42 TAP GHI KHOA HOG XA HOI SO 10(146)-2010 NGON SC.C MOC - NCIIIKN C l ' l \ .\N IIOA - NGIIF. ITU .VT
PHONG TRAO OAU TRANH CHO NU QUYEN CUA PHU NLP ANH, MY VA SLf RA DQI CUA
MOT LQP Tl> MOI TRONG NGON NGLP
OANG DU'C HOANG CHAU QU6C KY
TOM
TATBai viet luan chung eho hat quan diem chinh: thw nhit, phong trao phu nu- Anh.
My la mdt trong nhung phong trao giai phdng phu nCr ra ddi tCr rit sdm. gdp phin hinh thanh tien de cho phong trao va cac ly thuyet nw quyen tren toan the gidi. Thw hai, phong trao nay ed anh hwdng trwc tiep den sw ra ddi cda mdt idp tw mdi trong ngdn ngCr tieng Anh. Qua bai viet nay, tac gia cung nhim khing dinh: tuy ring van cdn ton tai nhieu ft)' trong tieng Anh mang tinh phan biet gidi tinh nhwng sw xuit hien dan nhCrng tw thay the "phi gidi tinh" the hien tinh binh ding nam-nw va tdn trong phu nu- hon: cho thiy ring nhung thay doi trong xa hdi deu it nhieu tao ra diu in trong sw thay doi cua ngdn ngu:
Phong trao phu nip Anh, My la mdt trong
Dang Du'C Hoang, Thae sT Phong Giao due va Dao tao Quan 11, Thanh pho Ho Ghi Minh, Nghien ciru sinh nganh Ng6n ngu Hoc vien Khoa hoc Xa hoi,
Chau Quoc Ky, Thae sT, TruO-ng Gan bo Thanh pho
nhu'ng phong trao giai phdng phu nip ra ddi tip rat sdm, gdp p h i n hinh thanh tiln d l cho phong trao va cac ly thuylt nip quyin tren toan the gidi, Phong trao nay eo anh hudng tryc tiep den sy ra ddi eiia mot Idp tip mdi trong ngdn ngip tiing Anh,
1, PHONG T R A O P H U N l j a ANH, MY 1.1. Phong trao phu nip d i u tranh gianh quyen binh d i n g eiia phu nu' My ra ddi tip nipa d i u the ky XIX vdi s y kien ed giao tre Susan B, Anthony ddi duccc quyen hudng luang b i n g nam gidi vao nam 1837. Tuy nhien, phong trao chi trd nen manh me va lan rdng sau s y ra ddi ciia Cdng udc v l Q u y i n phu nip Seneca Falls nam 1848 (ten tiing Anh la "Seneca Falls Women's Rights Convention").
Ciing chung vai sat canh d i u tranh vdi nam gidi trong phong trao giai phdng no le nhung khi mdt s l phu nu- My tieu bilu la Lucretia Mott va Elizabeth Cady Stanton vdi t u each dai b i l u tham d y Hoi nghj T h i gidi c h i n g c h l dp nd le (the World's Anti- Slavery Convention) d London, ho da khdng dup-c q u y i n phat b i l u tai Hpi nghi.
Do dd, ngay 14/7/1848, Lucretia Mott va Elizabeth Cady Stanton (ngudi duae xem
DANG DUC HOANG, GHAU OUOG KY - PHONG TRAO DAU TRANH 43
la tien phong trong phong trao dau tranh giai phdng phu nu-) dang Idi keu goi to chiic mot hoi nghi de dau tranh cho quyen lai ciia phu nu- (Woman's Rights Convention) tren t d bao Seneca County ciia New York Trong hai ngay 19- 20/7/1848 Hdi nghi duae t l ehue tai Seneca Falls, New York d l thao luan ve tinh trang xa hoi, ton giao va quyen cong dan eiia phu nil- My, T i l p theo dd, thang 10/1850, Hdi nghi toan q u I e v l q u y i n phu nip duge td ehu-c tai Worcester, Massachusetts vdi ciing noi dung
Nam 1855, Lucy Stone (1818-1893), mot phu nCp l l i lae trong phong trao dau tranh gianh q u y i n binh d i n g , k i t hdn vdi Henry Blackwell, Trong l l cudi, Henry Blackwell tuyen b l t u bd nhirng quyin hap phap ciia ching d l i vdi vo" theo luat phap My thai biy gid (the legal authority of a husband over a wife) va Stone la ngu'di php nir- My d i u tien giu- lai ten minh sau khi ket hon, Khi cuoc noi c h i l n My c h i m dii-t vao nam 1865 vdi t h i n g lai eiia cae bang phia B i c thi c h l dp nd le da duae xda bd. Ban Tu ehinh Hiln phap thii- 14 va 15 duae l i n luat thdng qua vao cae nam 1868 va 1870 cong nhan q u y i n cdng dan va q u y i n duae di bd philu eho ngudi My da den nhung phu nO My thi van ehua duae quyin di b i u Phu nip My t i l p tue d i u tranh. Nam 1868, Hpi Phu nu' d i u tranh danh quyen duac di b i u d New England (New England Woman Suffrage Association) duo'c thanh lap nhung do m i t doan k i t ndi bd nen da giai tan chl sau mot nam Nam 1869, hai t l chii-c phu nip eiing ra ddi, mdt la Hiep hpi Phu nip Q u I c gia d i u tranh cho quyin duac bd philu (ten tiing Anh la "National
Woman Suffrage Association", vilt t i t la NWSA) do Susan B Anthony va Elizabeth Cady Stanton thanh lap va mot la Hiep hoi Phu nu My d i u tranh cho q u y i n d u a c bd philu (American Woman Suffrage Association - AWSA) do Lucy Stone (eung ching la Henry Blackwell), Thomas Wentworth Higginson va Julia Ward Howe sang lap,
Sy d i u tranh lien tue va b i n bi cua phu nu' My d i n d i n dat duae nhu-ng thing lo'i Ngay 10/12/1869, bang Wyoming da thdng qua mot dao luat cho phep phu nu- duo'C di b i u . Nam 1872, Susan B, Anthony phat dpng mot chiln dich van dong de ddi quyin di b i u va khuyin khieh phu nii- My dang ky danh saeh cip tn va di b i u , Nhu-ng vao ngay 5/10/1872, khi Susan B. Anthony va mot s l hoi vien cua NWSA khae di b i u thi ho bl b i t giLi-, Thang 6/1873, Susan B, Anthony bi k i t tdi la di b i u "bit hop phap"
(nguyen van tiing Anh: "illegally voting").
Nam 1890, hai t l chuc phu nip My AWSA va NWSA sat nhap thanh Hiep hpi QuIc gia ciia Phu nip My d i u tranh eho quyin duac bd philu (The National American Woman Suffrage Association - NAWSA) Nam 1893, ciing nam Lucy Stone mit, bang Colorado thong qua dao luat cho phep phu nip eiia bang duae di b i u . Nam 1896, them hai bang Utah va Idaho thong qua dao luat cdng nhan quyen duac di bau ciia phu nip My,
Ngay 4/5/1912, phu nQ' My d i l u hanh tren Fifth Avenue eua thanh pho New York d l doi q u y i n duae di b i u . Nam sau, ngay 3/3, khoang 5,000 phu nip My d i l u hanh tren Dai lp Pennsylvania d thii dd Washington DC ddi quyin duoc bd phieu.
44
D A N G D U G H O A N G ,GHAU QUOC KY - PHONG
T R A ODAU TRANH,,
Nam 1913, Alice Paul (1893-1977) thanh lap Lien minh d i u tranh gianh quyen duac di b i u eho phu nu- (the Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage), Lien minh nay liie d i u n i m trong to chirc NAWSA nhung nam sau (1914) taeh ra va d i n nam 1916 d l i thanh Dang Phu nip Q u I e gia (National Woman's Party - NWP).
Nam 1917, Jeannette Rankin (1880-1973) la ngudi phu nu- My d i u tien duo-c b i u vao QuIe hpi My (ba la dai b i l u ciia bang Montana). Phu nii' My b i t d i u cd t i i n g ndi trong q u I c hoi. Nam 1918, Ha vien My bd philu tan thanh ban Tu chinh H i l n Phap thip 19 (cdn duo'c goi la ban Tu chinh H i l n phap Anthony - The Anthony Amendment) nhung khdng dup'e Thuang vien My thdng qua. Nam sau. Ha vien My lai bd philu tan thanh ban Tu chinh Anthony va l i n nay duae Thup'ng vien My tan thanh. Ban Tu chinh H i l n phap thip 19 nay cdng nhan q u y i n duo-c di b i u cho phu nip toan nudc My.
Phu nip My t i l p tue dau tranh doi q u y i n binh d i n g . Nam 1923, ban Tu ehinh H i l n phap thip 20 v l q u y i n binh d i n g nam nip (the Equal Rights Amendment) duo'c dua ra QuIe hpi My thao luan. Tuy euli eiing cung dugc Q u I e hpi My thdng qua vao nam 1970, ban Tu ehinh nay da khdng dwac du s l t i l u bang phe ehuin nen da t h i t bai.
1.2. Ben kia bd Dai Tay Duang, phu nip Anh cung d i u tranh kien eudng eho q u y i n Igi phu nii', trudc h i t la q u y i n dugc di b i u . Tip d i u thap nien 1840, phu nip Anh da cd t u tudng ddi dugc binh d i n g vdi nam gidi v l mpi mat. Elizabeth Barrett (1806-1861) la mpt nha tha nCJ' loi lae eua
nude Anh vdi nhipng t u y i n tap tha "Nhu-ng v i n tha ciia nang Portuguese" {Sonnets from the Portuguese - 1850) va Aurora Leigh (1856). Nam 1843, ba n l i tiing d i n mipc ed mdt s y van dpng de ba thay t h i eho mpt nha tha hoang gia (Poet Laureate) vipa mdi qua ddi. Tuy nhien, tudc hieu nay sau dd da thudc v l nha tha nam William Wordsworth.
Phong trao giai phdng phu nu- d Anh chf trd thanh trao luu thyc s y vao 1903 khi chi em nha Emmeline ( g l m Pankhurst, Chnstabel va Sylvia) thanh lap Lien hiep xa hdi-ehinh tri ciia phu nip Anh (ten tiing Anh la "Women's Social and Political Union" - WSPU). Vdi k h i u hieu "Deeds not Words"
(Hanh ddng chip khdng ndi sudng) tdn ehi hanh ddng eua to ehipc nay la d i u tranh cho quyen phu nip, trudc h i t la q u y l n d i bau ciia phu nip Anh.
1905-1908, lan lugt cac ipng CLP vien Henry Campbell-Bannerman va Herbert Henry Asquith cua Dang T y do Anh, dang vdi nhilu ldi hipa hen cho viec ung hp phong trao giai phdng phu nii', da d i e cip vao vj tri Thil tudng Anh. Nhung hp, dac biet la Asquith - ngudi sau nay dugc menh danh la "a noted anti-suffragist" (ke ching lai phong trao nip quyin) - da khdng thyc hien ldi cam k i t nay eua Dang T y do Anh. Sy phan bdi Idi hipa ciia hp da d i n dua phong trao nip quyen d Anh d i n eac hinh thiPC bao dpng. D i l n hinh la vao thang 6/1913, Emily Wilding Davison, thanh vien eua WSPU, da lao minh vao chan ngya ciia vua Anh tai cude dua ngya d Derby va chit. Ten t u l i ciia Emily duge nhanh chdng biet den n h u mot ngudi nip anh hiing da hi sinh vi phong trao d i u tranh cho nip quyen the gidi.
DANG DUG HOANG, GHAU QUOC KY - PHONG TRAO DAU TRANH,,,
45Thang 8/1914 chiln tranh biing n l d ehau Au, hang trieu phu nip Anh hang hai tham gia quan dpi tao ra mot tiing vang Idn eo tac dung thay d l i eai nhin ciia xa hot, dac biet la gidi ehinh q u y i n Anh, v l phu nip, Chinh phii Anh danh gia eao sy ddng gdp nay nen thang Gieng nam 1918 da thdng qua mot dao luat eho phep t i t ea phu nip Anh tip 30 t u l i trd len d i u ed q u y i n di b i u : 8,5 theu phu nip Anh lap tipc dugc hudng quyenlgi nay .
Ngay 2/7/1928, mot dao luat mdi dugc b l sung eho phep t i t ea phu nip Anh tip 21 tuoi trd len d i u dwcyc hudng q u y i n b i u cip. Oao luat nay nhu mpt sy danh gia eao cong h i l n cua WSPU ndi rieng va phu nii' Anh ndi ehung trong hai cude d i u tranh:
ben trong va ben ngoai d i t nude, vdi quan djch va vdi ehinh nhirng ngudi trong ciing xa hpi vdi hp.
3. SU" RA O a i CUA MOT L C P TIJ MQI Xuit phat tip nhu'ng d i l n b i l n xa hdi neu tren, Ijeh sip ngdn ngip hoc chipng kiln sy ra ddi eua mpt ldp tip mdi trong tiing Anh.
Ldp tip nay mang nhilu s i c thai khae nhau nhung deu cd ehung mdt dac d i l m , dd la xda bd nhu'ng s y b i t binh d i n g trong each diing cua ngdn ngii' d l i vdi phu nip. Ngoai hai tip mang tinh Ijeh sip v l cude d i u tranh gianh quyen dwcfc di b i u la "suffragrette"
va "suffragist", cdn ed nhipng tip t h i hien sy ngang b i n g vdi nam gidi va nhu'ng tip
"phi gidi tinh" thay the cho nhipng tip phan biet nam-nip trudc day.
Ve hai tip "suffragrette" va "suffragist", cd nhipng diem dang chii y la ca hai d i u duge diing d l goi nhipng phu nip tham gia vao phong trao d i u tranh danh quyin di b i u ciia phu nu' Anh va My vao thdi ky lich SLP
dd nhung tip "suffragrette" dugc phu nip Anh diing. T l chipc WSPU eiia phu nip Anh xuit ban mpt td bao mang ten "The Suffragrette" d l lam ca quan ngdn luan eua minh.
Tip "suffragist" ed trudc tip "suffragrette" va duge diing rpng rai d My. Thyc ra, phu nip My khdng thich tip "suffragrette" va coi tip dd lam m i t t h i dien va giam di uy tin eiia phu nii', D i l m luu y la danh tip "suffrage"
cd nghTa la q u y i n dugc di b i u , t i l p vT ngir
"-ette" trong tiing Anh ed nghia la nhd be nhu "cigar" la d i l u thulc xi ga, chi cd nam gidi mdi hiit thi ldn han nhilu so vdi "dilu thulc nhd" (cigarette) ma ngay ea phu nu' cung hilt dugc hoac "kitchen" la nha b I p va "kitchenette" la b I p nhd. Do dd trong s u i t mot thdi gian dai hai tip nay duge diing g hai ben bd Dai Tay Duang cho d i n khi Alice Paul (ngudi thanh lap Lien minh D i u tranh gianh quyin duge di b i u cho phu nip My, t i l n than eua Oang Phu nip QuIe gia My (National Woman's Party - NWP) va Harhot Stanton Blateh tan thanh va d l eao tinh t h i n d i u tranh ciia phu nu*
Anh thi tip "suffragrette" mdi duge bao chi My sip dung
Loai tip thip hai t h i hien tinh ngang bang vdi nam gidi trong ngon ngu' Anh duge danh d i u b i n g sy sir dung rpng rai eiia tip "Ms" (diing a Anh) va "Ms." (diing d My va Canada) trudc hp hoac hp va ten eiia phu nip Anh, My. Tip nay dugc xem la trang trpng hgn cho phu nu' de thay cho hai tip dwac diing trude day la "Mrs" (danh cho phu nip da cd gia dinh) va "Miss"
(diing cho phu nu* cdn doe than). Trong khi nam gidi chi cd tip "Mr" diing ca cho ngudi da cd va ehua lap gia dinh, mpt s l phu nii' My nhu Sheila Michaels eho r i n g
46
D A N GDUC HOANG, GHAU QUOC KY - PHONG
T R A ODAU TRANH
tip "Mrs" am ehi tinh ehat "thuoc ve mot ngudi dan dng" (nguyen van "belong to a man") va hd hao tim mot tu- khac de thay t h i .
That ra, t u "Ms,", ciing vdi hai tip "Miss" va
"Mrs" da dugc dung tii' t h i ky XVII bdi vi
"Ms" la each rut gon cua tii- "Mistress"
giong nhu- tii- "Mr" la each riit gon ciia tii'
"Mister", Til- nay khdng ndi len tinh trang hon nhan eiia ngudi nip, Tuy nhien tii' Ms"
khong du-o'c diing nhilu va g i n nhu m i t h i n trude khi dugc sir- dung trd lai vao t h i ky XX. danh dau bang viec diing tip nay cho tu-a dk ciia mot bai bao dang tren td
"The Republican" ciia thanh p h i Springfield, bang Massachusetts s l ngay 10/11/1901, Tip "Ms" dugc xem nhu d l diing hgn va thich hgp hon eho phu nu-, dugc khuyin eao su- dung trong hai euln saeh "Bulletin of the Amencan Business Writing Association" (1951) va "The Simplified Letter (1952) do Hiep hoi QuIe gia v l Quan ly Van phdng (the National Office Management Association) x u i t ban, T h i nhung mai d i n thang 2/1972 thi Co quan An loat ciia Chinh phii My (the U.S.
Government Printing Office) mdi tan thanh viec sip dung tip nay trong eac van kien chinh thu-c ciia nha nude.
Loai tip thip ba duge phat sinh trong ngdn ngip Anh la nhirng tip duge xem la "phi gidi tinh" d l thay t h i eho nhipng tip trude day mang tinh phan biet nam nip- va ed hai dang:
Dang thip nhit la diing mot tip khdng mang gidi tinh nhu tip "person" ( s l nhilu la
"people") cd nghia la "ngudi" d l thay t h i cho tip "man" ( s l nhilu "men") cd nghTa la
"nam" va tip "woman" ( s l nhilu "women")
cd nghTa la "nu-" nhu salesman" (nam ban hang) va "saleswoman" (nip ban hang) bi thay bang tip "salesperson" (ngu-di ban hang - khdng phan biet nam nu-) Hoae diing tip- officer" nhu trong tip "police officer" (eanh sat vien - khong phan biet nam-nu) d^ thay cho hai tii' trudc day la
"policeman" (nam canh sat vien) va
"policewoman" (nu- canh sat vien), tii- "flight attendant" (tiep vien hang khong - khong phan biet nam-nu-) d l thay eho "steward"
(nam tiep vien hang khdng) va
"stewardess" (nip t i l p vien hang khdng).
Dang thip hai la viec bd nhirng tip cd tilp vT ngip "-ess" (ed nghTa la nii') va chi diing tip g l c chung eho ea nam va nii', Thi du, trude day t u "host" dugc diing eho chu nha va mac djnh la "nam". O l ehi ngudi ehu nha nu- thi diing tip "hostess". Ngay nay trong t i i n g Anh, tip- "host" dugc diing chung cho "dng" va "ba" ehii nha. Chiing ta ed t h i t h i y dieu nay n i u nhu sip dung chuang trinh t y ddng su-a loi (auto correction). Khi gd tii- "hostess" ehuang trinh nay se k h u y i n eao ban thay t h i bing tip "host". Hoae hai tip "steward" va
"stewardess" trong thi du tren n i u khong diing tip "flight attendant" thi diing ehi tip
"steward" cho ca nam va nu-.
3. K £ T LUAN
Tuy r i n g v i n cdn t i n tai nhilu tip trong t i i n g Anh mang tinh phan biet gidi tinh nhung s y x u i t hien d i n nhipng tii- thay t h i
"phi gidi tinh" t h i hien tinh binh d i n g nam- nip va tdn trpng phu nu- han cho thiy ring nhipng thay d l i trong xa hdi d i u it nhilu tao ra d i u an trong s y thay doi cua ngon ngu'. •
(Xem tiep trang 86)
86 LUU HONG SON - SU HINH THANH, PHAT TRIEN VA MOT S C
trwng ban chit cua van hda dai chung dwong dai). http://vww,lw23.com/paper_55881211_4/
15. >k:i^^mm\^mm- -^mmwm.i'^^^y^
(Til Frankfurt d i n Birmingham - Nhin lai ngon nguIn tu tudng phuong Tay qua ly luan phe binh truyen hinh),
http://vwvw,taojz,eom/thesis-35173-13,html
16. XAitm^MHrn^itm^-^-^ -s^itwi^^
^Km±SLM.^Psfli^^
(Tudng tugng trong van hoa dai ehung va hien thyc trong van hoa tinh anh - Hinh thai y thirc chii nghia dan tiiy trong nghien cip'u van hda).
http://www, xsehina.org/show. php'^id=583
17. >k±iKiiiY.mu;)i-ziY.mm^±SL
(Van hda tinh anh nhin tii' van hoa dai chimg va moi gidi van hoa).
http://wvw.hi138,com/7i8566
18, iffi: i^ASLitm^^)5.i't^m^±^--^'-&
Vuong Djch. Nghien cwu van hda dai chung va xa hdi Trung Qudc can dai - Binh luan ve nghien cwu van hda lien quan den My miy nam gin day)
http://www,lw23,eom/paper_96454771_13/
19. i - J l i : a i t A A ^ 1 b ^ ^ f f l A A 3 t 1 b # (Vuong Nhit Xuyen, Van hda dai ehung dwang dai va khoa hoc van hda dai chung
Trung Quoc).
http://pweb,nju,edu.en/smf/index.php'?PHPS ESSlD=90e356731fae94ac3d6a2809b315e0 94&topic=3673;prev_next=next
Ghi chu: Cac dia chf Internet tren duge truy cap trong khoang thdi gian tip thang 8 den thang 10 nam 2009,
{Tidp theo trang 46)
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Fromkin. 1999. An introduction to Language.
Fourth Edition. Australia: Ahrcourt Press.
2. http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki
3. http://womenshistory.about.com vdi cac bai viet ciia Jone Johnson Lewis: 1) Alice Paul: 2) Elizabeth Cady Stanton Women's Suffrage Pioneer; 3) Jeannette Rankin. First Woman Elected to Congress; 4) Lucretia Mott;
5) Lucy Ston; 6) Seneca Falls Women's Rights Convention - 1848; 7) Suffragette; 8) Susan B. Anthony - Women's Suffrage Pioneer:
9) Women's Suffrage Events - Timeline of Woman Suffrage; 10) Women's Suffrage - What You Need to Know about Women's Suffrage.
4. http://www.laodong,com,vn 5, http://www.feministissues.com.