gidi quyd't d phin cufli cfia nghidn cffu.
Miron, Erez vaf Naveh (2004) iid'p tuc nghidn cfftt xem bdng cdch nfio nfing Ipc sdn^ tgo cfi nhdn vfi gifi til vfin hda tiific day eai tidn, chdt Iffpng vfi hiOu qufi.
Cfic hpe gid chi ra rdng mfic dfi cpc ki quan ttpng tiong viOe thuc diy ddi mdi. chi rieng sfing tao khflng du de tgo ra thfinh qua sfing tgo. Nhffng eon ngrfdi sfing lao khflng nhdt tiiidt Id nhffng ngrfdi ddi mdi nhfi't v l nfing Irfc Idm vide, mpt phin bdi vl nhffng hdnh vi dii mdi bi dnh hrfdng rdt nhilu bdi ydu td ttd gifip cfia vfin hda doanh nghiOp.
^Nghidn cffu cfia Peters (2009) giup gidi tiiich ludn diem cfla Miron, Erez vfi Naveh (2004) bing cdch nghidn cff^ mdi lidn he giffa "nin kinh td cua nhffng dam md " vdi gifio due vfi sdng tgo. Peters (2009) khIng dinh rdng sffc sfing tgo cfia con ngrfdi lfi ngudn Irfc tdi cao cho srf phdt triln kinh td. Tuy nhidn, dfic dilm
"personal anarcho-aestiietics" cfla sdng tgo - drfdc
eho Id xuat phfil tff ehfi nghTa IJ trfdng vd chu nghTa lang man Dffc - cd xu hrfdng fing hp gid thidt chung rdng cdc nguon
•sfing lao phfil sinh tff cdc qud trinh tilm thrfc, bao gim tri trfdng trfpng. cd gde re tff edc dam md cfi nhdn. Nhffng nguon sfing tao ndy blu nhrf khdng the bi dieu khidn hofic bi kiem sofit bdi nhffng thrf khdc ngay cd vdi bfin thdn ngrfdi sdng tao. Nhffng dfic tinh cfi nhdn dd se phu hdp vdi mfli tia/dng kinh doanh edi md, ndi nhffng suy nghi xay drfng, kd hogch ehidn Irfpc gpi md, vd nfing lyc dung hda rfli ro khdi nghiep drfpc chdp nhdn vfi khuyen khich.
Vfin hda doanh nghiOp dng hp khodng cfich cap bdc nhd (lower power distance), dung hoa rui ro cao hdn vfi ehfi nghia cfi nhdn cao hdn cd xu hrfdng trf nhidn fing hO cdc y trfdng kinh doanh vd phrfdng thffc sdn xudl mdi.
Di vao nghidn cffu sfing tgo sau hdn, : McAdam vfi Keogh (2004) tidp tuc tim hieu khd nfing fip dung sdng tao vfi doi mdi vfio kinh doanh. Md hinh minh hpa . srf ket hdp phffc tap cua cfic ydu td "dflng i Irfc thay doi" ttong sang tgo vfi doi mdi.
McAdam vfi Keogh (2004) cdn gpi • y rling doi mdi cd the khdng drfdc nhin <
tha'y rd thdm chi d trong cfic to chffc giau tinh sdng tgo, vdi nhffng ngffdi rdt tfii nfing vfi sdng tao. Doi mdi khflng phai Id • nhO^g srf kiOn dien ra d nhffhg thdi diem - cfich biOt, md phai Id kd't qud cfla mflt . qud trinh qudn Iy thay ddi lidn tue, ndi cfic y trfdng sdng tgo phuc vu ehffc nfing , Ifi dau vfio quan trpng.
Tuy nhien, bfing ehffng tff nghidn , cfi^ cfia Egan (2(X)5) gpi $ i<ing nhffng ., ngrfdi sfing igo thupc ve "gidng" hidm, - vfi vi vgy dii mdi lfi nhifng nguin Irfc ^ rd't hidm, dieu ndy gidi thich tai sao cdc . doanh nghiOp phdi diu trf rdt nhilu de .^
cd drfpc. Cd bing ehffng ung hp khIng ."
dinh r^ng sfing tao cd xu htfdng dtfde ' day manh bdng nhffng gtfdng sfing, phan .^
hoi ttong cong vipc, va vipc mpi ngrfdi ,*
y thffc drfdc rdng doanh nghidp dfinh gifi ^' cao sffc sfing tgo. Ndi tdm lai, khi sdng "
tgo vd ddi mdi Id muc tidu chidn Iffpc,, hai yd'u td ndy cd the cd till trd tiidnh * cfic gid tri vfi ngudn Iffc trong bdi cfinh
thich hdp. • Mfl hinh cfla McAdam vfi Keogh *
(2004) ndn drfpc kdt hdp vdi md hinh cfla ' West (2002) d l chi ra cfic dilu kiOn tgo • ra ddi mdi tiidnh cdng tir nhffng ;? ttJdng * sdng tao ban diu, dd Id: dfie diem nhiOm ^
126 Kinh (£' vi Dif b^o
vij.hilu bidt vfi ky nfing, nhu clu tff bdn ngofii, qud trinh kd'i hpp nhdm Ifim viOe, vS cdm gidc an todn trong nhdm. Trong
^ d n cfi^ cfia West, mfic dil hicu bidl iiil Iti nfing Ifi cdc ydu td dff dofin khd ning dii mdi, qufi trinh Idm viOc nhdm vi nang Irfc cd't loi vfi cfie nhan to' quyd'l djnh didnh eong cua dii mdi.
' Amabile et al. (2005) cdn khdm phfi m^i lidn hp giffa quan he vdi sfing lao trong cdng vide. Kd't qua chira rdng quan h6 c6 Hdn he tich crfc vdi sfing tao Irong doanh nghiOp vfi quan he lot ed the dan a^nnhffng suy nghT sdng igo vdi mpt dp al vl thdi gian trong thdi ky "d'p fl ".
Probst et al. (2007) nghidn cdu nang sual, nhifng yd'u td cdn trd nang suat vfi ihigtao thdng qua ttgng thai bfi't an trong wng viOc vfi kd't ludn rdng srf bd't an vide im c6 thl dnh hrfdng xau de'n khd nfing sfing tgo cfia nhan vidn. Tuy nhidn, do afbatancd thl tgo ra mflt sddnh hrfdng dch crfc dd'n nfing sud't, vide can bdng giita inh hffdng xau tdi sfing tgo vfi anh htfdng tdt dd'n nang sud'l cd the drfdc dp dung trong kinh doanh, dfic bidt Id ttong giai doan khdi nghiep va giai doan klnh t^bat on.
,. De Dreu (2010) mfl td mdi lidn hd
^ cac yd'u td bang cdng thffc C (sdng fa=N (tfnh mdi) X U (sff hffu ich) nham
^ n g dinh rfing de cd dffdc sang tgo, can l ^ c d cd tfnh mdi vfi srf hOti ich. Thfl vi hiJn, Dreu phan tich dnh brfdng cfla vfin hoa vdi sdng tao vd kd't ludn rdng van hoa se dnh hrfdng dd'n qua trinh nhin nh$n cai mdi va tfnh hffu ich. LJ do drfa il^n vai ttd then chdt efla van hda bdi vl
"ca nhfin ed xu hrfdng khdng mudn thay d^i, mudn Ifim theo thdi quen. tiieo ldi mon, vfi theo efich nhin cfia ddm dflng".
VI vdy.cfic doanh nghiOp cd rdt it lrfa chonp* chl cdn cfich nufli dtfdng nhffng nhan to "dnh hrfdng ngogi sinh" ddi vdi
^ 1 ^ Iffc dii mdi cfia doanh nghidp, dd Jiclu ttflc doanh nghidp, dp lyc nhdm, flpbig dnh hrfdng xa hdi lien quan tdi
^ P ^ f l a cfi nhfin.
-ftUnswortii vd Clegg (2010) nghidn
<:i& nhffng dpng Irfc khidn cfic cfi nhan
%c hidn nhffng hfinh dOng sdng tao
•ning cflng viOc: "... dOng Irfc cflng vide, ySu clu ddi hdi sang tao, vfin hda fing liO ,sfing tgo, nguin lye thdi gian, va
%^n trf quydt. Tat ed Id nhi?ng gdi din
^vide quydt dinh cd nen sfing tgo hay J^^ thflng qua nhffng k^ vpng vfi cong
^^ming tay". Ludn dilm ndy hffu Ich
iny and Forecast Review
bdi vi day Id mot brfdc di quan trpng tid'n ve tinh tiirfc te vfi hffu dung eua cdc dpng Iffc sfing lao trong cdng viOc Iff nghien cffu nii tieng ttffde dd cua Unsworth (2001) "Unpacking Creativity". Trong nghidn eu^ eua Unsworth (2001), gia thid't rfing sfing tao lfi kie'n true ding nhat bi kicm dinh bang cfiu hdi "tgi sao tham gia sdng lao" vfi "edi gl hi irang thdi ban ddu eua ngdi kich hoat?" nhdm tao ra cac mau ma trdn sfing tao, tai do nhffng mau chinh - bao gom phdn ffng, ky vpng, ddng gdp, va chfl dpng - khidn ehung ta suy ngam lai tinh hffu dung eua sdng lao/doi mdi irong cdng viec.
Barezak. Lassk vfi Mulki (2010) khdo sfil mpt nhdm gom 82 sinh vidn lai mpt trffdng dai hpe d My vfi flm ra rang ihdng minh edm xuc nhdm drfa den niem lin trong nhdm. Dd'n Irfdl nilm tin se trd giup vfin hda cdng tfic vfi vfin hda cpng lae se thfic day sfing tao trong nhdm.
Trong nghidn cffu eua Chiu vd Kwan (2010), mflt mo hinh drfdc xem xdl nhdm tim ra sff trfdng tfic giffa vfin hda vfi sdng tao. Hp chl ra r^ng van hda cd finh hrfdng sau sic dd'n hieu bie'l the gidi thrfe id. Cae hpc gid chl ra rdng van hda Ifi nhan td mau chdt giup giai ihfch mdi lidn he phffc lgp giffa sfing lao-van hda.
Erez vfi Nouri (2010) nghidn efi\i sff anh hffdng cfia bd'i cdnh van hda, xa hpi vfi edng vide dfl'i vdi sfing tao cfia ed nhdn vfi t l chrfc. Do sfing tgo ed the dffpc coi lfi bao gdm it nhd't mflt trong hai ye'u td la tinh mdi vfi tfnh hffu ich, ede hpc gia gdi '^ rang phu thupc vfio van hda ma cfi nhan dang sdng, cfi nhan dd cd the hinh thanh cfic cfich sfing tao khac nhau.
Bissola vd Imperalori (2011) chi ra rang sdng tao khdng chl drfdc tao ra tff cfic thidn tai. De diy manh sdng tao cln ki nang sdng tao vfi dpng Irfc nhdm vfi ca cfic giai phfip to chffc. Nfing Iffc tap the cfla t l chffc tao ra sang igo va doi mdi nen lfi srf trfdng tdc giffa cfic nhfin tfl'ttdn.
Coi sang tao, ddl mdi lfi mpi qua trinh, Vrfdng, Napier vfi Trin (2012) gdi y rang tin tai mfl'i lidn hd giffa vfin hda, sfing tao, vd giai dogn kinh doanh. Bang ehffng thrfc nghidm tff mdt eufle khdo sfit fing hp quan didm rang sfing tao ddng vai ttd crfc k^- quan ttpng ttong giai dogn khdi nghiOp cfia chu kJ kinh doanh, khi nhifng gifi tri van hda vfi muc tidu ttong bd'i eanh cu the se quydt dinh tlm nhin ddi han, kd' hoach vd phrfdng tiiffe d l dgt drfpe muc tidu. 6 mflt ehffng mrfc nhdt dinh, quan dilm nfiy bo sung cho cfic ludn diem ttong nghidn efi^ cfla Vffdng et al (2011), eho^rang cdc quydt dinh chinh tti dffa ddn nhu^g tiiay doi ldn lfi "mdt qud ttinh khdi nghidp". Qufi ttinh dd lffa ehpn nhffng y tffdng mdi ttong quan ly kinh td, xdy dffng nen mdng va tiiu drfpc nhffng fing ho chfnh tii, dilu nfiy dfi gifip nin kinh td kd hoach hda tfip tioing cfla Vidt Nam chuyin sang giai doan Ddi Mdi (1986), phat ttiln nin kinh td tiii trffdng kdt hdp ttong dd cdc tiifinh phin tiii ttffdng ngfiy cfing giff vai ttd quan ttpng hpn ttong srf phdt tiiln.B
(Ky sau: Ap d\ing khdi nghiip yd sdng tgo trong bd'i cdnh Viit Nam).
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