Nghi§n ciiu Gia d i n h va Gi<5i
So 1 - 2 0 1 7
Luat chuyen ddi gidi tinh hay chuyen gion
VuVan
Ldi Toa s o ^ : Quyen chuyen doi ^ i ^ tmh dUdc Quoc h^i chfnh thfic thdng qua t^i B9 ludt Dan sU sda doi ndm 2015 (elieu 37).
Tfl gdc do nghidn eritu vd bao v§ quyen con ngudi, bdi vitft dUa ra nhfing l u ^ diim cu t h i nhdm gtfp tfagm thong tin vdo qud trinh xdy dUng Dvjt thao ludt Chuyin dSi gidi tinh.
Tt* khoa: Di; thao lu^t Chuyin doi gidi tinh; Gtfp J chinh sdch;
Quytfn con ngudi.
( ^ y l n chuyin ddi g i d tfnh dupe C^dc hdi chinh thdc thdng qua tai Bd ludt Ddn su sda ddi ndm 2015 (ditfu 37). Ddy Id mdt vdn d l m d d nude ta. Chdng ta chua cd nhiiu nghitfn edu vi ngud chuyin gid, su hiiu bitft cda xa hdi vi vin d l ndy cung cdn han chtf. Trong bdi canh ndy, vitfc xdy dung du thao ludt Id mdt thdeh tiidc to Idn. Nhttng ndi dung d ddy dupe ntfu chd ytfu tfi gdc dd nghitfn cfiu vk bao ve quyin con ngud nhdm gdp thtfm thdng tin vdo qud tiinh xdy dung ludt.
7C Ngllien cfiu Gia a n h vd Gidi. Quy^n 27, so 1, tr. 71-76
1. Ten gpi
Ttfn du thao ludt hitfn nay Id "Chuyin ddi g i d tmh" (Du thio 1, Di cuong Ludt chuyin ddi g i d tinh). Vdii d l ddt ra Id du thSo ludt dang bdn vl cdu chuyen chuyin ddi g i d tmh hay chuyin ddi g i d ?
Oio dtfn nay, vl vdn bdn phdp quy, da ed quy dinh v l xdc dinh lai g i d tfnh tai Nghi dinh 88/2008/ND-CR Ddi tupng cda Nghi dinh ndy Id n g u d ed khuytft tdt b^Em sinh vi g i d tfnh hodc g i d tinh chira dupe dinh hinh chmh xdc. Tbeo elinh nghia tai Nghi dinh ndy Ihi:
1. Khuytft tdt bim sinh vl g i d tinh Id nhttng bdt Ihudng d bd phdn sinh due eua mdt ngud ngay tfi khi m d sinh ra, biiu hien d mdi trong cdc dang nhu ntt ludig g i d gia nam, nam ludng g i d gia ntt hodc ludng g i d Ihdl;
2. G i d tfnh chua dupe dinh hinh chfnh xdc Id nhttng trudng hpp chua tbl phdn biet dupe mdt ngud Id nam hay ntt xtft v l ca bd phdn smh due vd nhilm sde thi g i d tfnh.
Nhu vdy, g i d tfnh dupe xdc dinh dua a*n bd phdn sinh due \ ^ nhilm sde till g i d tmh. Tlieo dd, xa hdi cd nhfing ngud cd g i d tinh dinh hinh vd nhfing ngud chua xdc dinh dupe g i d ti'nh hodc bi khuytft ldi bim sinh vl gid tmh. Du tiiao Ludt Qiuyin d i i g i d tinh khdng bdn dtfn hai nhdm diTi tupng sau. EKTi tupng cda du thao ludt ndy Id nhfing ngud cd g i d tfnh sinh hpc da dupe dinh hinh chfnh xdc. Nhfing ngud ndy mudn thi hitfn ra btfn ngc^ khde v d gid tfnh sinh hpc eua minh, cdn ban thdn hp, xtft vl ddc diim sinh hpc, v ^ Id ngud cd g i d tfnh dinh hinh chMi xdc, id nam hodc ntt.
Ro rdng, eldy khdng phdi Id chuyin ddi g i d ti'nh md Id chuyin ddi gid, hay ndi gpn Id chuyin g i d . Vitfc chuyin ddi ndy bao gdm thay ddi ditfn mao, trang phuc, cdeh dng xd vd ddng mdt vai cu Ihl trong gia dinh vd xa hdi phd hpp v d mong mudn cda minh. Vitfc ddng mdt vai cu Ihl hay nhitfu vai khde nhau trong cudc sdng Id diiu md tdt cd chdng ta dang thuc hitfn hdng ngdy. Nhttng ngud Id d6i tupng cda du thdo ludt mudn ddng vai khde v d g i d tfnh da dinh hinh cda hp. Cdn nhfing n g u d khdng phdi Id d d lupng cua du tiido ludt till dang ddng vai phfi hpp v d g i d U'nh da djnh hinh cua minh.
Tdt e:a nhfing diiu ndy Id vl su thi hitfn nhu cdu, mong mudn cda mdt cd nhdn. Cu thi Id ho mong mudn vdo vai nam d d v d nhihig n g u d da dinh hinh g i d tfnh nfi vd vdo vai ntt d d v d nhfing ngird da dinh hinh g i d tfnh nam. Nhihig mong mudn ndy xudt phdt tfi nhiiu ytfu id. song khdng litfn quan dtfn khuytft tdt bJm sinh vl g i d tinh bay do chua dinh binh g i d tfiih. Sd httu CO thi v d g i d tinh dinh hinh, hp trd thdnh ddi tupng cda du
thao ludt ndy do mudn dupe xa hdi cdng nhdn Id nfi hodc nam phd hpp v d mcmg mudn cua minh, kbdc v d g i d tinh nam hodc g i d tfnh ntt da ghi trtfn gidy chfing sinh ciia hp. Tfic Id chdng ta elang cd cdu ehuytfn vl chuyin ddi tfi g i d nam sang g i d nfi hodc ngupe lai ehd khdng phai Id chuyin ddi g i d tfnh hay chua xdc dinh dupe g i d tinh. xet v l bd phkn sinh due va nhilm sdc thi g i d tfnh.
Nhu vdy, kbi txtn dtfn qud trinh chuyin ddi g i d cda nhfing ngud ela dinh hinh g i d tinh chfnh xdc thi ludt edn dupe gpi Id ludt chuyin g i d . Vitfc ddt Itfn ludt Id chuyin ddi g i d luih se gdy ra nbih^ hiiu Idm khdng ddng cd vd gdy khd khdn cho vitc mytfn truyin, ph6 bitfn ludt sau ndy.
2. Giii thfch t£rng€r
Du thao bitfn nay dang su dung cfing Idc e:a hai cum tfi "ngud chuyin ddi g i d tmh" vd "ngud chuyin gid". Cdeh ddng bitfn nay khitfn ngud doc hiiu hai nhdm ndy Id hai nhdm khde nhau. Diiu ndy Id phd hpp vl chdng la cd hai nhdm d d tupng tucmg dng v d hai qud trinh khde nhau vl bdn chdt
Chuyin ddi g i d tinh hay xdc dinh lai g i d luih Id nhiing ngud ed g i d tinh sinh hpc chua dinh hinh. Ho thudc nhdm d d tupng eua Nghi dinh 88/2008/Nb-CP. Nhu da ntfu, dd Id nhttng ngud cd khuytft tdt bim sinh vl gid tfiih hay g i d tfnh chua dinh hinh chinh xdc. Hp cdn c:an thitfp y ttf di xic dinh lai g i d tfnh, trtfn co sd khde phuc khuytft tdt d bd phdn sinh due hodc d l phd hpp giiia bp phdn sinh due trong vd ngodi, bode d l "dinh ra"
mdt g i d tfnh cu till trong trudig hpp g i d tinh chua dinh hinh. Chuyin gid. nhu da ntfu. Id nhttng ngud cd g i d linh sinh hpc dupe dinh hinh chfnh xdc. Hp chuyin g i d khde d l phd hpp v d mong mudn cda minh.
Trtfn thiic ttf, khdng loai trfi nhttng ngud da dupe xdc dinh lai g i d tfnh, do khuytft tdt bim sinh hodc g i d tinh chua dinh hinh, dtfn mdt t h d diim ndo dd, cd thi trd thdnh ngud chuyin gid, do hp mudn Ird thdnh g i d khde. Nhung ngud chuyin gid, luy nhitfn. khd cd thi xac dinh lai g i d tuih sinh hpc. Ho cd tbl qua lieu jhip hodc mdn hay phdu thudt ngue vd bd ^ d n sinh due n g e ^ , song bd phdn sinh due trong vd nhilm sdc tbl g i d tinh da dinh hinh chfnh xdc thi khd cd thi thay dii. Ndi tdm lai. hp Id nam, xtft theo g i d tfiib sinh hpc, nhung mudn chuyin g i d thdnh nfi. Hodc hp Id ntt. xtft theo g i d tfiih sinh hoc, nhung mudn chuyin g i d thanh nam. G i d tfnh sinh hpc ciia hp khdng bi dii hay xdc dinh lai trcmg qud tiinh chuyin ddi ndy.
Nhu vdy, d l rd rdng \ ^ tiiudn Ipi uong vitfc tuytfn truyin va thuc hitfn ludt, rdt ntfn bd sung jhia giai tiu'ch td ngu, utmg dd giai thfch rd iMii cum
74 Nghien cfiU Gia dinh vd Gidi. Quy^n 27, so 1, tr. 71-76
tfi "xdc dinh lai g i d tinh" vd "chuyin gid".
3. Dieu kien cJupc coi la ngudi chuyen gidi va dupe cap giay churtig nhan
Ddy la ndi dung rdt quan trpng vi till hitfn rd nhdt tinh thin cua Hitfn phdp 2013 Id tdn uong quyin con ngud vd cii till hda quy dinh cda Bd ludt Ddn su 2015 vi quyin chuyin gid. Diiu 7 cda du thao hitfn dua ra hai phuong dn. Phuong an 1 Id cd diiu kitfn, cu till Id mudn dupe cdp gidy ehfing nhdn, ngud chuyin g i d cdn qua su can tiiitfp y ttf, bao gdm lieu phdp hodc mdn hodc phdu thudt. Phuong an 2 khdng cd diiu kien, tdc Id khdng ytfu cdu cd su can thitfp y ttf. Gifia hai phuong dn ndy Id khoang cdeh rdi Idn.
Phucmg an 1 cho thdy tinh thin han chtf. Tai sao?
Thd nhdt, ntfu cdng nhdn quyin chuyin g i d Id quyin eon n g u d , vd ntfu coi dd Id mdt ti-ong cdc biiu hitfn cda quyin muu cdu hanh phdc tiii khdng nen ddt diiu kien d l ban chtf.
Thd hai, utfn thuc ttf, ngud chuyin g i d da vd dang sdng v d g i d mong mud'n cua minh, trong cdng ddng cda minh. Hp chi chua dupe xa hdi cdng nhdn chinh thdc va bdng gidy td.
Thd ba, d l cd thi dupe cdng nhdn trtfn gidy id, tbeo phuong dn 1 eua diiu 7 ndy, hp budc phai Ihue hitfn litfu phdp hodc mdn trong ba ndm hodc Uai qua cdc cudc phdu thudt md cd thi hp khdng mong mud'n. Thdng ktf eua Vien Nghien edu Xa hdi - Kinh ttf vd Mdi tiudng (iSEE) vdo ndm 2014 cho thdy cQ 10 ngud chuyin gid thi ed mdt ngud da phSu thudt ft nhdt mdt bd phdn uen co till (ISEE, UNDP, USAID, 2014). Nhu vdy, uong cdng ddng ddng tfnh, song ti'nh vd chuyin g i d (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, vd Transgender - LGBT) ed rdt nhiiu ngud khdng phdu thudt chuyin g i d nhung hp vdn mudn dupe khai hp ttfn, dupe hudng cdc quyin nhdn thdn theo g i d mong mudn.
Thd tu, cdc cudc phdu thudt nguc vd/hode bd phdn sinh due Id rdt idn ktfm vd anh hudng dtfn sdc khde. Cdc cudc phdu thudt ndy chu ytfu duoc titfn hanh d nude ngodi v d chi phi rdt cao, hdng chuc ngdn dd la My.
Ngodi ra cdn nhiiu chi phf khde nhu thay ddi gipng ndi, phSu thudt thSm my. hodc mdn... CJ nu<5fc ta, tirong cdng ddng LGBT, ddi tupng lilm ndng cda du tiiao ludt, sd ngud cd cdng viec dn dinh vd thu nhdp cao khdng nhiiu. Vdy, ntfu mudn dupe cdng nhdn ehi'nh thfic, ho phdi 1dm thtf ndo vd lam gi d l cd dd diiu kitfn? Litfu cd kha ndng, d l kitfm dd tiin, hp bi diy vdo heidn canh budc phai 1dm mpi diiu, kl ea nhihig viec khdng mone
mudn? Ddy la nhimg diiu ma vitfc ddnh gia tac ddng cua ludt ntfn tfnh dtfn.
Thd ndm, tiieo y kitfn cua cdng ddng chuyin g i d lai Viet Nam Ifi ktft qua khao sdt trtfn 219 ngud c h u y ^ gid, 86,3% mong mudn dupe thay ddi hp ten tren gidy td vd nghi rdng vitfc ddi ttfn ndy khdng ntfn bdt budc trai qua phdu tiiudi chuyin ddi g i d tinh aSEB, UNDP, USAID, 2014).
Nhu vdy phuong an 2 id ra hpp 1^ hem. Viec cdng nhdn ngud chuyin gid khdng di ktfm v d diiu kien vl can thitfp y ttf, eu Ihl Id litfu phdp hodc mdn hodc phdu thudt Diiu ndy elam bao quyin ciia ngud chuyin g i d vd phfi hc^ v d thuc ttf cudc sdng hitfn nay. Tuy vdy, d l dam bao vide chuyin gid Id lua chpn trtfn eo sd hiiu bitft vd dupe tiidng tin ddy du, ngud ed nguytfn vpng dupe cdp gidy ehdng nhdn chuyin g i d cdn trai qua mdl/mdt sdcudc trdc nghitfm vl tdm 1;^, hdnh \d,.nhdn thdc, v.v... litfn quan dtfn g i d mong mudn cda hp, do don vi ed ehuytfn mdn Ihue hien.
4. Ddng ky hp khau: gidi tinh hay gidi
Diiu 21 vl uinh ly. thd luc thay ddi vl hd tich cd ntfu: "Ngud ed gidy chdng nhdn g i d ti'nh cd quyin ytfu cdu dy ban nhdn ddn cdp xa n d ddng ky hd khiu tiiudig trd thay ddi g i d u'nh". d ddy cin xem xtft lai vitfc ntfn ghi ttfn muc Id "gid tinh" hay "gid" tren hd kh^u vd cdc gidy td nhdn tiidn ndi chung. Ddi v d ngud md g i d tfnh sinh hpc da dinh hinh chfnh xdc vd hp cfing tbl hitfn ra ngodi mdt cdeh tuong dng v d g i d tfnh ndy thi ten muc Id gid hay g i d tinh dudng nhu khdng quan trpng. V d d d tupng Id ngud chuyin gid, vide titn gidy td nhdn thdn ghi ten muc Id " g i d " se phfi hpp hon Id "gid tfnh". B d vl g i d m d Id diiu md hp mong mudn chfi khdng phii Id g i d tmh.
Btfn canh dd, suy cho efing, v d mdi ngud, khdng litfn quan dtfn vide chuyin gid, diiu md co quan quan 1^ nen tdn trpng, vd cung Id diiu md mdi chdng ta quan tdm, dd Id chdng ta mudn dupe gpi Id gi (e:d be hay cdu btf. anh hay chi, dng hay bd) phfi hpp v d vai md la dang dng xd. tdc lien quan dtfn "gid". chfi khdng phai bd phdn sinh due cua ehdng la Id loai ndo, tfic lien quan dtfn "gid tmh".
Nhu vdy. rdt nen xem xit viec ddi ttfn muc id " g i d tinh" sang " g i d "
trtfn hd khiu vd cdc gidy id nhdn thdn. Diiu ndy khdng chi litfn quan dtfn ngud ehuyin g i d md edn phfi hap v d nhdn thdc ngdy cdng rd bon vl
" g i d " vd "gid tinh" hien nay Tdt nhitfn diiu ndy khdng chi litfn quan dtfn dy thao ludt dang bdn d ddy md litfn quan dtfn nhiiu vdn ban phdp quy khde. Viec tiiay ddi ndy hodn todn khdng phai Id khdng till thyc hitfn nhung rd rdng Id edn nhiiu t h d gian hon.
76 Nghidn ciiiu Gia dinh vd Gidi. Quyin 27, so 1, tr. 71-76
5. Khdng chi la nam ho|c nQ*
Trong cdng ddng LBGT. vd trtfn tiiye ttf, n g u d ta tiidy khdng phai chi cd hai nhdm nam vd nfi. Nghitfn cdu ngud chuyin g i d tai cdc nude chdu Au ndm 2013 cho bitft, khi tra I d edu hdi "Ban Id nam bay nfi?". 55% sd ngud cd gidy ehdng suih Id nam cho bitft bp "phfin Idn bode hodn todn Id nfi". 60% nhttng ngud cd gidy ehdng sinh Id ntt cho bill bp '*phln Idn hodc hoan todn Id nam". Sd edn lai cho bitft hp "khdng Id ntt"; "khdng Id nam", "ca ntt vd nam" bode "khac" (Anmesty International, 2014).
Mdt bdi vitft tren Trans Guys VN (www.transguysVN) cho bitft cd nhiiu ngud dang Irong qud uiidi thyc hitfn litfu phdp thay thtf hoeSc mdn tfi ntt sang nam nhung khdng hodn todn nhin nhdn bdn thdn Id nam. C6 ngud luc tiidy minh Id nfl, Idc thdy minh Id nam. Cd n g u d lai thdy ring ban tiidn d gifia nu vd nam. Cd ngud binh Ihudng dn mdc nam tinh, tdp tbl hinh nhung lai ed ldc mdc vdy bd, ti^ng diim son phin. Hp cam thdy nhu thtf ndo dd Id vdn d l cd nhdn. tdt nhien.
liiy nhitfn, ti^ gdc dd xa hdi, da dtfn Ide edn ghi nhdn nhdm n g u d md g i d tinh sinh hpc vd g i d tbl hitfn ra ngodi Id khdng ddng nhdt Nhu vdy, ela dtfn Idc xem xtft bd sung phuong dn tra I d cho muc " g i d " tren gidy td nhdn thdn. Cu tbl, khdng chi Id hai phucmg dn "nam" hodc "nii" md nen ed phuong dn "khde". Mdt sd nude nhu Australia hay New Zealand da thyc hitfn b<5 sung phucmg dn "O" hodc "X"* (khde) d mue " g i d " trtfn hd ehitfu chfnh thdc eua cdng ddn.
Tdm lai, v d mdt dy tiido ludt ndy, cdn gpi ttfn chfnh xdc ditfu dang diin ra Id "ehuyin gid". Td ddy, nhfing khdi nitfm litfn quan nhu n g u d ehuyin gid, dl muc g i d ti-ong hd khiu vd gidy td nhdn thdn, hay bd sung g i d tfnh
"khde" cung edn dupe xem xtft, 1dm ro vd xdc dinh lai.B
Tdi Ii«u ti-fch ddn
Amnesty International. 2014. The Stale Decides Who I Am. Lack of Legal Gender Recognition for Transgender People in Europe. London.
Oir diao Ludt chuyin dii gidi tinh.
Nghi dinh 88/2008 ND-CP.
ISEE, UNDP, USAID. 2014. Phdn tich chinh sdch: phdp ludt vi ngudi chuyin gidi: cdu chuyin tai Vi^t Nam. nh&ng lo ngai vd Idnh nghiem qudc ti.
www.transguysVN.
