So 12 (230)-2Q14 N G 6 N NGtr & Dcn S O N G 13
INGON NGtr HOC VA VIET NGLT H O ^
lUi-ri
13-15 BirdC D A U TIM Hl£U QUAN HE GILTA NGU^ NGHIA HOC
TRI NHAN VA BO LOC VAN HOA QUA MOT SO v i DU DICH VIET- ANH
AN INITIAL INVESTIGATION INTO THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN COGNITIVE SEMANTICS AND "CULTURE FILTER" IN THE VIETNAMESE-ENGLISH
TRANSLATIONS OF SOME SPECIFIC ITEMS TRAN XUAN DI$P
(PGS.TS; Dai hoc Su pham Ha Noi)
Abstract: The central issue in translation is to look for equyvalence between tiie two texts, the source and the target. The tianslation of culture-specific items remains controversial. This paper is intended to initially investigate cognitive semantics and JuUian House's "Culture filter" through the English translation of a number of Vietnamese culture- specific items such as xe 6m, d sin, ngd bao tir, cam thira canh cgn, bp (tugng) tam da and tien mieng tuoi.
Key words: cognitive semantics; culture filter; Vietnames-Englisb tianslation of culture- specific items.
l.Mddau
Lich sir dich thuat da chi ro; cho den nay tren thi gidi dd cd nhidu each tiep edn ddi vdi dieh. Moi each tiep can deu mdt each nhm rieng va dua ra nhiing dinh ngbia khde nhau ve djeh thuat. Tuy vay, d miie dp khdi quat nhdt, cd the ndi: dich la tim mgt binh tbiie tiong ngir dich tuong duong (equyvalenee) vdi mpt bmh thiic trong ngii ngudn. Ve quan he giiia ngdn ngii vd van hda thi mdi ngdn ngii deu dugc sinh ra, tdn tai va phdt trien tren mdt co sd van hda nhdt dinh. Fisherman (1970) cdn xem vdn hda cd y nghia quyet dinh ddi vdi ngdn ngii tdi miic nlu vdn hda khdng cdn thi ngdn ngu tijion^ iing se mdt theo! Tdm Igi, khdng the cd sy tdn tai cua mgt loai ngdn ngii chung eho hai hay nhieu nin van hda. Song, dich lai la sy tim tuong
(target-language signifier) giup ngudi dpc ngii dich hieu rd cdi dugc bieu dat qua mdt lunh thirc ngy ngudn (source-language signified) ma thdi. Bai viet dudi ddy la mgt no lyc ban dau nhdm xem xet viec sir dung cdi ma House (1998) gpi la "bd lpc van hda" (cultural filter) theo goc dp ngii nghTa bgc tri nhdn qua mgt vai vi du dich Viet - Anb eu the nhu: xe 6m, 6 sin, ng6 bao tu. com thica canh can, bo (tugng) tam da, tiin mimg luoi.
2. Phat trien
2.1. Nhimg vdn di cua ngit nghia hpc tri nhdn cd lien quan den cdng trinh
2.1.1.Nhimg vdn de chung ve ngon ngit hpc tri nhdn
Ngdn ngii hpe tri nhdn (cognitive linguistics) bat ddu phat trien tit nhihig nam ducmg! Mdt trong nhiing vdn dl khd khan nhdt 1980 nhu mdt tiordng phai ngdn ngii van dung va gdy nhieu tranh cdi nhilu nhdt la viec tim kiln tbiic lien nganh, nghien ciru ngdn ngii tren tuong duong cua cdc khai niem van boa dae thii eo sd vdn kinh nghiem va sy cam tiiu cua con (culture-speeific items). Ban than khai niem ngudi vl the gidi khaeh quan eiing nhu phuong tuung duong tiong dieh thuat cung cd nhieu y thiic ma con ngudi hi giac vd y niem hda cac sy kiln khae nhau. Tuy vay, khdi niem tuong vat, su viec ciia thi gidi khach quan do. Trong duong tiong cdng binh khiem tdn nay ebi dung tilng Anh, ngdn ngii hpe tii nhan gdn liln'vdi lai d pham vi cua mdt bmh thire ngii dich nhimg tae gia nhu: George LakofF( 1980, 1987,
14 N G O N N G f & DCn SONG So 12 (230)-2014
1989, 1992), Leonard Talmy (2001) va Ronald Langacker (1987, 1991, 1999, 2008). Ci Viet Nam, nhung tdc gia di ddu trong dudng hudng nay ddi vdi Viet ngii hpe Id Ly Toan Thdng (2005,2009) va Trdn Van Co (2007,2010).
Mac dii cimg xudt phdt tii mdt sd quan d e m va tu tudng ehung, song ngdn ngii hpe tri nhdn cd su phdn biet ba dudng hudng tiep can ehinh:
1/ Quan tdm den van d l giiia tri nhan va ngii phap, cung nhu dnh hudng eua cac pham tni y niem vao ngii phdp (hieu theo nghia rpng).
2/ Thien ve ngy dung: ngbien eiiu Khdng gian tinh thdn (Mental spaces) va Tich hgp y ni^m (Conceptual blending/ integration).
3/ Thien ve ngii ngbia hpc, cdn ggi la Chu nghia kinh nghi?m (experientialism). Hudng nay tim hieu nhGng gi diln ra trong dau de eon ngudi khi tgo san (production) va tiep thu (reception) ngdn ngii, each thirc mieu td cdc thupc tinh cua sy vat, sy ben tudng va an tuong v8 sy vdt/ bien tugng do.
Cdng trinh nay duge tien hdnh iheo dudng hudng thii 3 - tim bieu qua trinh tam li tiong tao san vd tiep thu ngdn ngii - ngii nghia hpe tri nhan va ufng dung vdo dieh.
2.1.2 Nhirng vdn di co bdn cua ngic nghia hpc tri nhgn (Cognitive semantics)
Y nifm vd he thong y nipn (Concept &
conceptual system): Mdt trong nhung van dh then chdt cua ngdn ngu hpc tri nhdn la y niem hda the gidi dien ra trong y thiic con ngudi.
Qm trinh nay dan den viee phan xudt ra nhiing don vi ngi dung tdi tiiieu thude edp dp tinh thiin vdn la ket qua eiia trai nghiem thuc tiln trong qua trinh con ngudi nhdn thiie thi gidi xung quanh. Vay nen, don vi eo sd cua ngdn ngii hpe tri nhan la y niem.
Mo hinh tri nhan vd mo hinh van hoa (Cognitive model and cultural model): LakofiF va Turner (1989) cho rdng luge dd y niem td chiic nen tri thiic ctia con ngudi. Chiing cdu thanh md hmh tri nhan eua mgt binh dien nao dd trong thi gidi bien thyc. Chiing ta su dung nhiing md hinh nay d l hieu nhung kinh nghiem ta bat gap va suy luan v l no. Md hinh tii nhgn
khdng phai la md hinh mang tinh y thiic ma chiing duge van dung mot cdch vd thirc va ty
^ n g . Khdng the nhin tbdy md hinh do true tiep ma chi ed the suy ra tii hd qud ciia nd. Con ngudi tich liiy md binh tri nhdn bdng hai eon dudng CO ban: bang trai nghiem tryc tiep va thdng qua tii thiic vdn h d a Md hinh tri nhgn nhdn mgnh ban chdt tinh thdn tiong trai nghiem tri giac, cdn md hinh van hda nhdn manh ban chdt van boa, nhiing md hinh thdng dung ciia mdt cdng ddng.
Pham trii hoa (categorization) vd diin dgng prototype) trong ngdn ngit: Quan difim tiiiyen thdng ve phgm tru hda cho rdng sy vgt dugc xip loai vdi nhau thanh "nhdm" dya trSn nbiing thugc tinh (properties) ma cac thanh vien eua rjidm deu cd. Theo ngdn ngii bge tii nhdn, Rosch (1977) da cbiing minh rdng, khi tdc dpng vdo the gidi khach quan, tiong tu duy ngdn ngii, con ngudi phdn logi sy vdt/ sy vi?e duge ttai nghiem tbdnb cae phgm tiii va ggi ten eae pham trii do dua ti:en sy tuong ty chii khdng phai dieu kien cdn vd du mpt each may mdc nhu quan diem truyen thdng. Trong cae pham tru, ndi chung, ludn ed nhiing thanh vien mang dge tinh tiimg tdm (centi-al) hon nhung thanh vien khac tiong nhdm. Nhftng thdnh vien trung tdm dd gpi Id didn dgng, lam chudn muc cbo nhung thanh vien xung quanh nd, ngogi bien (peripheral) ban, kem diln hinh hon.
I l i a n h ngir (idioms): Trong nigi ngdn ngii, la mdt tiong nhimg loi bieu dgt ed dinh, thanh ngy mang ndng mau sac van hda dge trung. Do ed lien quan din vdn hda nen thanh ngii ciing gay nhieu tranh cdi trong dich thuat. Dl phyc vu cho muc dieh cita edng trinh, chiing tdi dd diem lai eae quan niem vd cae thanh ngii trong tieng Anh nhu cua cac tdc gia Katz & Postal (1963), Weinreich (1969), Makkai (1972).
Wood (1981), Fernando (1996), Grant & Bauer (2004) va cua edc tae gia Viet ngir nhu Hoang Van Hanh (2004), Nguyin Nhu Y (1992), Nguyen Tliien Giap (2008), Dd Hiiu Chdu (I98I), Nguyin Cdng Dire ( 1995). V l tiidnh ngii eung cd nhilu y kien khae nhau. Tuy vay.
So 12 (230)-20t4 N G O N N G f & DOfI SONG 15
tixjng phgm vi cdng trinh nay, cung ed the cd nhgn xet chung nhu sau:
1) Thanh ngii thudng mang nghia bdng hodc bail nghia den, khd suy dodn tii nghia thanh phdn;
2) Chiing thudng ed dinh ve mat cdu tnic An dn (metaphor): Ngdn ngii bgc truydn thdng cd ba quan diem chinh v6 an du: so sanh, thay the, va tuong tac ddng thdi xem an du chi la mdt phep tu tir va cd chiic ndng thdm my, cd the bieu dgt mgt each binh thudng ma khdng can den dn du. Khae vdi an du tmyen thing, dn dy tii nhgn cd mdt vj tii then chdt tiong chu truang khdi qudt hoa eua ngdn ngii hpe tri nhan. An du tri nhdn khdng dem thudn Id van d6 cua ngdn ngii ma edn la van de eua tu duy vd hanh ddng. An du la phd bien tiong cuge sdng bang ngdy cua cbiing ta vd la mdt eo ehl tii nhan khdng the tbieu ciia eon ngudi, khdng ebi xudt hiSn trong vdn hgc (nhu quan ni?m truyen thdng) ma cdn tiong mgi mdt ciia ddi sdng hang ngay ciia ngdn ngy. Vi thupc qud trinh tu duy nen dn dy khdng nbung the hien qua ngdn ngu: ma cdn rdt nhieu hinh thiic giao tiep phi ngdn nhu cu chi/ ddng tac, phim anh, hdi hpa, kien tnic, quang cao, bieu tugng, v.v.
Li thuyet vd dich vd Hen quan ddn dich ed nhieu. Tuy nhidn, nhu da neu tien, dung ve mat mue dieh eiia dich thi cd the ndi mdt each khai quat: dich la tim mdt hinh thiie ngii dieh bieu dgt dugc eai duge bieu dat tiong ngu ngudn.
Phan diem lai mdt each khai quat nhdt mdt sd khai niem li thuyet tren day ket hgp vdi li thuylt v l bd Ipe van hda eua JuUane House la nh&n tgo ca sd cho vipe xem xet cu the mdt sd ban dieh.
2.2. Khdi qudt vi "bg Igc van boa" ciia Juliane house
Trong khu vyc cac li thuylt dich can va hien dgi, md hinh ddnh gid chdt lugng bdn dich (Translation Quality Assessment - TQA) do Juliane House dua ra vao 1977 la dya ti^n phan tieh so sanh ngir vyc ngudn va ngu: vyc dich (source-target registers) ma nen tang Id ngir phap chirc ndng he thdng cua Haliday. Sau 20
nam tiep thu nhieu y kien tranh ludn va phe phan, vdo 1997, House cho ra mdt cudn Bdnh gid chdt lugng dich: nhin Igi mot md hinh (Translation quality assessment: a model revisited). Trong cudn sach nay House phan biet hai logi ban dich: Ip (overt) vd dn (covert).
Theo House, bdn dich Ig Id mgt van ban ngG dich khdng cd y dinh la mdt nguydn tdc. Ngudi doe ban ngii dich nay biet ngay la ban dich, tuong ty nhu khdi nipm dich phdm tdi lieu documentary eiia Nord (1991) hay khai niem ngogi Igi hda ciia Venuti (1995). Ngugc lai, bdn dieh dn Igi ed vi thd ciia mdt mguyen tae trong vdn hda dich, tuong ty khm niem dich phdm cong cu ciia Nord (sdd) hay khdi nipm bdn dia hda cim Venuti (sdd). De ed mdt bdn dich dn nhu vay, theo House, ngudi dich phai sii dung dieu ma House gpi la bp lpc vdn hoa (cultural filter). House dinh nghia bd lpc vdn hda la mpt tap hgp nhiing binh dien giao van hda ma theo dd tbdnb vien cua 2 nen vdn hda khde biet nhau ve nhiing thien hudng vdn hda xd bdi vd nbiing uu tien trong giao tilp (1997:199). Ndi mot each don gidn, sd dung bd lpc van hda nghia Id sira ddi cdc yeu td vdn hda nhdm tgo nen dn tugng rdng vdn bdn dich la mdt nguyen tac ban dich an (covert tianslation). Tuy nhien, House eiing khdng xem 2 kieu dich nay la mot cap ddi lap ma chi la nbiing hien tugng khac nhau cdn phdn bi?t ma thdi. Y nghia ciia van de nay ddi vdi cdng tiinh bi?n tai la nd giiip ngudi dpc ngii dich bieu dugc khai niem vdn nam ngoai md hinh van hda eua hp.
Phan edn lai eiia bai viet sS xem xet mdi quan he giua ngii nghia hpc tri nhgn va bd lpc vdn hda qua mdt sd vi du dich cy the Viet - Anh.
2.3. Lien he giita ngir nghia hgc tri nhgn vd bg Igc vdn hda trong mpt so vidg dfch Vift -Anh '
Mae dii edc li thuyet dich hipn dai deu ban tdi dieh d cap dp van ban - de tim tuong duong edp vdn ban (textual equyvalence), khuon khd bai viet ndy mdi dimg lai d cap dp mgt sd tir va
16 N G O N N G t r & D 6 I S 6 N G So 12 (230)-2014
lli bilu dgt tiung mdt sd ngft canh cu the nhu:
xe 6m, d sin, ngd bao tic, cam thira canh cgn, bp (tugng) tom da, tiin mimg ludi.
2. S. 1. Xe 6m. E)l dich khai niem xe 6m sang tilng Anh dk ban dieh cd thi chap nhdn dugc (acceptable) doi vdi ngudi ngii dieh tilng Anh (hilu duge ngay ma khdng can gidi thich) cd till phai tiai qua su phan ti'ch dudi day. Trong vdn hda Viet Nam Men dgi, Xem dm nam cimg nhdm vdi xe + X. X cd till la: tdc xi, mcfy. md to, dgp, Idn, loi, biryl, ca, khdch, lua, 6 td, con, tdi, cdng ten no, ciru thuang, chiia chay, canh sdt... N I U Idy Iam trung tdm y niem xe dm la phuong tien chuyen chd khdch cd thu phi, la phuong tien kiem sdng tiii xe dm gdn nghia vdi xe khdch, xe ca, xe buyt, xe lua, va tdc xi tM xe dgp, xe lan, xe Idi, xe 6 to, xe con, xe tdi, xe cdng ten Ko-...d viing ngogi bien. Nhung xet sdu hon niia, tiong ndi bd y niem phuang tiin chimin cha cd thu phi thi xe 6m gdn nghia vdi tdc xi hon cd. Hay, ndi cdch khac, tdc xi trung tdm hon so vdi xe dm khi so sanh vdi cdc phuong tien ehuyen chd thu phi khde. Li do la d ebo, chi cd tdc xi vd xe dm la cimg gidng nhau d mdt dac diem la chd khdch le, khdng cd fiem den cd dinh chinh tbiic, diem den la do yeu cdu ciia khaeh. Su khae nhau duy nhat giiia 2 phuong tien chuyen chd ndy chi Id xe 6m thi sii dyi^ xe mdy cdn tdc xi thi sit dung d td.
Nhu tren da neu, dich la di tim sy tuong duong.
Cd dieu trong van hda eae nude ndi tieng Anh khdng cd hien tugng dimg xe may de chd khach Idy tidn. Do dd, ve mat ngdn ngii, khdng hi cd tir/ ngii nao bieu dat khdi niem dd. Vd van hda, dich vu chi khai niem gdn nhdt ve nghia vdi xe 6m trong van hda Viet Nam hien dai ebi cd the la tdc xi (taxi). Nhu vay, tii goe dp thu tiiuat dich, d l djch xe 6m sang tilng Anh dd phdi sii dung mdt tir tren bgc vdi ngbia phuong tien/ dich vu chd khdch le. Xong, d l khdi 1dm vdi khai niem taxi tiong van hda ndi tilng Anh (ebi sir dung d td) thi phai sir dung den bd lpc vdn hda - thay ddi nhdm lam cho ngudi dge bdn ngO dich hieu diing xe 6m vdi nghia dich vu chd khach le (tucmg tiJ nhu khai niem taxi tiong
vdn hda dich) iihung diing xe may: motorbike taxi. Diing v l edu tnic thdng tin thi d l vide m^t vdn ban dieh dugc chip thugn thi thdng tin mdi (xe may chd khach le) phai dugc xdy dyng tr&i tiidng tin cii (taxi - xe con ehd khach le). Nhin tir goc dp edu tnic chun va ndi eiia Chomsky tW y niem dich v^ cho khdch le la thude v l cdu tnic chim vd cimg tdn tgi trong nhilu nin vdn hda Su khde nhau chi la cau tnic ndi ma tiidi (tdc xi dung d td hay tdc xi dimg xe mdy). Ddy eiing la viec dung hda giua bai ddi eye, ngogi lai hda (foreignization) va bdn dfa hoa (domestication), tixmg li tiiuyet cua Venuti (1995, sdd). De ngudi ngy dich cd the hieu dugc xe 6m - mgt y niem ngoai lai ddi vdi hp - tbi phai dung hda giGa yeu td ban d a (taxi) vd ylu td ngoai lai (bdng xe may).
2.3.2.0 sin: Trong van boa Viet Nam hi?n dai, tiong kbdu ngii giao tidp hang ngay ai cOng rdt quen thude vdi tir 6 sin. Ve mat tit nguyen hpe, 6 sin cd xuat xd tii bd phim Nhat Ban ciing ten dugc chieu rdng rai tren truyen hinh Vi?t Nam vao nam 1994. Bg phim xoay quanh ehuyen thanh dgt eua mpt nhan vgt cd ten Id 6 sin. O sin la ten m^t ngudi hdu gdi, giiip vi$c cho cdc gia dinh Nhdt Bdn thdi xa xua. 0 sin Id mdt tir Viet goc Nhat. Trong cdc dien ngdn kbdu ngii hang ngay 6 sin thudng dugc diing thudng tue. Tir goc dp bieu y (ideational) hay bieu vdt (denotational), 6 sin ebi i^ydi giup viec gia duih. Nhin tir goc dp lien nhan (interpersonal) hay bieu cam (connotational), 6 sin thudng the hi?n thai dp thieu tdn tipng hay ki thi ddi vdi mpt ngudi phu nii lam cdng vi^c nay. Ro rang, day la mdt Wnh thiic an du. SS la khdng the cd mdt hinh thuc nao trong tieng Anh bao ham dugc tdt ca nhimg dge dilm ngtt nghia tren ddy eua 6 sin tiong tieng Vi$t. Tuy vay, maid/ maidservant la mdt trong nhitng tic cd thi bao ham dugc 2 dge diim ngit nghia noi tren. Ro rang la bg lpc van hda da "lpc" hot nhGng gi khdng till cd dugc trong van hda dich (khdng till ed 1 tii hay mdt hinh thiie bilu dgt nao dd cung cd npi dung hi nguyen hge vd tu t i hoe het nhu 6 sin tiong tilng Viet).
SoJ2(230)-2014 N G 6 N N G f & DCfl SONG 17
2.3.3.Ng6 bao fth E)l tiiu hut thyc khdch, cd khdch trong vd ngoai nude, cac tiem an thudng che bien rdi dua ra nhung tiiye don h ^ dan bdng tilng Viet vdi phdn ehua (dieh sang) bdng tieng Anh. Ngd bao tic. Ion bao tid Ign sira... la mdt vi du. Do dnh budng quan diem ciia Hd Tbieh la lin, dgt vd nhd, nen cac dich gia thudng bam rdt sdt Idi diln dat tieng Viet, va ket qud \a: foetus corn/pig. Ngudi viet xin tgm gae viec ban den ede van d l khac de tap trung vao viec su dung foetus d l dieh bao lit sang tieng Anh md thdi.
Mdt tiong nhiing van de van hda dac tiiu Id he thdng gid tri. Trong van hda Viet Nam, tuy khdng chinh thiic, xong nhieu ngudi ed khuynh hudng danh gia cao nhiing loai thyc phdm xudt phdt tir nhiing cdy/ con edn tiong giai doan tiTing nude, d tigng thdi tdi, sdng, nhu: nhu tning vit Ign, tiet eanh, gdi ca v.v. Do vay ngo bao tu, Ign sira (cdn bit me), Ign bao tu trd flidnh nhGng mon dge sdn hdp ddn. Neu chi dimg d trong ndi bd tieng Viet tbi eiing khdng cd nhieu vdn dd cdn ban nhung nay Igi dich sang tieng Anh. Do he thdng gid tri eua ngudi Anh - ^G' (Anglophone) khac nen chua ban cai ma ngudi Viet ua thich da la cai hdp dan ddi vdi hp. Rd rang la hang rao van hda da la mdt cdn tra rdt Idn tiong dich thudt. Cu the, nhiing ngudi ndi tilng Anh rat dc cam vdi nhGng thyc phdm nhu da tiinh bay d tren. Tu goc dp tri nhan, nhGng mon khoai khau ndi tien eua ngudi Viet khdng ndm tiong md hinh y niem la tfiye phdm ngon va bd, khdng tidm trong md hinh van hda eua bg. Do vay de dich bao tic trong tiirdng hgp ndi tren chi nen dimg tir young (non) - young corn, young pork Ndi each khae, phai sii dung den bd lpc van hda ciia House d l Igc bdt y l u td van hda Viet tiong trudng hgp nay thi mdi dam bdo duge (phan nao) dp trung thanh vdi ndi dung dugc bilu dgt vd vdi muc dich ciia dien ngdn (quang edo mdn dn) ctia vdn ban ngudn (thye don tilng Viet).
2.3.4- Com thira canh can, ve mat ngG nghia hoc ti^iyln thing, chi nhiing phdn tiiuc dn cdn
Igi do dn khdng bet. Nhung diing tien phuong dien ngG dung hpc - n g ^ a eiia ngudi ndi (speaker meaning) - thi cdch ndi nay ebi thai dp ki thi cua ngudi ndi ddi vdi phan thuc an ndi tien, va do do, the hien ludn thai do xem tiiudng ddi vdi ngudi an phan thirc dn do - thuc dn thira, d6 thica. Chua ke ddn ydu td can, chi nhGng thii khdng eon gia tri va dang bd di nhu duge bieu dgt trong can ba cua xa hpi Kbi chuyen dich sang tieng Anh ma diing left-overs flii mdi ebi dgt dugc ngbia ngG nghia hpe - phdn thirc dn cdn lai eua biia an trudc ehu chua dat duge sy tuong duong ve ngG dung hge eiia d6 thira, dd bo di nhu da trinh bay d tidn. Tbeo quan niem eua ngG nghia hgc tri nhan, do khae biet ve md hinh van hda nen ngudi ndi tieng Anb va eua ngudi ndi tieng Vi^t tri nhgn cimg mdt tfiyc the ciia thi gidi khach quan (the world's entity) - phdn thuc dn con Igi khac nhau. Neu dich nhu vgy thi ed nghia la da su dung bg Igc van hda de Igc bdt ylu td vdn hda Viet. Ngugc lai, neu tim cdeh bieu dgt khde, vi du, odds and ends of last meals, ed the se dat duge phdn nao mirc tuong ducmg ve nghia bieu cam thi lai cd the phdi hi sinh mdt cdi tuong duong ve nghia bieu vdt.
2.3.5. Viec dieh Bp (tugng) tam da sang tieng Anh la mdt vi du nGa ve vi?e bieu dat bdng tieng Anh mot khdi niem ddc trung van hda (culture-specific item) Viet Nam, dd cap den van dd van hda tiong djch thudt. Ve mat ngu nghia truyen thdng, bp tugng tam da ed thd dich ndi ngdn thanh bd ba hire tugng tugng trung eho 3 cai nhieu (nghia den cua tam da), 3 niem m o ude Ii tudng ciia ngucri Viet. Nhu vay cd tiie dich thanh The triple (triplet/ tripartite) statue of the three abundances. Ve npi dung vdn hda, 3 cdi nhieu dy Idn lugt la: Phiic - Lpc - Tiip. Tren co sd ket hgp nghia tir nguyen hgc va nghia tri nhdn (bieu tugng la ngudi be con), phuc cd the dich ndi ngdn thanh sy cd ddng eon, nhieu chdu. Do vay tuong duong tilng Anh gdn nhdt la fertility hay productivity. Tren CO sd phdn ti'ch tuong ty, loc (bilu tugng la ngudi mu cao do dai) la sy hung thinh ndi
18 N G O N N G f & D d l S 6 N G So 12 (230)-2014
chimg vd cd till dich ihanh prosperity, cdn thp la longevity. Bp lugng tam da, Phiic - Lpc - Thp dugc dich thanh The triple statue of the three abundances, fertility/ Productivity - Prosperity - Longevity. Ve mat ngG dm - dm vi hpc viec cd 3 tir Fertility/ Productivity - Prosperity -Longevity deu ket thiic bang hau td -ity, theo chiing tdi, la mdt thanh cdng Idn vl nd ndi len tinh song hdnh cua 3 khdi nidm van hda ma 3 tir do bieu dgt. Tuy nhien, phiic, chdng ban, ma dugc dieh (ndi ngdn) thanh sy cd d6ng con, nhieu chdu ma tuong duong tiong tieng Anh la Fertility/ Productivity vdi ngbia den Id khd ndng sinh sdn thi ro rang bd Ige van hda dd lpc mdt bdt di cdi ngbia bilu cam ma ngudi Viet mudn giri gam vao tu do.
Cd ddng con nhiiu chdu khdng bdn ddng nghia vdi khd ndng sinh sdn (cao).
2.3.6. Tien mimg tuoi thudng dugc dich thdnh Lucky money hodc New-Year lucky money vdi ngbia den la tiin may mdn/ tien may man vdo dip Ndm moi. Ddy eiing la mdt vi du nira ve viec bd Igc van hda dd Igc mdt mdt ndi dun^ dae trung vdn hda Viet Nam.
Tdn tipng tudi cao la mdt ndi dung tiong he thing gia tii eua ngudi Viet. Tiln mimg tiidi mang ndi dung gia tri dd. Tuy nhien, trong he thdng gia tii ciia ngudi ndi tieng Anh, tudi cao khdng ban la mdt yeu td cd ndi dung nhu vay.
Tham chi, nhGng ngudi ndi tilng Anh con tranh ndi den tudi, xem do la mpt dilu edm ki trong giao tiep. Trong md hmh van hda eua hp, viee tang len mdt tudi khdng h i la mdt dieu dang mimg (neu khdng mudn ndi la mdt dilu khdng rnay). Ddy la ehua ndi din tap quan dimg tien d l mung vdo dip ndm mdi cung khdng he tin tgi tiong n i n van hda cua ngudi ndi tieng Anh. Do vay, khi dieh tiin mimg tudi thanh tien may mdn ma tuong duong trong tieng Anh la lucky money hoac New-Year lucky money la da budc phai loai trir ylu td tdn ti-gng tuli, xem viec tdng len mdt tudi la dang mimg, trong tien mimg tudi va chi giG Igi muc dieh ngG dung ciia nd la d l chuc may mdn md tiidi.
3. Ket luan
Tdm lai, mdi ngdn ngu diu tdn tgi tren co sd mdt nen vdn hda nhdt dinh nen dich eae khdi niem vdn hda ludn la mdt thdch thiic, Id van de gdy nhilu tranh cai. Tren thyc te, ddy chinh Id mdt tiong nhihig van de thude tinh bdt khd dich (untranslatability). Tuy nhien, do nhieu Ii do thye te, viee dich vdn phai duge dat ra nhu mdt thach thiic. Bdi viet tren day Id mpt nd lyc ban ddu nhdm li giai mdi lidn he giiia ngu nghia hgc tri nhdn va bp Ipe vdn hda eua Jiliane House trong vipc bieu dgt bdng tilng Anh mdt sd khdi niem vdn hda dge trung Vi^t Nam (Vietnamese culture-specific items). De lam CO sd eho viee phan tieh, bai vilt nhin lai mdt each khdi quat nhOng li thuyet nhu ngii nghia hpc tii nhan, thanh ngG, dn dy tri nhiin, vd bg Igc van hda d goc do vd miic dp ed li^n quan den ndi dung nghien eiiu. Ndi dung chii yeu la phdn phdn ti'ch mdi quan he giGa ngii nghia hgc tri nhdn va b0 Igc van hda tiong vi$c chuyen dich 6 khdi ni?m dac trung van hda Viet Nam dd la xe 6m, d sin, ng6 bao tu, cam thira canh can, bp (tugng) tam da, tiin mimg tuoi. Bgn dpc hoan toan cd thi tim tiidy sy tuong ty trong nhieu vi du khde tir ddi sdng ngdn ngG hang ngdy
Tac gid hi vong viec phan tich tren ddy da va se giiip khdng dinh mgt ehan li dd Id: tiong dich thugt chi cd tuong duong (equyvalence) khdng till cd tucmg irng (correspondence). Ndi each khac, da dich la phai ehdp nhgn mit bdt nghia. Ve qua tiinh dich, mudn tim dugc tuong duong sdt nhdt thi phdi cd khd nang tudng tugng duge phuong thuc nhdn biet (identify) cai dugc quy chieu (reference) ciia n ^ d i ban ngG (ngu dich). Phuang tiiiic nhdn biet nay hoan toan tiiy thugc vdo md hinh tii nhdn vd md hinh van hda eua ngudi ngG dich.
Ddy eOng la mpt khdng dinh niia ddi vdi sy khdng till thilu duge ciia y l u td vdn hda tiong chuong tiinh dao tgo ngogi ngu.
Do phgm vi eua edng trinh, bdi viet van cdn nhilu han chi. V l mat li lugn, bai vilt chua ed thi d l cgp din mgt cdch thdu ddo cdc li fliuylt
Soi2j:23Q)-2014 NGON N G f & DCn SONG 19
cd lien quan. V l ndi dung phdn tich eu the, edng trinh mdi chi dimg d 6 khai niem ndi tren vd viec lya chgn cac khai niem nay chi man^
ti'nh ngdu nhien, chua mang ti'nb h6 thdng nhat dinh.
Chiing tdi tiiilt nghi, dudng hudng phdn ti'ch nay cd the dugc su dung de xem xet cac bdn dich da va se cd vdi ndi dung vdn hda dge trung. Tac gia xin tran trgng mpi y kien thdo lugn, ddng gdp, va xdy dung.
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