LONG TIN XA HOI 6 THANH NIEN DO THI
TS. LS Van H5o
Trudng phdng Phdng Tdm ly hoc vdn hod, Viin Tdm ly hoc.
T6M TAT
Cdc nghiin cAu trin thi' gidi cho thdy. Idng lin xd hdi li cdc yiu id quan trgng, cd tuang quan ihudn vdi tdng trudng kinh ti' vd hiiu sudi trong kinh te thi trudng, cung cdp cdc dich vu cdng mdt cdch cdng bdng, su hap Idc, hdi hda vimdtxa hdi... Ldng tin xd hdi cdng cd tdm quan trgng ddi vdi mice do hdi Idng vd hgnh phuc trong cudc sing, su Igc quan, site khoe, phiic lai, su tham gia, linh cdng ddng, xd hdi ddn su. Ket qud nghiin cUu trin mdu chgn 800 Ihanh nien (tudi trung binh 22) a 4 thdnh phd ldn Id Hd Ndi, Dd Ndng, thdnh phdHd Chi Minh vd Cdn Thacho thdy, chi sd long tin xd hdi cua thanh niin dd thi d mice trung binh khd hoac ngudng dudi cua mile khd. Trong cdc nhdm xa hdi, gia dinh Id nhdm dugc tin tudng nhdt, ngudi la (cing ddn Igc vd nude ngodi) Id nhdm "ddng nghi ngd" nhdt. Khdc vdi Iruyen Ihdng, hdng xdm Irong bdi cdnh dd thi chi xep trin nhdm ngudi Ig vi mice do ddng tin cdy.
Ttt khoa: Ldng tin xd hdi; thanh niin; thanh niin dd Ihi.
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 6/8/2012; Ngdy duyet ddng bdi: 20/9/2012.
Dat vi'n de
Ndi mflt each ngin gpn, Idng tin xa hfli (spcial trust) l i nidm tin vio su chinh trtre, ding tin ciy cia nhimg ngudi khic. Ldng tin xa hfli hay cdn gpi la ldng tin hfln ca nhin (interperspnal trust) dua trfln cic trai nghiflm true tidp vdi nhttng ngttdi khic vi cd lien quan dfl'n ngudn vfl'n xa hfli (social capital). Lxmg tin xa hoi l i yflu td cin ban cho mflt cufle sfl'ng xa hfli vin minh (Newton, 2012). C:ic nghifln cdn gin diy cho thiy, long tin xa hfli lim ting mflt cich ding kd xic suit ddng thud cia cic cflng din. Ndi cich khac, l i mttc dfl long tin va mttc dfl ddng thud cua cflng din cd tupng quan thuin vdi nhau. Ldng tin cttng ting cudng vi cai thiftn sir hijp tic xa hfli (gitta cflng din vdi nhau vi gitta cflng din vi Chinh phi) (Scholtz and Lubell, 1998, din theo Newton, 2012).
Cic nha nghifln cuti khic cung tranh luin ring, long tin xa hfli cd tuong
38 TAP CH( TAM LY HOC, Sd 10 (163), 10 - 2012
quan thuin voi trang thai hai ldng cua ngudi din, su phat tridn kinh tfl', tinh hifli*
qua cua thd chfl vi tupng quan nghich vdi ti Ifl tfli pham (Arrow K., 1972;
Fukuyama F., 1995, Putnam R.D., 1995; Hagan J., Merkens H., Boehnke K., 1995). Fukuyama (1995) cdn cho ring, long tin quyflT djnh kflT qui hoat dflng cua tit ca cic thd chfl'. Ldng tin xa hfli gitta cic cflng din se tic dflng dfl'n mflt loat hien tupng siu rflng bao gdm ca tang trudng kinh te vi biflu suit trong kinh td tbi trudng, cung ci'p cic sin phim, djch vu cflng mflt cich cflng bing, su hpp tac, hai hda vfl mat xa hfli... Ldng tin xa hfli cung c6 tim quan trong ddi vis mttc dp hii long vi hanh phuc trong cufle sdng, sir lac quan, stte khoe, phuc loi, su tham gia, tinh cflng ddng, xi hfli din sir... VI du, Ronald Inglehart (1997) vi Robert Putnam (2000) nhin manh ring, ldng tin xa hfli li thanh td cin ban dd phit tridn milt vin hda din su (civic culture).
Nfl'u ldng tin xa hfli quan trpng nhu viy thi viflc do ludng vi xic djnh chi s6^ Idng tin xa hfli l i didu rit hfln Ich vi iS thtt (European Social Survey, 2012).
Cac nghifln ettn xuyfln vin hda phit hifln ra long tin xa hfli dat mttc dfl cao nhit d cic quoc gia thuin nhit, binh ding, thjnh vupng nhu cac qufl'c gia Bic Au, trpng khi dd, nd cd xu hudng thip nhit d cac nude Nam My, chiu Phi va mflt sd nude chiu A (Pew Research Center, 2007). Trong bflT canh thd gidi noi chung va Viet Nam ndi riflng hifln nay, nghifln cun Idng tin xa hfli d mflt nhom din cu dang trai qua nhidu bifl'n dflng nhu thanh nifln dfl thj li viec lim cd y nghTa thuc tien.
Phuong phap nghifln ciiu Phuong phap
Chttng tfli dung chi sd ldng tin xa hfli gdm 3 item m i nhidu nghifln ettn khic trfln thd gidi da vi dang stt dung (DaUon R., Nhu-Ngoe T. Ong, 2006; Pew Research Center, 2007, Dalton, Russel, 2006). Thuc chit cic item nay ed ngudn gdc ttt thang do cia Rosenberg (1957). Item 1 lifln quan dfl'n su dang tin ciy, item 2 lifln quan dfl'n su giup dd, item 3 lien quan den su cflng bing ttt nhttng ngudi khac qua su dinh gii cia chinh ngudi dupe phdng vin.
Chgn mdu
Miu nghifln cttu 820 thanh nifln, tudi ttt 18 dfl'n 30 (tudi trung binh li 22) dang sinh sdng va lim viflc tai 4 thinh phd H i Npi, D i Nang, thanh phd Hd Chi Minh va Cin ThP. Tai mdi thinh phd lai chpn ra cic quin/phudng thuflc khu vuc cu/dupe hinh thinh ttt liu vi quin/phudng mdi dupe thinh lip theo phucmg phip phin tang, ngiu nhien. Cd 20 phidu khflng dat yeu ciu do thidu qua nhidu thflng tin cin thiflT nfln da bi loai bd, cdn lai 800 phifl'u, trong dd, thanh nifln Hi Npi chidm 24,9%; thanh nifln Da Ning chidm 25,2%; thanh nifln thanh phd Hd Chi Minh chidm 24,9% vi thanh nifln Cin Tho chidm 25%. Trong tdng miu, nam chidm 55,8% va ntt chidm 44,3%, 11,6% da kdt hon.
TAP CHI TAM LY HOC, Sd 10 (163), 10 - 2012 39
Ket qua nghifln ciiu
Chi s6' ldng tin xd hdi: con ngu&i cd ddng tin cdy, gUp dd, cdng bang?
1. Ndi chung, ban cho ring, hiu bflT mpi ngudi d cflng ddng ndi ban sfl'ng li nhung ngudi cd thd tin ciy dupe hay li ban lufln phii cin thin vdi hp?
Item niy dupe thidt kd thep dang Likert vdi 4 mttc dfl ttt mttc (1) "lufln cin thin vdi hp" dfl'n mttc (4) "hiu bfl't cd thd tin ciy dupe" Gitta 2 cue niy li mttc 2 nghiflng vd phia "lufln cin thin vdi hp" vi mttc 3 nghiflng vd phia "hiu hdt cd thd tin ciy dupe".
n
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H
0 1 0 2
1
0 3
a HSu het
0 4
o l h ^ tin
0 5
cay 6u-o'c
0 60 70 80
• Luon ph^l i:^n thdn viji-i ho 90
1
10
2. Phin ldn thdi gian, nhOng ngttdi xung quanh ban la nhung ngudi lufln cd ging giup dd ngudi khac hay li hp chi quan lira dfl'n ban thin? Tupng tu nhu item 1 vtta nflu tren, item 2 niy cung cd 4 mttc dfl ttt mttc (1) "lufln cd ging giup dd ngudi khic" dfl'n mttc (4) la "chi quan tim dfl'n ban thin". Mttc (2) va (3) nim gitta hai diu mut nay.
^
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
D L u d n c d g d r g giup d o ngi/b"! khdc • Chi quan tdm d d n ban thdn
3. Phin ldn mpi ngudi ddu ed ging liji dirng ban nfl'u hp cd co hfli hay la hp lufln cd ging ddi x i cflng bing vdi ban cung nhu vdi ngudi khic? Item 3 nay cung cd 4 mttc dfl ttt mttc (1) "cd ging dflT xtt cflng bing" dfl'n mttc (4) la
"ipi diing khi cd cp hfli". Mttc (2) va (3) nim gitta hai diu mfit nay.
40 TAP CH( TAM LY HOC, Sd 10 (163), 10 - 2012
50 60 90 100
DC6 gang ddi xd'cdng bdng BLoi dung k
Didm trung binb cua item 1 li 2,68, item 2 la 2,63, item 3 li 2,70. Die'm trung binh cia ca 3 item hay cua chi sd Idng tin xa hfli cua thanh nifln li 2,67 trfln thang 4 didm. Nfl'u chia thang 4 didm lim 3 khoang ddu nhau (ttt 1 dfl'n 2 didm l i mttc thip, ttt ldn hon 2 ddn 3 didm la mttc trung binh/gitta vi ttt ldn hon 3 dfl'n 4 didm la mttc cao thi cd thd coi 2,67 li thuflc mttc trung binb, chi liflT hon li trung binh 6 ngudng trfln, cin mttc kbi. Didu dang ndi li 2 trpng sd 3 item, ntt thanh nien cd xu httdng thd hien ldng tin xa hfli d mttc cao hon so vdi nam thanh nifln, cu thd la item lifln quan ddn su giup dd va cflng bing nhu the bien trong bang 1 dudi diy.
Bdng 1: So sdnh mice do long tin xd hdi gia nam vd nit Ihanh niin
^fbung ngudi xung quanh lufln cd gang giup dd ngudi khac hay chi quan tim de'n ban thin?
Phin Ifln deu cfl ging ItJi dung ban bay lufln cfl ging doi xtt cflng bing vdi ban va ngucri khac?
DTB Chung
NO DTB
2,71
2,77 1,74
DLC
0,800
0,921 0,860
Nam DTB
2,57
2,65 2,61
DLC
0,877
0,918 0,897
Mttc y nghTa
M.,.M.^
M„,<M.„
M „ < M „ „ Ghi chu: Khdc biet cd y nghTa thdng ki'd mdc p < 0,05; DTB la Diem trung binh (mean); DLC id Dd lech chudn
Cic nhi nghien cun cia World Values Survey 2001 (Dalton, Russel, 2006) tren miu chpn din cu ndi chung chp ring, ngudi Viet Nam tuong ddi
TAP CHf TAM LY HOC, Sd 10 (163), 10 - 2012 41
hoii nghi vd nhihig ngudi xung quanh hp khi chi cd 41% cho ring "mpi ngttdi cd thd tin ciy dupe" trong kbi 59% ndi ring, cin phii "cin thin trong lifln hfl vdi ngudi khic". Con sd 41% trong bflT cinh so sinh vdi cic qudc gia Dflng A khac cttng li mttc dd khdng thip vi nd xip xi bing mflt sd nttdc khic. VI du, con sd niy li 42% d Nhit Bin, 41% 6 Dii Lpan, 52% d Trung Qufl'c vi chi ed 6% d Philippine. Nhu thd, nghifln cttu d thanh nifln cia chttng tfli nim 2011 cho ra mflt kST qua khic vdi kflT qud trfln miu chpn ngudi Viflt ndi chung nim 2001.
Cu thd, 62,9% thanh nifln chp ring, mpi ngudi cd thd tin ciy dupe vi chi cd 3'7,1% noi ring, cin phai cin thin trong lifln hfl vdi ngudi khic. Liflu mttc dfl lac quan bay mfli trudng xa hfli Viflt Nam d 2 thdi didm khic nhau vi biflu ttng Ilia tudi cd phai li bifl'n sd trung gian iS gi^i sU khic biflt hay khflng? Diy li vin dd cin phii dupe nghifln cun thflm mdi cd thd dua ra cic IS giii thiu dao vi cd cP sd.
Ciu hdi tifl'p thep lifln quan dfl'n ldng tin xa hfli li mttc dfl tin tudng cia thanh nifln dfl thj vdi cac nhdm xi hfli m i kflT qua tri Idi dupe tnnh biy 6 bang 2 dudi diy.
Bdng 2: Ti li vd miic dd tin tudng dd'i vdi cdc nhdm xd hdi (%)
"""--..^^^ Mttc dfl
^ ' ^ ^ ^ ^ tin tudng Cac nhom xa hfli ^ ^ ^ ^ 1. Gia dinh cua ban 2. Ban be cua ban 3. Hang xom cua ban 4. Ddng nghiflp cua ban 5. Ban cung hpc phd thflng hay cao dang/dai hoc 6. Cip trfln ciia ban 7. Ngudi la cung dan tflc 8. Ngudi la nU(3c ngoai
Hoin toin khflng tin
(1) 1,5 1,6 12,3
9,1 4,5 6 37,3 50,1
Cfl tin tuiing mdt chut
(2) 1,5 19,5 43,1 38,4 31,8 26,3 44,4 37,7
Ve CO ban la tin tudng (3) 10,6 54,5 41,1 45,8 51,9 48,8 15,9 9
Hoan toan tin
tudng (4) 86,4
14,4 3,5 6,7 10,6 18,9 2,4 3,3
BTB
3,82 2,92 2,36 2,50 2,70 2,81 1,83 1,65
Gia dinh la nhdm dupe tin tudng cap nhit (DTB cap nhit va cd ti 16 sd ngudi tin tudng ldn nhit), ke tidp l i ban be va ban cttng hpc. Mttc dfl thip nhit va ti le tin tudng thip nhit li ngudi la nude ngoii.
42
TAP CHfTAM LY HOC, Sd 10 (163), 10 - 2012_ Ttt ket qua trfln diy ndu gflp ti ifl nhttng ngudi tra Idi "hoin toan khflng tin tuong vdi "tin tudng mflt chttt" thinh nhdm nghiflng vd "thidu tin tudng" vi 2 nhom cdn lai "vd co ban la tin tudng" va "hoan toin tin tudng" thinh nhdm
tin tuong ' thi ed thd bidu hien qua bidu dd 1 dudi diy.
Bon fzz:2i.i:_
Cap Ircii
Dong nghiv'p
"W-
N j m i i la
20 .10 40 50 (,0 70 80 00 I tiicu iin tuoriu • t i n t i l l i n g
Bieu dd 1: Ti li tin tudng vd thii'u tin tudng vdo cdc nhdm xdhdi (%) Ae/7 theo IhU ttt tU cao xudng thap
Khflng cd gi la khi gia dinh l i nhdm dupe tin tudng nhit trong mflt nen van hda mang tinh "cflng ddng nha" (cflng ddng nhdm nfli) nhu Viet Nam (xem chi tiet Le Van Hio, 2005). Didu ding ndi li thanh nien dfl thi cd ve kbi hoai nghi vdi hang xom cia bp. Mttc dp tin tudng dflT vdi hing xdm chi xfl'p trfln ngudi la ma tbfli va ti le thidu tin tudng ehifl'm da sd, cao hon tdi 11 didm phin tram so viM sfl' tin tudng (55,4% so vdi 44,6%). Co le kinh te thi trudng, qui trinh dfl thi hda, nhip ctt va die diem vin hda dfl thi trong giai doan dang hinh thanh l i cic bidn sd trung gian gdp phin tao nfln su khac biflt Ion gitta dfl thi vi nflng thfln truydn thdng, noi ngudi ta vSn ndi "ban anh em xa mua ling gidng gin"?
Ngudi la l i nhdm xdp cuflT cttng khflng giy ngac nhifln. Xu hudng niy cd d nhidu ndn van hda c i Dflng vi Tiy, nhimg didu ding luu y l i trong nen van hda thifln vd "cflng ddng nhi" nhu Viet Nam tdn tai mflt khoang each ldng tin viS nhdm "ngudi thin/quen" vi nhdm "ngudi la/ngudi dung" (nhung cttng deu la ddng bio, ddng loai) l i qua khic biflt (xem cic nhdm diu vi nhdm cuflT d bidu dd 1). Xdt vd truydn thdng, Nho giao ndi dfl'n nim mdi quan hfl: yua -
TAP CHfTAM LY HOC, Sd 10 (163), 10 - 2012 43
tfli, cha - con, vp - chdng, anh - em vi ban - bd nhung khflng hd dd cip ddn quan hfl ngudi la - ngudi la. Trtt mflT quan bfl vua - tfli, ban - bd, 3 mflT quan hfl cdn lai ddu lifln quan ddn gia dinh. Ban bd, trpng nhidu trudng hpp cung cd thd trd thinh "ngudi thin", "ngudi nhi" vi cung cd mdi quan he thin thidt nhu trong gia dinh. Gia dinh dupe nhi'n manh die biflt, nhttng ngudi la khflng dupe nhic ddn. Ldng tin dupe dit vio ngudi thin quen, cdn vdi ngudi la, (cd khi cdn gpi li "ngudi dung" vi di kdm vdi "nude la") thi sU thin trpng vi nghi ngd li die didm ndi trfli. Ilo Tetsuji - nhi tim iS hpc xa hfli Nhit Ban - trpng nghifln cdn vd ngo phd H i Nfli cd nhin xet ring "hinh nhu ngudi Ha Nfli khflng tin tudng ngudi la... khflng quan tim dfl'n ngudi la". Vdi "nhung ngudi thin thidt thi khoang each vd tim ly hiu nhu khflng cdn... nhung khi cin thidt hp cd th^
tao ra mi5t btte tudng ngin cich vdi ngudi khic, thim chi cd cam giic hein loan diing dung vdi ngttdi khflng quen biflt" (Tetsuji, 200, tr. 60 - 63). MSu hinh ttng x i qua thifln Iflch vd gia dinh (ngudi thin, quen) vi qua phin biet ngudi la nhu viy di rit cd hieu qui trong truydn thdng chdng thien tai va ngoai xim cia xa hfli nflng thfln. Nhung cd le nd se khflng thuin Ipi cho phat trien van hda din su (civic culture) vi xa hfli phip quydn, hifln dai. Tuy nhien, cin phai cfl them cic nghien cun khic ntta dd khing djnh hay phi djnh didu nay.
Ket luin
Chi sd ldng tin xa hfli cia thanh nifln dfl thj d mttc trung binh kha hoic ngudng dudi cua mttc kha. Ntt thanh nifln cd xu hudng thd hifln Idng tin xa hfli cao hon nam thanh nifln. Trong cic nhdm xa hfli, gia dinh la nhdm dut?c tin tttdng nhit, ngudi Ig (cttng din tflc va nude ngoai) la nhdm "dang nghi ngd"
nhit. Hdng xdm trong xi hfli nflng thfln truydn thflng dupe coi trpng nhung trong bflT canh dfl thj hda hifln nay, hp dupe thanh nifln dinh gia la nhdm chi xfl'p trfln nhdm ngudi la ve mttc dfl dang tin ciy.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Arrow K., Gifts and Exchanges, Philosophy and Public Affairs, Vol. 1 No. 4, pp.
343 - 62, 1972.
2. Dalton, Russel, Civil Society, Social Capital and Democracy, In: R. Dalton and Doh ChuU Shin (eds.). Citizens, Democracy and Markets Around the Pacific Rim.
Oxford: Oxford University Press Freedom House. See bttp://www.freedomhouse.org, 2006.
3. Dalton R., Nhu-Ngoe T. Ong, CiviV Society and Social Capital in Vietnam, http://www.democracy.uci.edu/files/democracy/docs/vietnam/vietnam04.pdf, 2006.
4. Democracy, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 65 - 78, The lohns Hopkins University Press.
44 TAP CHf TAM LY HOC, Sd 10 (163), 10 - 2012
i P ^ i ? ^ ' " . ^"^ "'^ ^^' •"'' ^*" '^°'>' '^^' '^ •'^« * ' '^^ M" Ciia *a«/. niin ndng thdn, Bao cao tdng kflt dd tai cip Bfl, 2012.
?,; ^'*"5'™=' F- •So"«' Capi'a/ a«d rte Gtoia/ Economy: A Redrawn Map of the World, Foreign Affairs, Volume 75, No. 4, September/October, 1995.
7 Fukuyama, Francis, Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity. New York: Free Press, 1995.
8^ Hagan J., Merkens H., Boehnke K., Delinquency and disdain: Social capital and the control of right wing extremism among East and West Berlin youth, American Joumal of Sociology, 100,1028-1052,1995.
9. Le Van Hao, Ngliien cicu tinh cdng ddng vd linh cd nhdn d mdt ldng Bac bd (trudng hgpxaTam Hiep, Thanh Tri, Hd Ndi), Luin in Tidn sT, 2005.
10. National Youth Survey, Summary of Main Survey Findings, 2008.
11. http://essedunet.nsd.uib.n0/cms/topics/2/l/
12. Newton K., Social and political trust, European Survey Education, 2012.
13. Pew Research Center, Americans and Social Trust: Who, Where and Why, 2007.
14. Pham Thanh Nghi, Thdi dd ung hd thi che cua ngudi ddn Viil Nam, Tap chi Xa hfli hpc, sfl 2 (110), tr 3 - 7,2010.
15. Putaam R. D., Bowling alone: America's Declining Social Capital, Joumal of Democracy, Vol. 6, No.l, pp. 65 - 78, The Johns Hopkuis University Press, 1995.
16. Rosenberg M., Occupations and Values, Glencoe, IL: Free Press, 1957.
17. Tetsuji Ito, Ngd phd Hd Ndi: Nhiing khdm phd. Ha Nfli, NXB Hfli nha van, tr. 60 - 63, 2003.
17. The Merdeka Center, Youth survey. National Opinion Poll of youth civic engagement, 2(X)6.
19. The Gallup Organization, Survey among young people aged between 15-30 in the European Union, 2007.
20. Vietnam NetCitizens Report (2011) at http://cimigo.vn/en-S/ReportDetail.aspx?
ProductId=234
TAPCHlTAMLYHpC,Sdl0(163), 10-2012 45
