NGHIEN ClAJ
Loi the va thach thuc trong khai thac tiem nang bien, dao cua Viet Nam
Nguyfe'niiBfchNgQC Khoa GDCT - QLNN. Truong Dal hoc Quy Nhon
I.Batvanffe
Vdi tdng dign tich chiem % f>e mit ti^ dit, bien va dgi duong cd y ngfua vd cflng ldn lao ddi vdi eon ngucri frdn mgi Bnh vye. Thd ky 21 dugc eoi Ii ttie ky cfla bien vi dgi duong vi vai frd quan frgng cfla kinh td bien cua mpi qudc gia cd bidn.
•Riu nfiit, ddi vdi phit ttidn ndng nghiep. Ngu ngfiidp vi digm ngfiidp la nginh sin xuit chfl yeu cua kinh td bidn vi l i tw pfiin frong ca ciu nginh ndng ngiiigp ngn kinh td bien cd vai frd quan frpng ddi vdi sy phit tridn ndng nghidp theo ngfiia rdng.
Vai frd niy bat ngudn tfl eho frong kinh te bien cd nhflng hogt ddng thudc nginh ndng ngfugp nhu nudi trdng vi khcii tfiae thuy sin. Hogt dpng nay cd vai trd quan frpng frong vigc eung c i p r^udn thirc phim fling ngiy cua ngudi dan khdng cfii d vflng ed bien m i cdn d tat c i eie vflng khic kd c i vflng nfli v i khu vyc dat lidn, kd ca d qudc gia ed bidn lin qudc gia khdng cd bien.
Thu hai, ddi vdi phat trien cdng nghigp. Nhting sin phim do nudi trdng va khai thic sinh vit bidn l i nguon nguygn lieu cho phat tridn edng nghigp ehe bidn thfly sin nhir. sin xuit nudc mim, edng nghiep thye phim do hop, cdng nghigp dugc pfiam...khdng chi dap ting yeu eiu cho tteu dflng frong nudc m i cdn dd xuit kfiiu. Sin pfiim mudi bien ed thg phat tiien nginh cdng ngfugp hda chit.
Nhting tai nguyen tu bidn nhu siic nude, sue gid frdn mat bien la ngudn nguygn ligu quan frpng cho phit tridn edng nghigp dign lye. Tii nguydn khoing sin d ven bien vi dudi diy bien nhu titan, photphorie, cit, sa khoing, sit, mangan, bfln khoing, md diu, khi...li nhiing nguon nguygn lieu co ban cho pfiat tridn cdng ngfiigp khai thic, cdng ngfugp vit ligu, cdng ngfiigp hda cfiit v i mgt sd nganh cdng ngfiigp khac. Cae qude gia ed bien thudng cd the manh vd tiidn vpng phit tridn nhting nginh cdng ngfugp nay.
Thu tia, 6oi vai phat trien cic nginh djch vy. Vai frd niy frude het ttid hign ttong phit ttidn giao Uidng vin tii. Giao thdng dudng bidn ed nfudu lgi the frong vige ndi lien nfiieu qudc gia nhit va cd ehi phi van tii ttiap nhit, ed ttie dip flng khdi lugng van tii IOTI n h i t Phit ttien van tii bidn tiiflc diy ttiuong mgi giua cic qudc gia ngiy cang frd ngn higu qui, ttiflc day qui ttinh xuit nhip khiu hang hda, li ddng lyc Uiue diy
phit tridn cdng ngfiigp.
Ddi vdi nhung qud'c gia cd bidn, du ljch bidn dang trd thinh cfudn luge pfiit trien cfla nganh du iich nhim tin dyng cac cinh quan vi sinh thii vflng voi bien de pfiit tridn kinh td, ting thu nhip cho ngum dan cflng nhu ting nguon ngan sich trung ucmg vi d|a phuang.
Thli tu, gdp phin d i m b i o an ninh, qud'c phdng va giu vting ddc lip ty chu, chfl quyen qude gia trdn bien.
Cfiidn luge qudc phdng, an ninh bidn cfla Nhi nudc khdng cfli l i gifl gin fid cdi dit tign ma cdn phii xem bien Ii eiia ngd cua qude phdng, dong thdi cdn xem vigc khai tfiae tai nguygn thign nfiign v i khdng gian i bidn dd phit tridn kinh td qudc din ia mye dich quan trgng.
Vidt Nam li mdt qudc gia cd tiem ning Idn vd kinh td bidn vdi t)d bidn dii tren 3.260 km, cd vflng bien rdng gip hon 3 Iin dien tich dat lien (ttgn I tiigu km2, cd vj tri dja kinh te vi dja chinh tri d i e bigt. Bidn chiia dung nfiidu tai nguygn to ldn de phat tridn kinh td - xS hdi. Vigc khai thic ngudn lgi bien d i ddng gdp quan trgng chg sy phat trien kinh td cfla dit nudc. Tuy nhien, cho den nay do nfiidu nguydn nhin khic nhau, kinh td bidn cfla Vigt Nam duge dinh gii la chira hifiu qui. Theo dinh gia eua c i e chuygn gia nghidn ciiu, Viet Nam chfl yeu van cfu kfiai tfiic lgi thd Hnh tfieo flinh thuc khai thic tii nguygn thd, trinh dg cdng ngfif thip, chua tao dugc gii til gia tang Idn cho nhflTM|
nganh kinh te tii bien. Khai thae hang hai, eing bi^n vi du Iich nfiin chung van d trinh dd thip, siic canli ttanh cdn kem.
2. Nhirng ioi the trong kM thac tiem nang bien, flao cua Viet Nam
2.1. Tai nguyen sinh vat bien
Vflng bidn Viet Nam ed hon 2.458 loii ei, gfim nfudu f>d, hg khac nhau, frong dd cd khoing 110 lo^
ed gii tti kinh te cao (tifi'ch, thu, ngu, bge mi, v.v.,.}.
Trii lugng c i d vOng bien nudc ta khoing 5 ttidu tan' nim, ttu lugng ea cd the dinh bat hing nim khoang 2,3 tiidu tin. Cac loai dgng vit tiiin mem d bidn Ddng cd hon 1.800 loii, ttong do cd nfiieu loai li ttiyc phim dugc ua thich nhu: mirc, hii sam...Ngoii ra, cdn c6 nfiidu loai dgng vat quy nhu ddi mdi, rin bidn, rila bien, eliim bidn, ttiu bidn.
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J B I N H DUOWB (THAHLTidm ning nudi frdng thuy s i n nudc min, lg frong cic vflng ctta sdng, dam phi, vung, vjnh v i vung bidn ven bd rat ldn. Didn tich Udm nang nudi trdng thfly sin nudc ta khoing 2 trigu hee- ta, bao gdm 3 loai hinh m i t nudc dd l i nudc ngpt, nudc lg v i vflng nudc man ven bd, cd thd nudi frdng cic logi dgc sin nhu tdm, eua, rong ciu...Dic bigt, frong c i c loii chim bidn, chim yen li logi ed vai frd kinh te quan trgng d Vigt Nam va la mgt d i e s i n quy hidm.
Ngoii dgng vit, bidn Vigt Nam cdn giiu ve tii nguyen thyc vit, nhit la rong bidn vi rflng ngip man.
Cho den nay d i ttm thiy 653 Ioai, 24 bien loii, 20 dgng rong bidn. Day l i ngudn thyc phim giiu dinh dudng vi i i ngudn duge lidu phong phfl. Cic vflng rimg ngip m i n v i cic cfla sdng cd y nghia sinh thii d i e biet: l i ncri de tning, uam gidng v i la bii thflc i n cfla rit nhidu loai ca v i sinh vit thin mdm cd gii tri kinh td.
2.2. Tii nguydn Idioang san, nang lugng bien Ngudn tii nguydn khoing s i n eua bidn Vigt Nam ed c i trong khdi nudc, trdn diy va trong long dit dudi diy bidn. Diu khi li mgt nginh cdng ngfugp mfli nhpn cfla Vidt Nam v i eflng l i mgt nginh khai thie bidn quan trpng. Diu khi tich ty trong cie be frim tich.Tgi vung bidn va thdm Iye dia Vigt Nam xic djnh nhidu bd frim ttch cd tridn vpng diu kfu, frong dd cic bd frim tich Cliu Long v i Nam Cdn Son dugc dinh gii ed tridn vgng d i u khi ldn nhit, didu kien khai thic tuong ddi thugn Icri. Tdng tiii lugng dy b i o dia chit vd dau khi cfla toin them lyc dia Vigt Nam dgt xip xi 10 ty tan diu quy ddi, trii lugng khai thac khoing 2 ty tin v i tiH lugng dy b i o cfla khi khoing 1.000 ty m3.
Cie n h i khoa hge eung d i xic djnh bidn ViH Nam cdn cd vd sd nhting khoing san vdi trfl lugng ldn vi gia tii kinh te cao. Cd Uid kd ddn ii: cit Uifly tinh (udc chung khoang 20 md d i dugc ttm kidm, thim dd vdi tdng trii lugng khoang 584 ttigu tin); mdt sd md sa khoing cd y nghia kinh td nhu titan, inmenit, mtin, mozanit, ziaeon...vi cic bidu fiign manhgtit, caxiterit, ving, erdm, corindon... Ngoii ra, vung bidn nudc ta cdn ed trfl lugng ldn thiet vi tidm ning to Idn vd quing sa khoing cfla eie nguydn td hidm. Nude bidn edn Ii kho mudi khdng Id, cd ttid khai ttiic hang ttim ngin tin moi nim...
Viet Nam ed tidm ning idn dd phit ttidn ning lugng tu sdng bidn. Nang lugng sdng dgc dii ven bd cfla nude ta rit phong phfl. Ddng ning lugng ttung binh ydu nhit dgt I5kw/m, manh nhit 30kw/m. Ning lugng thfly ttidu eung l i ngudn ning lugng ttdm ning cfla bidn Vidt Nam. Dgc ven bidn, thfly ttidu didn bidn khi phgng phfl trong khoing dii 3260 km, cd du cic ehd dd thfly tridu khic nhau cfla thd gidi nhu nhit tridu, nhit ttidu khdng ddu, b i n nhit tiidu v i bin nhat tridu'khdng ddu phin bd xen ke, kd tidp nhau.
Ngdii ra, cic vung d i o ngoai khoi nhu Bgch Long
\^, d i d Phfl Quy, Trudng Sa...li nhung dia didm gid cd
vin tdc tmng binh cao, tidm ning ning lugng gid tdt, cd thd xiy dyng cic frgm dign gid cdng suit ldn.
2.3. Tai nguyen phat trien vin tai bidn Vigt Nam n i m trdn con dudng giao thdng hang hii qudc td nhgn nhjp tu Tiy sang Ddng, vdi didm giua dudng vin tii Hdng Kdng — Singapore sit vdi khu vye ed didu kign ty nhign de xay dyng nhirng cang nude siu tim cd thd gidi, cd thd frd thinh nhting ttung tim trung chuyen ldn ed tt'nh chat qude gia vi qudc td, Ii hinh lang hudng ra bidn de giad luu kinh td giua Vigt Nam vi cic nude frong khu vyc cflng nhu cic nudc frdn the gidi.
Dge theo bd bidn nudc ta cd hon 100 dja diem ed thd xiy dung hii cing, frong dd mgt so noi cd Uid xiy dyng eing nudc siu, quy md ldn (kd c i cing trung chuydn qudc td). Khi ning phit trien eing vi vin tii bien li ydu td trgi co bin, li ngudn lyc rit quan trgng dd phit trien kinh td theo hudng cdng nghidp hda, fiidn dai hda.
2.4. Tii nguydn du lich bidn
Tai nguydn du lich bidn eung li mdt uu the d i e biet, md ra tridn vgng khai thac tdng hgp dd phat tridn mgnh. Dge bd bidn Vigt Nam ed hing frim bii tim, frong dd ed nhflng bii tim ed efiidu dii ldn ddn 15 — 18 km va nhidu bii tim cd cfiidu dii I — 2 km dfl didu kign thuin Igi khai thic phit tridn du ijch bidn. Mgt sd dja danh du ljch bidn cua Vidt Nam da duge biet ddn frgn phgm vi toin ciu nhu Vjnh Ha Long, vjnh Nha Trang, bii bidn Di Ning...
Ngoii eie tii nguydn phye vu du ijeh bidn, Vigt Nam cdn ed hg thdng cic dio va quin d i o vdi he sinh thed die trung thuin Icri cho phit tiidn du lich sinh thii.
Sy kdt hop hai hda giua cinh quan ty nliidn vdi einh quan vin hda — xi hdi efla bidn, vflng ven bidn vi cic hii d i o d i tgo cho du Ijeh bien ed Igi thd phit tridn hon han nfiidu logi hinh du ljch khic trdn dit lidn.
3. jlhimg thach thirc trong Ichai thac tiem nang hien, flao cua Viet Nam
Vdi ngudn tii nguydn bidn vd eflng phong phfl, vigc phit tridn kinh td bidn da dgng frong nfiidu linh vye ndng nghigp, edng nghigp, djeh vu d i ddng gdp rit ldn vio sy phit trien kinh td - x i hgi eua Vigt Nam.
Kinh td bidn v i vflng ven bidn ddng gdp gin 50% GDP cfla c i nude, quy md ting nhanh, co ciu nginh nghd chuydn dieh theo hudng phyc vy xuit khiu, dem vd mdt lugng ngogi tg ldn cho sy nghigp cdng ngiiigp hda ...Tuy nhidn, quy md kinh td bidn v i vung ven bidn nude ta van ehua tuong xflng vdi ttdm ning. Vigc khai thic lgi thd hi bign cdn khdng it hgn chd, khd khin.
Tidm ning ngudn bidn phong phu d i md ra co hgi phat tridn cic nginh kinh td bidn cho Vigt Nam. Tuy nfiign, sy dg dii trong tidp cin, khai thic ngudn Igi hii sin, nhflng bit cip frong quin ly, kidm soit khai thic v i nhting hgn ehd vd til ehinh...di lim eho ngudn lgi
H T i BHAU A - THAI SIN
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NGHIEN CUU
RESEARCH
hii sin ed nhtrng bien dgng ding kd vd mat dd siii lugng, chflng ioai, kich ttiudc. Vigc phit tiidn nudi frdng hii sin d i giflp cic td ehiic, giflp ngucri din ed cd hgi diu hi phit trien, ttiay doi ca cau kinh te.
Nhung phit tiien hi phit boat ddng nudi ttdr^ din
Hai li, diy manh cdng tic didu fra co bin vg iji nguygn bidn, lim co sd cho vigc hoach djnh chiln luge phat tridn kinh td bidn vi didu hinh dugc diing din vi cfiinh xic.
Ba li, hinh thinh va phit tridn mdt sd nginh mfli ddn vigc xu ly efiat thii khdng dflng quy dinh, ttem i n nhpn phfl hgp vdi Igi thd cua vung d i o nhu: du ljch, nfiidu nguy eo bung pfiit djeh t>gnh. Nfiidu vflng ed djch vy bidn, khai thac va nudi frdng hii sin.
didu kign khdng phfl hop nhung ttii nudi vdi mat dp g^^ j^^ ^^^ ^^^ ngudn nhin lyc, trong dd tip tmng cao, nguy co giy phi dudng vung nudi, inh hudng ddn ^^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^j ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^. ^^^
mdi tmdng. Mdt sd noi, ngudi nudi lgm dyng nguon ^j^g ^^ ^^^^ ^ ^ j ^ ^ ^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^j^p ^^ ^j^^ ^ ^ ^^
nudc nggt ngim, din den cgn kiet ngudn tii nguyen ^.^^^ ^ v^ ^^^ ^-^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^
nude. Ngoii ra, edng tic quin ly, / ^ cfiflc j a n xuat ^ ^ ^.^ ^^^ ^ ^ ^^^^ ^^. ^.^^ p^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^
vflng nudi cdn bat cip. Nhidu ngudi nudi frong phii ttiug Cd sd nhung ttidi gian ngin ngn khdng mudn d i u tu liu dii, sin xuat tgm bg, tic dgng xiu den mdi tiudng vflng nudi... Nganh mudi d Viet Nam cflng dugc quan tim diu tu phat tiien nhung lgi ehua hdi ttJ dfl cic ydu td de phit trien dn dinh va bdn vung.
Nginh diu kfu Vgt Nam edn gap nhieu khd khin:
dia chit bidn kdm phit ttien, vige tiiim dd diu khi ngoii bidn ddu do nudc ngdii thye hidn. Bidn giiu tidm ning khding sin nhung cac didm chua quing phin tin, ked dii vi ed nhieu inh hudng tmc tidp den mdi tiudng.
Nginh hang hii cflng dang ddi mit vdi nlildu khd Idiin, thic thflc. Ning iye egnh franh cfla ddi tiu bidn ttiip, khdng dfl khi ning egnh ttanh frgn thi ttudng khu vye, thim ehi thua ngay frgn sin nha. Djeh vu logistics cflng kem phit trien. Da sd eae doanh nghigp hoat dgng trong linh vyc niy ehu ydu l i doeinh nghigp nhd vi rit nhd nen hgn chd ve vdn, ngudn nhin lyc, cdng nghg, khdng ket ndi dugc vdi mang ludi toin eau vi chi dimg lgi d nhi cung cip dich vu vg tinh cho cic ddi tic nude ngoii cd mang didu hinh toan eiu, hic Ii chi iim mgt phin cdng vige frong chudi djch vy nay nhu kg khai thu tye hii quan, thue kho bii...
Di lign vdi sy phit ttien du Iich bien, d nfudm mdi tiudng bidn sg ting ldn ding ke neu khdng cd cic bign phap phdng ngfla. Du ijch cd the lim tdn hgi mdi trudng sinh thii, suy giim tinh da dgng sinh hpc do cic hogt ddng chit phi rimg, xay dyng khich sgn, san golf...
khdng cd ke hogch. Du ljch edn lam tang din sd co hpc dviing ven bidn dua den nfudu iiiu qui x i hgi...
4. Mot Sp giai phap nham khai thac hieu qua tiem tang hien, dao cua Viet Nam
De thuc hien thing Icri cfudn luge phit tridn kinh te bien, vting ven bidn vi khai tiiie fugu qui ttem ning bidn, dio cfla Vigt Nam, ein tip trung mpt sd giii phip sau:
Mdt la, chfl frgng quy hogch va ttdp tuc hoin tfuen hg ttidng CO che chinh sich, phip luit ve bien, d i o
Hg ttidng CO che chinh saeh ddng bd vi td chuc thyc kinh te - xa hdi bidn, dio Vigt Nam trong tiid kJ hign cd higu qui sg gop phin quin ly tai nguydn, mdi dgi duong, Nxb Hdng Due, Hi Ndi.
ttudng bien vi khai thie cd hidu qui cic ngudn Igi hi bign, dao.
xa hdi vdi b i o d i m qudc phdng — an ninh. Cic dia phuong cd bien, d i o cin xiy dyng vi trien khai cac ehuong trinh, ke hogch phfl hgp nhim ting cudng phat tiien kinh td theo didu kign thye td, thim chi lifei kdt giua cie dia phuong va giua cic dja phuang v&i c i c nginh de diu tu, khai thie lgi ich tfl bien, dio m^i cich quy md, higu qui.
Siu li, md rgng hgp tic qudc td vg bidn nhim thu hut vdn, tgo nguon nhin lyc, du nhip cdng nghg hi^n dgi. Thdng qua vide giii quydt cic vu ttanh chip tifin bien, tao dieu idgn tiiuin Igi eho vigc phit tridn kinh td bidn, dao cua qudc gia.
Viet Nam Ii qudc gia cd bidn, giiu tiem ning lit bidn nhung vin nim frdng nhdm cie nudc dang phcit tridn. Do do, chflng ta ein phii dya vio ttdm nfing phong phu cfla bidn, khai thic nd mdt cich higu qui, bdn viing de phit tridn mgnh theo xu thd chung \h hudng ra bidn, ehinh phye bidn phyc vu cho igi ich dan tdc./
Tai iieu tham l(hao
1. Nguydn Tic An, Nguydn Ky Phflng, Trin Bich Chau (2007), Quin Iy tdng hgp ddi ven bd bidn d Viet Nam: Md hinh v i trien vgng, Hdi ttiio khoa hpc \i niem 5 nam thinh lip Hdi Khoa hgc Ky thuit bign.
2. The Dat (2009), Ndn kinh td cic tinh vung bi^n' Vidt Nam, Nxb Lao ddng. Hi Ndi.
3. Ld Cao Doan (1999), Ddi mdi vi phit ttign viing kinh te bien, Nxb Cfu'nh trj qudc gia. Hi Ndi.
4. Nguydn Chu Hdi (chfl bidn), (2007), Tim nhin kinh td bien va phit tiidn ttifly sin Vigt Nam, Vi^n' KHXH Viet Nam v i Bd Ndng nghigp vi Phit tiign nfing • thdn xuit bin. Hi Ndi.
5. Ngd Lyc Tii (2012), Kinh td bign Vigt Nam ttfini dudng phat ttien v i hgi nhip, Nxb Tdng hgp, Thanh phd Ho Chi Minh.
6. Vfl Thi Kim Thanh (2014), Phit ttidn bdn viing|