QUY CHE QUAN TAI VIEN TRONG SO SANH VOI LUAT PHA SAN CUA TRUNG QUOC VA SINGAPORE
Dao Thi Thu Hang
T5. Giang vien Truing Bai hpc Kinh te - Luat, DHQG- Tp. HCM.
Thdng tin bfii viet:
Tic khoa: Quan tai vien, pha san doanh nghiep, luat pha san.
Lich sir bdi viet:
Nhan bai : 21/01/2020 Bien tap : 22/02/2020 Duy$tbai : 26/02/2020 Article lafomation:
Key words: The asset management officer; corporate bankruptcy, law OD bankn^tcy.
Article History:
Received : 21 Jan. 2020 Edited : 22 Feb. 2020 Approved : 26 Feb. 2020
Tom tat:
Quan tiki vien la mpt che djnh moi trong Luat Pha san Viet Nam n3m 2014. Vi vay, vi?c nghien ciiu so sanh quy djnh ve quan tai vien cua Viet Nam, Trung QuIc va Singapore nhim tim kiem nhung sang kien lap phip tit dl tiSp thu CO chgn Ipc vao Viet Nam, ding thdi tang cuong sy hieu biet trong tien trinh hai hoa hoa phap li4t pha san cua Vihi Nam vcfi cac cac quoc gia trong khu vyc la het sue can thiet.
Abstract:
The asset management officer is a new feature in the Law on Bankruptcy of 2014. Therefore, it is necessary for the studies and comparisons of legal regulations on the asset management officer of Vietnam, China, and Smgapore to seek out good legislative initiatives to selectively absorb into Vietnam, and at the same time, it is to enhance the understandings and adoption of the future haimonizatioa process of ^^etnam's bankruptcy laws with other countries in the region.
Che diitii qudn tdi vien gdn lien vdi Ludt phd sdn doanh nghiep, hop tdc xa. Qudn tdi vien (liquidator) Id cd nhdn hdnh nghe quan ly, thanh ly tdi sdn ciia doanh nghiep, hpp tac xa mat khd nang thanh toan trong qua trinh gidi quyet phd sdn. Qudn tdi vien cd the hanh nghe vdi tu cdch ea nhdn (private liquidator) hoac hdnh nghe trong doanh nghipp qudn ly, thanh ly tdi sdn. Doanh nghiep qudn ly, thanh ly tai sdn chi dupe ton
tai dudi mdt trong hai hinh thiic Id doanh nghiep tu nhdn hoac cdng ty hpp danh. Neu Id doanh nghiep tu nhdn thi chii doanh nghiep phdi Id qudn tai vien. Neu Id cdng ty hpp danh thi phdi cd tdi thieu hai thdnh vien hpp danh la qudn tdi vien trong dd mpt thdnh vien phdi Id tdng gidm doc hoac gidm d6c cdng ty. Tuy nhien, tai ciing mot thdi dilm, ngudi cd chiing chi hdnh nghe qudn tdi vien ehi duoc dang ky hdnh nghe hoac d mpt doanh nghipp qudn ly, thanh ly tdi sdn hoac vdi tu each cd nhdn.
CC JHOHlCH CUU I
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Tuong ty nhu d Vipt Nam, vai tro cua qudn tdi vien ehi dgt ra khi doanh nghipp bi phd sdn'. Theo Lu^t Pha sdn doanh nghiep cua Trung Qude^ vi tri tuong ling vdi qudn tdi vien dupe gpi la qudn tri viSn. Theo do, qudn tri vien chua duoc xem Id mpt nghi dpc lap bdi qudn tri vien co the Id ngudi eua cdc sd ban ngdnh co lien quan hoac mpt c6ng ty ludt, mdt cdng ty ke todn da dupe cdp chiing nhdn, mpt cdng ty thanh ly phd sdn hogc bdt ky CO quan trung gian cdng cdng ndo dupe thdnh lap hpp phap^. Co quan trung gian cdng cdng ed the Id cdc hiep hpi (associations). Toa an, dua tren cdc dieu kien thyc te ciia mpt con no vd sau khi tham khdo y kien cua ca quan trung gian co lien quan, se chi dinh ngudi cd kien thiie chuyen mdn can thiet va co dupe trinh dp hdnh nghe de ldm qudn tri vien. Nhu vdy, trong phd sdn doanh nghipp cua Trung Qudc, qudn tri vien ed the bao gdm cd vien chiic, cdng chiic nhd nude hoac ngudi ciia mpt co quan trung gian nhu hipp hpi thuong mai (trade association).
Gidng nhu d Vipt Nam, trong giai quyet pha sdn doanh nghiep d Trung Qule, qudn tri vien ciing cd the Id mdt ea nhan (living person) hoac mpt to chirc (organization).
Theo Lu^t Cdng ty eiia Singapore'', mdt c6ng ty CO the bi ddng cira ngCmg boat ddng kinh doanh theo hai each la buy bd dang ky hoac thanh ly tdi san. Trong do, viec thanh ly tdi sdn dupe chia thdnh ba loai: thanh ly ty nguyen theo thdnh vien cdng ty; thanh ly ty nguypn theo ehii no vd thanh ly theo toa dn. Ngoai tni viee hiiy bo dang ky cdng ty,
cdn cac bmh thirc ngimg hoat dpng khac cua cdng ty deu can d§n vai trd ciia qudn tai vien, ngay ed trong trudng hpp gidi the ty nguyen^. Do phdp ludt Singapore quy dinh cd ba each cham dirt ton tai vd thanh ly tdi sdn doanh nghiep khac nhau nen tuong img ciing CO nhiing each thirc chi dinh qudn tdi vien khde nhau. Trudng hpp c6ng ty hi thanh ly theo yeu cdu ty nguyen cua thdnh vien cdng ty, thi ngay khi eac thdnh vien thong qua nghi quyet thanh ly cdng ty thi cung ddng thdi chi dinh qudn tdi vien. Gidm doc cdng ty se co trdch nhipm thong bdo thanh ly tdi sdn eua c6ng ty cdng khai tdi rtiiung ngudi CO lien quan. Qudn tdi vien se cd 12 thdng ke tii ngdy nghi quyet dupe thong qua de hien thyc hoa vd phdn chia tdi sdn ddng thdi phai dang it nhat tren mpt td bdo dia phuong. Qudn tdi vien trong trudng hpp nay cd the Id bdt ky ai du ndng lyc nhu gidm ddc cdng ty chdng han. Trudng hpp cdng ty chdm dut theo yeu can ciia chu np thi chu np se chi dinh qudn tdi vien. Trudng hpp cdng ty chdm diit boat ddng theo quy dinh bdi tda dn thi tda dn se ehi dinh qudn tdi vien^. Trong phd sdn bat bupc ludn c6 mat cua qudn tdi vien. Tham ehi sy cd mat ciia qudn tdi vien d Singapore rpng hon, qudn tdi vien Id bat bupc d cd thil tyc phd sdn ty nguyen. Qudn tdi vien d Singapore chi hdnh nghS vdi tu each cd nhdn vd do ACRA - co quan qudn ly doanh nghipp vd ke todn phe duy?t.
Nhu vdy, d Viet Nam, che dinh ve qudn tdi vien CO dilm tuong dong ro rdng nhat vdi Trung Qule, qudn tai vien chi ed trong phd
1 Dilu 11 Lu?t Pha san doanh nghi?p Vi?t Nam & Chuong 3 & Dilu 180 Lu?t Pha san doanh nghi?p Trung Quoc
2 Lu^t Pha san doanh nghi?p Trung QuIc nam 2006, truy cap ngay 10/10/2019 tai http://www.china.org.cn/china/ LegislationsForm2001 -2010/2011-02/1 l/content_21898381 .htm 3 Dilu 24 Lu^t Pha san doanh nghiep Trung QuIc.
4 Lu?t Cong ty Singapre 1967, truy c?p ngay 10/10/2019 t^ii https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/CoA1967.
5 Phan giai thich tii ngii Lu^t Cong ty Singapore.
6 Myc 268 Lu^t Cong ty Singapore.
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sdn doanh nghipp - khi doanh nghipp chdm diit ton t^i md khdng the thanh todn hSt cdc khodn np va chi diln ra thdng qua toa an.
Ngupe lai, d Smgapore qudn tdi vien cd cd trong trudng hpp chdm dirt ton tai doanh nghipp ty nguyen khdng thdng qua toa an.
Vdn dl nay cd the gidi thich bdi nguyen nhdn, Vipt Nam mdi bdt ddu thii nghipm vai trd ciia qudn tdi vien trong vipc chdm diit tdn t?ii ciia doanh nghipp, tiong khi do Smgapore da d^t din trinh dp chuyen mdn hda viee qudn ly vd thanh ly tai sdn cua doanh nghipp cho cdc chu thi cd quyen khi doanh nghipp Idm thu tyc cham diit hodn todn hoat dpng.
B6n canh do, theo phap lu|it cua 3 nude, che dinh qudn tri vien cdn cd sy khac nhau sau:
d Vipt Nam, qudn tai vien la mpt chdc danh tu phdp, hoat dpng nhu mpt nghe dpc l|p, d Trung Qudc qudn tdi vien van con c6 the la c6ng chiic, vien chiie nha nude, trong khi d Singapore qudn tdi vien Id mpt nghe dpc l$p.
2. Dilu ki^n lam qudn tdi vien Hipn nay, d Vipt Nam, bat cii cd nhdn ndo ciing cd the trd thdnh qudn tdi vi€n nSu ddp ling dii cac dieu kipn sau: cd nang lyc hdnh vi dan sy ddy dii; co phdm chat d^o diic tot, cd y thiic trdch nhipm, liem khiet, trung thyc, khach quan; cd chiing chi hdnh nghe qudn tdi vien.
Nhiing ngudi co the dupe cdp chiing chi hdnh nghe qudn tai vien bao gIm: a) Lu^t su;
b) Kilm toan vien; c) Ngudi cd trinh d$ cu nhdn lu$t, kinh te, ke todn, tdi chinh, ngdn hdng vd cd kinh nghipm 05 nam trd ISn vl linh vyc dupe ddo t^o.
Tuy nhien, dl ddm bdo tinh khach quan cung nhu nang lyc khi thyc hdnh vdi tu cdch qudn tdi vien, Ludt Phd sdn Vipt Nam cung quy dinh nhiing ngudi sau day khdng dupe hdnh nghe qudn tdi vien: can bp, cdng chirc.
vien chiic; si quan, qudn nhan chuyen nghiep, c6ng lihdn quoc phdng trong co quan, don vj thupc Qudn dpi nhan ddn; si quan, h^ sT quan chuyen nghiep trong co quan, don v; thupc Cdng an nhdn ddn; ngudi dang bi truy ciiu trdch nhipm binh sy; ngudi da bi ket an nhung chua dupe xoa dn tich;
ngudi dang bj dp dyng bien phdp xit ly hanh chinh dua vao co sd gido dye bat bupc, co sd cai nghipn bdt bupc; ngudi mdt ndng iyc hdnh vi ddn sy ho^c bi ban chi nang lyc hdnh vi dan sy.
Ngudi CO chimg chi quan tdi vien dang ky ho?t dpng dpc l^p tai Sd tu phdp. Danh sdch qudn tdi vien thudng dupe Sd Tu phdp cdc tinh cdng bl hdng nam tr6n website ciia Sd. Chdng h ^ , d thdnh phd Hd Chi Minh, tinh den ngdy 31/12/2018 cd 89 qudn tdi vien va 19 doanh nghipp qudn ly, thanh 1^
tdi sdn'.
Ludt Phd sdn doanh nghipp Trung Quoc khdng quy dinh chi tiet dieu kipn dl m^t ngudi ed thi thyc hipn vai trd qudn tri viin.
Tuy nhiSn, Tda dn Toi cao Trung QuIc da ban hdnh Quy djnh ve qudn tri vien cho cdc vy phd sdn doaiih nghi^. Theo dd, tda dn se lap mpt danh sdch nhung qudn tri vien dya yen nhieu tieu chi khac nhau. Trudc d6, t6a dn se thdng bdo vl cdc y6u cdu cua ngudi npp don ldm qudn tri vien; nhirng giay td cdn cung d p ; ddnh gid tieu chudn vd ho so;
nghia vy vd trdch nhipm phdp ly cua qudn tri vien; thdi h&n npp ho so; va nhung van de khde md t6a dn cho rang cdn thilt phai thdng bdo. Nhiing tl chiic, cd nhdn muln trd thdnh qudn tri vien thi npp hd so cho toa dn xem xet vd quyet dinh de dua vao danh sdch vd se dupe chpn ludn phien*. Chang han, d Bde Kinh moi qudn trj vien (t6 chiic) dupe cham thang 100 dilm, frong dd doanh thu (20), quy mo, sd lupng nhdn vien vd sd qudn tri
7 https://sotuphap.hochiminhcity.gov.vn/documents/10194/41578/92-Q%C4%90-STP.signed.pdf.
8 Dilu 3,4 5 Quy djnh ciia T6a Toi cao Trung Quoc vl chi djnh qu4n tri vien cho cdc vy phA san doanh nghiqp ngiy 12/4/2007.
CO JHOHitH ciiru /
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vien du tieu chuan (20), kiitii nghipm thuc tl xir ly vy phd sdn (30), sd bdo cao thanh ly cd lien quan (15), sd bdi bdo cd lien quan (5), bdo hiem trdch nhi^m nghe nghiep (10)'.
Tuy nhi^, Lu$t Phd sdn doanh nghipp Trung Quoc ciing quy dinh nhiing trudng hpp se khdng dupe chi djnh la qudn tn vien tham gia qud trinh phd sdn mpt doanh nghiep:
ngudi da bj xir ph^t hinh sy vi hdnh vi ph^im tpi cl y; ngudi cd chiing chi trinh dp chuyen mdn cho viec thyc hdnh Idm qudn tdi vien da bi thu bli; ngudi cd Ipi ich Hen quan; ngudi khdng phu hpp Id mpt qudn tri vien gidi quylt vy phd sdn doanh nghipp cu the theo quylt dinh ciia tda dn'".
6 Singapore, tieu chudn de trd thdnh qudn tdi viSn duoc hudng dan tren website cua CO quan Qudn ly doanh nghiep va ke todn". Theo d6, doi vdi vy phd sdn c6ng ty tu nguypn thi quan tdi vien Ididng cdn phdi Id ngudi dupe cap chiing chi. Nguoc lai, doi vdi nhung vy phd sdn cdng ty, qudn tai vien phdi Id ngudi da dupe cdp chiing chi. LTng vien nop don ldm qudn tdi vien ed the Id mpt kl toan vi6n da dupe cdp chiing chi cd nang lyc vd kinh nghipm. Kem theo don la thu gidi thi^u ciia hai ngudi. Ngudi gidi thipu khdng dupe Id ngudi trong gia dinh ho^c khdch hang cua ke todn vien. Mpt trong hai ngudi gidi thipu nay phdi la qudn tdi vien chinh tiiiic vd da gidm sdt cdng viec cua ling vien.
Ngodi ra, ling vien ciing cd the Id mpt cd nhan chua phdi la kl todn vien e6ng. Tuy nhien, vl kinh nghipm, ngudi ndy phdi cd it nhat 3 nam kinh nghipm todn thdi gian qudn tri vl phd sdn, trong dd cd it nhdt hai nam d
vi tri gidm sdt hoac qudn ly. Vl nang lye, ling vien cung phdi co thu ciia hai ngudi gidi thieu nhu d tren, ding thdi phdi ddp ling them mdt sl dieu kipn nhu: ling vien phdi trdi qua mdt sl bdi thi ciia Uy ban ^iam sdt ke todn cdng Singapore de ddm bdo rang ung vien cd kiln thiic ve ludt cdng ty, qudn tri cong ty, thue, kiem todn vd dich vu dam bdo.
Nhu v$y, cdc tieu chi cua Trung Qudc vira phy thupc rat Idn vdo y chi chii quan ciia tda dn vira dang theo chieu hudng dinh lupng cdc ti6u chudn ve qudn tdi vien.
Ngupe l^i, Singapore chi cdng nhdn nhiing ngudi ed kien thiic ve ke todn, ludt doanh nghiep, thue, tdi chinh, qudn tri cdng ty va dich vy bao ddm. Vipc trd thdnh qudn tdi vien d Vipt Nam co phdn de ddng, thuan Ipi hon. Tuy nhien, vipc md rpng cdc doi tupng dupe cdp chiing chi qudn tdi vien doi khi Cling de l^i nhiing hp lyy nhat dinh. Chdng han, cir nhdn lu^t hdnh chinh thi khdng thi CO kiln thiie vd kinh nghiem tdt ve lu^t doanh nghiep, qudn tri doanh nghipp, xu ly hpp ddng vd qudn ly tdi sdn hay ludt su tranh tung thi kh6ng phu hpp de Idm qudn tdi vien.
3. Chi dinh quan tdi vien
Theo Luat Phd sdn Vift Nam, viee chi dinh, thay ddi qudn tai vien do tham phan dupe phdn cdng tien hdnh thii tyc pha sdn doanh nghiep thyc hien trong thdi h ^ 03 ngay ldm viec kl tir ngdy ra quylt djnh md thu ti^c phd sdn. Tuy nhien, ngudi npp don yeu cdu md thu tyc phd sdn co quyen de xuat vdi tda an ten qudn tdi vien, doanh nghiep qudn ly, thanh ly tdi sdn trudc khi md thu tyc phd sdn'l Vipc chi dinh qudn tdi vien phdi
9 Alan Tang, Pauline Au, China's new enterprise bankcruptcy law: the cental govenunent's new regulations on bankcruptcy adimnistrator, truy cap t?i http.//appl.hkicpa.org.hk/APLUS/07II/p48_50.pdf, ngay 15/10/2019.
10 Dilu 24 Lu$t Pha san doanh nghi?p Trung Quoc.
U https://www.acra.gov.sg/how-to-guides/appIying-to-be-an-approved-Iiquidator/Requirements-to-be-an- Approved-Liquidator, truy c§p ngay 15/10/2019.
12 Dilu 19 & 45 Lu§t Phd san doanh nghi?p Vi§t Nam.
HOHllN CUU I . HOHllH CUU I EQ S 6 1 4 ( 4 1 4 ) - T 7 / 2 0 2 0 ^ L A P P H A P * " '
can cii vdo cdc dieu kien sau: cd nhdn co chiing ehi hdnh nghe qudn tdi vien; de xuat chi dinh qudn tdi vien ciia ngudi nop don yeu cdu md thu tyc phd sdn; qudn tdi vien kh6ng cd Ipi ich lien quan den vy vipc phd sdn; tinh chdt ciia vi§c gidi quyet don yeu cdu md thu tuc phd sdn; qudn tdi vien kh6ng phdi Id ngudi thdn thich ciia ngudi tham gia thii tyc phd sdn.
Tren thyc tl, vipc chi dinh quan tdi vien doi khi khong theo dl xudt cua ngudi nop don yen cdu md thu tyc phd sdn. Bdi le, qudn tdi vien xuat thdn tir nhiing ngdnh nghe khde nhau, cd trinh dp hieu biet, chuyen mon vd kinh nghiem khde nhau. Dya vdo y^u td doanh nghiep co ngdnh nghe kinh doanh vd quy mo khde nhau, thdm phdn se cdn nhac
"tinh chdt ciia vipc gidi quyet dan yeu cdu md thil tyc phd sdn" de chi dinh qudn tdi vien. Ngudi tham gia thii tyc phd sdn cd the de nghi thdm phdn thay doi qudn tdi vien nlu: (1) Vi pham nghia vy tiieo quy dinh ciia Lu^t Phd sdn Vi^t Nam; (2) hoac co can cir cbirng minh qudn tdi vien khdng khdch quan trong khi thyc hipn nhipm vu; hoac (3) trudng hop bit khd khdng ma qudn tdi vien khdng thyc hipn dupe nhipm vy.
Khde vdi quy dinh ciia Viet Nam, theo Ludt Phd sdn Doanh nghipp Trung QuIc, thdi diem ehi dinh qudn tri vien sdm hon d Vipt Nam. Cu thi, khi tda an quylt dinh chdp nhdn don xin phd sdn, se chi dinh mpt qudn tri vien'^.
Qudn tri vi6n d Trung QuIc cd thi bi hpi nghi chii np dl nghi thay ddi'"*. M6i tda an d dja phuong se cd mdt danh sdch nhiing ngudi dap iing du tieu chudn ldm quan tri
vien vd thdm phdn gidi quyet se dya vdo danh sdch dd de chi dinh ngau nhien qudn tri vidn. Trong trudng hpp, doanh nghipp gidi quylt phd sdn Id ngdn hdng thuong rn^i, cdng ty chiing khodn, cdng ty bdo hiem, cdng ty tdi chinh hoac vy vipc co tinh chat phiic tap, lien quan din tai sdn d nhilu noi thi toa dn cd the chi dinh qudn tii vien Id ngudi d dia phuong khde theo danh sdch qudn tri vien cua tda cdp cao ban ho^c ciia tda an dia phuong do. Doi vdi nhung vy phd sdn don gidn, quan he giiia chii no vd con np ro rdng, toa dn se chi dinh qudn tri vien la cd nhdn. Ngupe lai, tda an se chi dinh qudn tri vi6n vdi tu cdch Id mpt td chiic. Nhiing ngudi sau day se khdng dupe chi dinh Idm qudn tri vien mpt vy phd sdn: Id ngudi co Ipi ich lien quan; Id giam ddc, kiem sodt vien hoac qudn ly cdp cao cua doanh nghipp ho^c cua bat ky chu no ndo hipn tai hoac trong vong ba nam trudc khi tda dn ra quylt dinh gidi quyet phd san; la vp, chdng, con ho^c co quan h? don^ mdu trye hp trong vdng ba ddi ciia bdt ky co ddng cd quyen kiem sodt, gidm ddc, kiem sodt vien hoac qudn ly cap cao cua doanh nghiep hoac eiia bat ky chu np ndo;
cdc trudng hpp khde toa dn cho rdng khong phu hop dl ldm qudn tri vien'^
Qudn tri vien sau khi dupe tda an ehi dinh se sir dyng con dau rieng do toa phe chudn. Sau khi gidi quylt xong thu tyc phd sdn doanh nghipp, qudn tri vien se npp con dau cho CO quan cd thdm quyen huy vd npp l^i gidy chimg nhdn da huy ddu cho toa.
Qudn tri vien ciing cd the bi tda dn thay dii khi kh6ng cdn dap ling cdc tieu chudn h o ^ khdng dii khd ndng thyc hipn trung thyc nhipm vy ciia minh'^.
13 Dieu 13 Luat Pha san doanh nghifip Trung QuIc.
14 Dilu 61 Luat Pha san doanh nghiep Trung QuIc.
15 Dieu 24.4 Lu|lt Pha san doanh nghiep Tnmg QuIc va Dilu 23 Quy djnh ciia Toa Toi cao Trung Quoc vl chi dinh quan Ui vien cho cac vy pha san doanh nghiep ngiy 12/4/2007, tmy c^ip ngdy 10/10/2019 t^i http://www.csrc.gov.cn/pub/csrc en/Iaws/rfdin/AdministrativeLaws/201212/t20121205^217628.html.
16 Dilu 15,16, 17 Quy dinh ciia T6a Tii cao Tnmg Qu6c vl chi djnh quan trj vien cho cac vy pha san doanh nghi?pngay 12/4/2007.
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6 Smgapore, trudng hpp doanh nghipp phd sdn theo yeu cdu cua chu np, chit np se chi dinh qudn tai vien (provisional liquidator), toa dn chi chi dinh qudn tdi vien trong trudng hpp phd sdn bat budc. Thdi diSm chi dinh qudn tdi vien la sau khi toa nh|in dupe yeu cau tuyen b6 phd sdn ciia nhung chu the cd thdm quyen nhu ehii np, cong ty, qumi tai vien. Nhiing ngudi sau ddy se khdng the ldm quan tdi vien phd sdn cdng ty: khdng phdi Id qudn tdi vien da dupe cdp phep; c6 mac np cdng ty dang gidi quyet pha sdn ho^c mpt cong ty khac ed lien quan vdi sd tien tren 2.500 do la Singapore; Id nhdn vien ciia cdng ty trong vdng 24 thdng; Id dii tdc, ngudi sir dyng lao d^ng, ho|ic nhdn vien ciia ngudi qudn ly cdng ty; ngudi dd Id ddi tdc, ngudi lao dpng hoac ngudi Idm thue cho nhdn vien cua ngudi qudn ly cdng ty; la ngudi phd sdn chua dupe phyc quyen; cd giao dich bat dpng sdn vdi chu np cua anh ta hoac CO bdt ky tbda thuan ndo vdi chu np cua anh ta cd lien quan den phd sdn; da bi ket dn vl tOi liSn quan den gian Idn hoac khdng trung thyc vd bi phat tii tii 3 thdng trd len.
Ngudi vi pham eo the bi phat len den 2000 dd la Singapore".
v l sl lupng qudn tdi vien dupe chi dinh, Ludt Phd sdn Viet Nam khong quy dinh cy thi, nhung theo Luat Cdng ty Singapore tiii tda dn cd till chi dinh nhieu han mdt qudn tdi vien'*.
Qudn tdi viSn d Trung Qudc khi dupe chi dinh tiii khdng thi tir chii md khdng nai ra ly do chinh ddng. Ngupe lai, vl nguy§n tdc, d Viet Nam qudn tdi vien cd the tir choi chi dinh ciia tda an, bdi qudn tdi vien hdnh ngbl dpc lap.
4. Vai tro ciia quan tdi vien
Theo quy dinh ciia phdp lu^t Viet Nam, qudn tdi vien ddng vai ti-6 Id ngudi qudn ly,
thanh ly tdi sdn cua doanh nghipp mdt khd ndng thanh toan trong qud trinh gidi quyet pha sdn. Sau khi dupe chi dinh trd thdnh qudn tdi vien cua mpt vy gidi quyet pha sdn doanh nghipp, qudn tai vien phdi tidn hdnh cdc budc de lap danh sdch chu np, con np, kiem dem, giri giu, bao qudn tdi san ciia doanh nghiep d ed pham vi trong vd ngodi nude; sau dd, bdo cdo cho thdm phan phy trdch vy viec ve tinh trang tdi sdn, cong np vd boat dpng eua doaiih nghiep. Neu doanh nghiep dupe thdng qua qud trinh khdi phyc kinh doanh, qudn tdi vien phdi gidm sat hoat dpng kinh doanh cua doanh nghipp nham dam bdo tai sdn ciia doanh nghipp khong bi tau tan vd cd quyen de nghi ihkm phan thu thdp tdi lipu, chiing cir, hoac tuyen bd giao dich vd hieu ho^e dp dyng bien phdp khdn cip tam thdi. Trudng hpp qud trinh ho^t ddng kinh doanh cua doanh nghipp khdng thanh cdng thi dSn sau khi tham phdn ra quyet dinh tuyen b6 phd sdn doanh nghipp, qudn tdi vien se tien hdnh thanh ly tdi sdn ciia doanh nghiep. Do d6, Lu^t Phd sdn nam 2014 khong dat ra quy diitii ve qudn tdi vien trong trudng hpp toa an dp dyng thii tyc nit gpn dl tuyen bd phd sdn doanh nghiep (Dieu 105). Ngodi ra, qudn tdi vien ciing dong vai trd Id ngudi dai dien cho doanh nghipp trong trudng hpp doanh nghiep khdng cd ngudi dai dien theo phdp ludt.
6 Trung Qudc, qudn tri vien c6 vai trd rdt Idn dii vdi chii np vd doanh nghiep dang trong qua trinh phd sdn. Mdt qudn tri vien se CO nhiing quyen vd nhiem vy sau: tiep qudn tdi sdn, con ddu, so tdi khodn, tdi lieu vd du lieu khac ciia con np; dieu tra ve tinh hinh tdi chinh ciia con no vd chudn bi bao cdo ve tmh hinh do; quyet dinh cdc vdn de qudn tri npi bp ciia con np; quyet dinh chi phi hdng ngdy va eac chi phi can thiet khac cua con np; quyet dinh, trudc khi cupc hpp cua cdc
17 Myc 11 phkn,Lu?tC6ngty Singapore.
18 Myc 268 (7) Lu^t Cong ty Singapore.
. HGHlfeH Cini I G I S6 14 (414) - T7/2020^ L A P P H A P ** '
chii np ddu tien duoc td chiic, dl tilp tyc hoac dinh chi hoat ddng kinh doanh ciia con np; qudn ly va xii ly tdi sdn cua con np; tham gia vdo cdc hdnh dpng phdp ly, trpng tdi hoac bat ky thu tyc phdp ly ndo khde thay mat cho con np; de xuat td chiic cdc cupc hpp cua cac chii np; thyc hipn cdc nhiem vy khde md tda dn cho rdng qudn tii vi6n nen Idm^^.
Sau khi tda dn chap nhdn don phd sdn, qudn tri vien co quyen quyet dinh huy b6 ho^c tiep tyc thyc hien mdt hpp ddng da duoc ky kit trudc do ma chua thyc bi^n xong va th6ng bao cho ben giao ket hpp d6ng^°; thgm ehi Id quylt dinh cho doanh nghipp lam vdo tinh tr£tng mdt khd ndng thanh todn tiep tyc kinh doanh hay dinh chi boat dpng kinh doanh, xdy dyng vd qudn tri qud trinh phyc h6i kinh doartii. Mac dii vdy, qudn tri vien van c6 trdch nhipm bao edo vdi tda dn vd chiu sy gidm sdt eua hpi nghi chd np vd iiy ban lam thdi eiia chii np^'. Nhu vdy, so vdi vai tro cua qudn tai vien trong phdp lu|it Vi$t Nam, tiieo phdp lu$t Trung QuIc, qudn tri viSn co ph^im vi quyen vd nhipm vy rdng Idn hon.
Theo Luat cua Singapore, quyln vd nhi$m vy ciia qudn tdi viSn dupe quy dinh d Myc 274 Lugt Cdng ty bao gdm: dilu ti^ cac van de trong boat dpng vd tai sdn cua cdng ty, hdnh vi cua nhdn vien vd yeu cdu cita cdc chu np vd ben thii ba; phyc hIi vd hipn thyc h6a tdi sdn ciia c6n^ ty theo each ed Ipi nhat cho c6ng ty; ddn xep cac khieu nai ciia cdc chu np vd ddm bdo phdn phii cdng bang tdi sdn ciia cdng ty theo quy dinh cua Dao ludt cdng ty.
Nhu vgy, phdp lu^t vl phd sdn cua Singapore ed uu dilm Id rdng bupc trach nhipm cua qudn tdi vien phai hipn thyc hda, tdi da hoa tdi sdn theo cdch c6 Ipi nhdt cho
doanh nghipp. Chung toi cho rdng, de bdo ddm quyen Ipi cua doanh nghiep, phdp lu^t ve phd sdn cda Vipt Nam can bd sung trdch nhipm ndy. Bdi le nlu, qudn tdi vi6n ldm vipc khong nhiSt tinh hogc nghipp vy kem co the gdy that thodt tdi sdn eiia doanh nghipp. Ben c^nh dd, cung cdn quy djnh nhipm vy cua qudn tdi vien phdi dilu tra phdt hipn nhirng giao dich ciia nhd qudn ly, nhdn vien cdng ty gdy phuong hai cho quyen loi ciia cdng ty vd de nghi tda dn xir ly.
5. IVdch nhi^m cua quan tai vi@n 6 Vipt Nam, qudn tdi vien Id mpt chiic danh tu phdp gop phdn ldm cho qud trinh gidi quyet phd sdn doanh nghipp dupe thuan Ipi, nhanh gpn vd hipu qud. Tuy nhien, dl vipc qudn ly, thanh ly tdi sdn dupe khdch quan minh bach, qudn tdi vien phdi bdo cao cho thIm phdn vd chap hdnh vien^. Nhiing hdnh vi bi nghiem cam doi vdi qudn tdi vien Id: ebo thue, cho mupn ho^c cho cd lihdn, tl chiic khde sii dyng chiing chi hanh nghe qudn tdi vien eiia minh de hdnh nghe qudn ly, thanh l^^ tdi sdn; gpi y ho^c nh$n bit ky mpt khodn tiln hoac Ipi ich vat chat tir ngudi tham gia thii tyc phd sdn hodc Ipi dyng danh nghia qudn tdi vien de thu Ipi tir cd nhdn, t l chiie ngodi chi phi qudn tdi vien dupe nhdn theo quy dinh cua phdp li4t; Ipi dyng nhiem vy, quyln ban de th6ng ding vdi cd nhdn, to chiic nham myc dich vy Ipi;
tiet Ip thdng tin ve td chiic, hoat dpng ciia doanh nghipp, hop tdc xa mdt khd nang thanh todn md qudn tdi vien biet dupe trong khi hdnh nghe, trir trudng hpp dugc doanh nghipp, hpp tdc xa dong y bdng van bdn hoac phdp ludt CO quy dinh khde; cdc hdnh vi khac trdi vdi quy dinh ciia phap ludt, Quy tdc dgo due nghe nghipp qudn tdi vien.
19 Dilu 25 Lu^t Phi sin doanh nghiep Trung Quoc.
20 Dilu 18 Lu^t Phi san doanh nghiep Trung Quoc.
21 Dieu 23 Lu^it Phd san doanh nghi?p Trung Quoc.
22 Dieu 16 Lu^t Phd sin doanh nghi?p Vi?t Nam.
M I HOHllN Ciiu ;
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Mgc dii khdng cd quy dinh rd rdng, nhung vl nguyen tdc, qudn tdi vien d Vipt Nam cung cd thi tii chii tham gia thu tyc phd sdn khi dupe thdm phdn chi dinh.
Trung Qudc ciing ddnh hdn mpt Chuong 3 cua Luat Phd san doanh nghipp dl quy dinh vl qudn tii vien. Theo nhiing quy dinh nay, quyen ciia qudn tri vien trong gidi quylt pha sdn doanh nghipp Id vd ciing Idn, thdm chi dupe trao cho cd doanh nghiep dl qudn tri vien qudn ly khdi phuc kinh doanh. Qudn tri vien cd quyln dinh ehi hoac tilp tuc hpp ddng da giao kit ciing nhu hoat ddng kinh doanh cua doartii nghiep, thu hIi tdi sdn trong giao dich vdi doanh nghiep bi coi Id v6 hipu, thu hdi khodn v6n chua gdp ciia thanh viSn, thu hdi nhiing khodn thu nhdp bit thudng cua ngudi lao dpng trong doanh nghiep. Mac du kh6ng quy dinh chi tilt quyen vd nghia vy cua qudn tri vien nhu cdch tiep can cua LuEit Phd sdn Viet Nam, nhung Ludt Phd sdn doanh nghipp Trung Quoc ciing quy dinh trdch nhiem cua qudn tri vien Id phdi cham chi vd trung thdnh thyc hipn nhipm vu eua minh.^^
Ludt Pha sdn Vipt Nam khong co m^t dilu khodn ndo quy dinh ve trach nhiem cua quan tdi vien trong trudng hpp khdng hoan thdnh nhiem vy cua minh mot cdch can trpng. Trudng hpp qudn tdi vien vi pham nghia vy theo quy dinh cua Ludt Phd sdn hoac khdng khdch quan thi chi bi yeu cdu bdi thudng thiet hai md khdng bi phat. Ngupe lai Luat Phd sdn doanh nghipp Trung Qudc quy dinh cy thi rang, trong trudng hop mpt qudn tri vien khdng thyc hien nghia vy cua minh sieng nang vd trung thdnh thi tda an cd thi phat qudn tri vien theo ludt dinh vd trong trudng hpp thipt hai gdy ra cho chii no, con
np hoac ben thu ba, qudn tri vien phdi cluu trdch nhiem bdi thudng. Qudn tri viSn d Trung Qudc cdn cd trdch nhiem phdn chia tdi sdn phd sdn, ldm thu tyc chdm diit kmh doanh vdi co quan dang k^ co tham quyen vd tham ehi Id trudng hpp doanh nghipp bi tuyen pha san bdng thii tyc nit gpn thi vdn ton tgi vai tro cua qudn tri vien. Mat khde, qudn tri vien d Trung Qu6c khong the tir choi (resign) md khdng co ly do chinh ddng vd phdi dupe tda an chdp tiiudn^''. Trudng hpp qudn trj vien td chirc hoac tir ch6i bdn giao cdng viec cho qudn tri vien mdi thi tiiy miic dp md bi toa an ra quylt dinh xix phat. Neu qudn tri vien hdnh nghi vdi tu cdch cd nhdn cd thi bi phat tii 10.000 din 50.000 Nhdn ddn t$. Neu qudn tri vien hdnh nghe th6ng qua mpt to chiic thi cd the bi phat tii 50.000 din 200.000 Nhdn ddn t f ^ '
Ngoai ra, Luat Phd sdn doanh nghiep eua Trung Qudc vd Viet Nam deu quy dinh qudn tdi vien khi hdnh nghe vdi tu cdch cd rihan phai mua bdo hiem trdch rtiiiem nghe nghidp theo quy diitii ciia phdp ludt^*.
Qudn tai vien d Singapore sau khi dupe chi dinh c6 the thyc hipn e6ng viee kinh doanh ciia c6ng tj/ khi can thiet nhung khdng keo ddi qua 04 tuan ke tir khi ed Ipnh ciia tda Id ngimg boat dpng. Qudn tdi vien cung c6 thi nhdn danh cong ty vd su dyng con ddu cdng ty thyc hien nhiing thii tyc phdp ly liSn quan den tdi sdn cua doanh nghipp nhu bdn tdi san la dpng san, chuyen nhupng, thu h6i tdi sdn cua e6ng ty, lap danh sdch chii no, con np phan chia tdi sdn... Tuang tu, qudn tdi vien d Trung Qudc vd Viet Nam cung dupe phep thue them ngudi de ho trp cdng viec^' qudn tdi vien d Smgapore ciing co the td chdi khi duoc chi dinh^*.
23 Dilu 27 Lu^t Pha san doanh nghi?p Trung QuIc.
24 Dilu 130, 115,121, 120, 29 Lu^t Phi san doanh nghi?p Trung Quoc.
25 Dieu 39 Quy djnh cua Toa Tii cao Trung Quoc vl chi dinh quan trj vien ngay 12/4/2007.
26 Dilu 23 Lu^t Pha san doanh nghiep Trung QuIc & Dilu 16 Luat Pha Sin doanh nghi?p Vi?l Nam.
27 Myc 272 Lu^t Cong ty Singapore & Dilu 28 LuSt Pha sin doanh nghiSp Trung Quoc.
28 Myc 268 Lu^t Cong ty Singapore.
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6. Chi phi qudn tai vi&n
Co hai cdch quy dinh vl phi qudn tdi vien CO bdn Id quy dinh miic cd dinh dya tren gid tri tdi san thu doanh nghiep thu dupe hoac theo thoa thudn. 6 Viet Nam, chi phi qudn tdi vien dupe quy dinh ro rang ngay trong Ludt Phd sdn. Theo do, ehi phi qudn tdi vien Id khodn tien phdi chi trd cho viec giai quyet phd san cua qudn tai vien^'. Chi phi dupe tinh dua tren thdi gian, cong sire vd kit qud thyc hien nhiem vy cua quan tai vi8n, bao gdm thu lao qudn tdi vien vd chi phi khac (thue them lao dpng giiip qudn tdi vien) dupe thanh todn tir gid tri tdi sdn cua doanh nghipp mdt khd nang thartii todn. Chi phi ciia qudn tdi vien nam trong chi phi pha san nen se dupe uu tien thanh todn tiong goi ddu tien. Thu lao eiia qudn tdi vien duoc tinh dya tren mpt hoac cdc phuong thirc sau ddy: gid ldm viec cda qudn tdi vien; mire thii lao trpn gdi; muc thu lao tinh theo ty Ip phan tram tong gid tri tdi sdn ciia doanh nghipp, hpp tdc xa bi tuyen b6 pha sdn thu dupe sau khi thanh ly^".
Li4t Phd sdn Vipt Nam quy dinh phuong phdp tinh thii lao vd miic thii lao cu the cho timg trudng hpp. Tuy nhien, phdi c6 su phdn biet miic dp phire tap eua tung vu giai quyet phd san. Chang han, tdi sdn cua doanh nghipp phd sdn d nhieu noi, d nude ngodi, sd lupng tdi san ciia doanh nghiep dupe cdm cd, thi chap, cho vay, cho thue nhieu...
Lu$t Phd sdn doanh nghiep Trung Qu6c Cling quy dinh chi phi lien quan den thyc
hipn nhipm vu cua qudn tdi vien ndm trong chi phi cho thii tyc pha sdn vd dupe uu tien thanh todn bdng tdi sdn ciia doartii nghipp bi phd san bdt cii luc ndo^'. Trong trudng hpp cu§c hpp cua cdc chu np ed sy phdn doi ve mvrc thu lao do, hp se cd quyen npp don khilu nai len toa dn". Tuy nhien, thu lao eiia mdt qudn tri vien se dupe xdc dinh bdi tda dn. Tda dn Toi cao Tnmg Qu6c da ban hanh Quy dinh vl thii lao cho qudn tri vien ed hieu lyc tir ngdy 12/4/2007". Theo dd, phucmg phdp xdc dinh thu lao cua qudn tri vien dupe dya CO bdn trSn gid tri cdn l^i cua doanh nghiep pha sdn.
Ngupe lai Singapore lai c6 cdch quy dinh vl phi qudn tdi vien khde vdi cua Trung Qudc vd Viet Nam. Cy tbi, qudn tdi vien cd thi nhdn luong hoac thu lao theo ty Ip phdn tram hoac theo cdch khde dupe xdc dinh bdi tda dn.
Cdch khde dupe xdc dinh bdi tda bao gIm:
thoa thuan giiia qudn tdi vien vd iiy ban kiem tra (dai dien ciia doanh nghipp vd chii np) hoac mdt nghi quylt dai dien cho tren 50% so chu np chilm ti6n 75% tdng gia tri np thong qua; hogc dupe xdc dinh bdi tda an'^.
Qua so sdnh cho thdy rang, quy dinh ve thu lao eiia qudn tdi vien d Vipt Nam hi?n nay khd bao quat vd day dii. Phan cdn lai la tiiy vdo timg vu phd sdn itiiu quy md doanh nghiep, loai hinh doanh nghipp, ngdnh nghe kinh doanh eua doanh nghiep, ca cdu tdi sdn, no... de quyet dinh dp dyng phuong thuc tinh thu lao phu hpp vdi thyc te •
29 Dilu 4.13 & 24 Lu$t Phi Sin doanh nghiep Vi?t Nam.
30 Dilu 21 Nghi dinh 22/2015/ND-CP quy dinh chi tilt thi hanh mpt s6 dilu cua Luat Phi sin vl Quin tai vi£n vi hinh nghe quan ly, thanh ly tai san
31 Dieu 41 & 43 & 113 Luat Pha san doanh nghiep Tnmg QuIc.
32 DiSu 28 Lu?it Pha sin doanh nghiep Trung QuIc.
33 Dilu 2 Quy djnh cua Toa Tii cao Trung Qudc vl vifc xac dinh phi cho quin tri vien hen quan den cdc vy phi sin doanh nghiep ngay 12/4/2007, truy c^p ngay 10/10/2019 tji http;//www.csrc.gov.cn/pub/csrc_en/Iaws/rfdni/AdmmistrativeLaws/201212/t20121205_217626.html.
34 Myc 268 (3) Luat Cong ty Singapore.
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