Quy hoach, xay diFng va
quan ly mang lu^ai du'ang ong cap thoat nu'ac do thi
ABSTRACT
The article outlines general pipeline network for urban water supply and sewerage. The experience in designing the pipe network for urban water supply and sewerage will bring higher efficiency in the planning, construction, operation and management system for urban water supply. Cost of building pipeline networks for urban water supply and sewerage is drawn from many years of construction and management of the different cities in the world. The method calculates the total length of water supply network level I, II, III.
Experience of payroll workers in the network management of urban water supply and drainage. Arrangement of drainage pipes in tunnel engineering
TS Vu Van Hilu
Khpa Do thj - TnroTig Dai hoc Kien true Ha noi
M
ang Iddi cap nudc dd thj la he thdng dddng dng lam nhiem vu van chuyen va phan phdi nudc tdi cac diem tieu dung nddc trpng pham vi do thj. Mang Iddi cap nddc la mdt trpng nhdng thanh phan ed ban cua he thdng cap nddc, nd lien quan trde tiep tdi eac png dan, tram bPm cap II, cac cdng trinh dieu hoa, d d trd (be ehda nddc sach, dai nddc).Mang Iddi thoat nddc dd thj ngddc lai vdi mang Iddi cap nddc la he thdng cong lam nhiem vu thu gpm nddc thai t d cae diem tieu thu nudc va van chuyen den cac tram xd ly nudc thai sau dp xa ra nguon tiep nhan nddc, nd lien quan true tiep tdi cae dng dan nddc, cdng thoat nddc, tram bdm chuyen bae, tram bdm nddc thai va cac cdng trinh hd dieu hoa.
Khi thiet ke quy hoach mang iddi cap thoat nddc phai dam bao yeu cau ve Idu Iddng, ap Idc, chi phi xay dung va quan ly... cu the nhd sau:
- Phai dam bao cung cap nddc du Idu Iddng tdi mpi ddi tddng tieu dung nddc, du ap luc va dap dng chat Iddng nddc uong theo QCVN 01:
2009.0am bao cap thoat nddc bao phu toan bp thanh phd.
- Can dam bao cap thoat nddc lien tue va dn djnh eho tat ea cac ddi tdpng tieu thu nddc va khdng de ngap ung lau trpng dd thi.
- Phai dam bao sao cho chi phi xay ddng va quan ly mang liddi dddng dng re nhat.
Gia thanh xay diTng mang ludi ductng ong cap thoat nirdc 66 thj
Gia thanh cac cdng trinh trong he thdng cap nddc dp thj theo kinh nghiem xay ddng cd ly le sau [4] (xem bang 1):
Gia thanh cac cdng trinh trong he thong thoat nudc do thj [4] xem bSng 2.
. Qua eac kinh nghiem tren chp thay suat dau t d cho mang Iddi cap thoat nddc dd thj chiem phan Idn kinh phi xay ddng toan bp he
Vu Van Hieu
thpng cap thoat nddc (td 60 den 80%). Dieu nay ehdng td vi tri quan trpng cua mang Iddi cap thoat nddc d d t h i
Do dai mang ludi cap thoat nudrc cap 1,11, III.
Theo kinh nghiem quan ly va kiem soat that thoat nddc, tuy theo quy md va dac diem cua dd thi, khu dan ed ma chpn cau true mang Iddi dddng dng t d 1 den 3 cap sau [1]:
- lyiang cap I lam nhiem vu truyen dan va dieu hoa ap idc trong mang v) cd ton that ap lde nhd (thddng chpn tdn that < 0,5 m cho 1 km dai) nen dp chenh ap luc t d dau mang den cudi mang nhd. Nudc t d mang cap I dda xudng mang cap II d nhdng diem nhat dinhthep tdng khu vdc, tai cae diem nay dat cac van dieu tiet ap Idc va Idu Idpng, ddng hd do Idu Idpng va ap luc cd tin hieu truyen ve trung tam neu can(cp the dat cac thiet bj do t d ddng de khiem soat ehe dp la viec cua he thdng va eanh bap ehda chay, rd ri, that thpat nddc...), thddng d cae dd thi vda va Idn, mang Iddi cap I cd dddng kinh Idn hpn 300 mm(mang cap I chd yeu la dddng dng chinh).
- Mang cap II dan va phan phdi nude cho tdng khu vdc trong mang. dda nddc vao eac tuyen cap III bSng TE chd hoac dai khdi thuy, sau TE dat van dieu chinh ap lde va Idu Iddng, va dong hd (DMA) do nudc cho tdng khu vdc thudc mang cap II (chu yeu la cac dng nddc tren dudng phd).
- Mang cap III dan va phan phoi nddc cho tdng khu vuc trong mang (chu yeu la dddng dng trong cac tieu khu) cd the la mang vdng hay cut, dan nudc vao cac pho nhd, ngd trong cac tieu khu nha d do thi. Neu la cae mang vdng thi phai cd van chan phan chia mang cap III thanh mang nhanh, de khi can cd the ddng van nay, thi mang cap III lam viec nhd mang cut de do kiem tra luong nddc qua ddng hd DMA (distrie Bang 1: Gia thanh xay dung mang Iddi dddng ong cap nddc dd thj
Nguon cap nUdc
Ngudn nddc mat Nguon nddc dddi dat
Gia thanh cac cong trinh cap nUOc (tinh b^ng %) Cdng trinh thu
nddc 2 - 4 5 - 1 0
Tram bom 2 - 4 2 - 5
Cdng trinh x d l y nddc 15-20
'
Oai dieu hpa nddc 1,5-4
3 - 5
Mang Iddi dddng dng 6 0 - 7 0 7 0 - 8 0
Cdng trinh phu trp 5 - 1 0 5-10
78iSDniEni9X 08.2012
B5ng 2: Gia thanh cac cdng trinh trong he thdng thoat nddc dd thj TT
1 2 3 4
Cac cong trinh trong he thong thoat nUdc Tram bdm nddc thai
Cac cdng trinh xd ly nddc thai Dddng dng cd ap
Mang Iddi dddng dng va cdng thoat nddc
Gia thanh cac cong trinh cap nUcrc (tinh b i n g %)
0 - 1 5 2 0 - 5 5
0 - 2 0 4 5 - 7 5 B J n g 3 ; H e s 6 t i n h l ,
Kieu xay dUng Nha mpt tang (hai can hp) Nha hai tang (nhieu can hp)
- ba tang - bdn tang - nam tang - bay tang - mddi tang - mddi ba
Mang ludi dUcUng ong cap nUdc 4,35 2,27 1,64 1,02 0,83 0,7 0,45 0,4
Mang ludi dudng ong thoat nUdc 5,85
2,7 1,65 1,00 0,8 0,73 0,5 0,5 BJng4
Mang ludi dudng ong Cap nddc
Thoat nddc
Chieu dai dudng ong tinh b i n g km 25
12 10
50 20 15
100 30 20
150 45 35
200 60 45
300 1 400 80 50
110 75
LUdng
thang 1 trieu ddng 5,00
meter area), so vdi tong Idpng nddc d cac ddng ho gia dinh ma nhanh phu trach cd the phat hien Idpng nddc that thoat cua vung. Cac dng djch vu lay nddc t d mang cap III qua TE hoac dai khdi thuy de cap nddc cho cac diem dau ndivao ddng hd cua cac hd tieu thu. Tuyet ddi khdng cho phep cac dudng dng djch vu va dau ndi vao nha lay nddc trdc tiep t d dng cap I va dng cap II.
Tdng chieu dai dddng dng cap I, II, III ( dng chinh, dddng phd, tieu khu) xac djnh theo cdng thde
Lj = N x l , (1) Trong do N - sd dan;
I, dp dai mang Iddi cap thpat nddc tren 1 ngddi vdi tieu ehuan dien tich nha d 9 m ' tren 1 ngddi (xem bang 3)
Dp dai mang Iddi cap thoat nddc cap I, II, III.
(Tinh theo m tren 1 ngddi vdi tieu chuan dien ti'ch nha d 9 m ' tren 1 ngddi).
Bd tri dddng dng chinh tren mat bang tdng the mang Iddi, dddng kinh dng dddc xac djnh bSng tinh toan thuy Idc trong do an.
Tiep thep xac djnh chieu dai mang Iddi dddng ong cap II (ong dddng phd) Ldp va dng cap III (dng tied khu) L,|_ ddpc tinh theo cdng thde 2 t d t d n g chieu dai L^ mang Iddi va chieu dai dddng dng chinh L^
L,p + l - , i = 4 - ' - , (2) Dddng kinh nhd nhat cua mang Iddi cap
II va III theo TCXD: doi vdi mang Iddi dddng ong cap nddc la 100 - 150 mm, cdn mang Iddi dddng ong thoat nddc la 150 - 250 mm phu thudc vao he thdng thoat nddc.
Bien che cong nhan trong q u i n ly mang ludi cap thoat nUdc do thj nUdc (ngUdi)
Theo kinh nghiem quan ly mang Iddi cap thoat nudc thi ben che cdng nhan dudi day (xem bang 4).
Bd tri dddng dng cap nudc trong tuy-nen ky thuat
Trong cac tuy-nen cd the bd tri phan Idn cac dudng dng, ddi vdi dudng dng cap nddc t d D200-1000 (xem hinh 1,2,3)
Bd tri dudng ong thoat nUdc trong tuynen icy thuat
Trpng cae tuy-nen cd the dat dddng dng thoat nddc D300-1500.
Khoang each tdi thieu gida cac cdng trinh ha tang ky thuat ngam dd thj khdng nam trong tuy-nen hoac hao ky thuat ddpc quy djnh trong bang 5.
- Khi bd tri dddng dng cap nddc sinh hoat song song vdi dddng dng thoat nddc ban, khoang each gida cac dddng dng khdng ddpc nhd hon 1,5m, khi dddng kinh dng cap nddc 200mm khoang each do khdng dddc nhd hdn 3m va khi dddng kinh dng cap nddc Idn hdn 200mm thi tren dpan dng di song song dddng dng cap nddc phai lam bang kim loai.
Khpang each gida eac dddng dng cap nddc cd dddng kinh Idn hdn 300mm va vdi cap thdng tin khdng dddc nhd hon 1 m.
- Neu bd tri mdt so dddng dng cap nUdc song song vdi nhau khoSng each gida chung khdng dddc nhd hdn 0,7m khi dddng kinh dng 300mm; khdng dddc nhd hon I m khi dddng
Hinh 1. Mat cat tuynen chuyen dung a - de thoat midc thai (he thong cong chung) b - Hedatditdng cdp dien va thong tin
V , I. Ttf <w V*Htf ^l^.^^tt.j,m*Tvy*Y
Hinh 2. Ham chung co hinh chii nhat don
/ - ilay 6m yeu; 2 - day dien mmh; 3- ddy dien den; 4-ong cop nhiet; 5 - ong ml6c may; 6 - dirtrOi.
Hinh 3. Ham tuynen chung hinh chiJ nhat kep
1-ong nudc mdy; 2 - ong cdp nhiet; 3 - ong hai dot; 4 - ddy dien.
dng 400-:-l.000mm; khdng dddc nh6 hon 1,5m khi dddng kinh dng tren 1.000mm. Khoang each gida cac dddng dng cd ap lUc khac cung ap dung tieu chuan tddng td.
- Khoang each tdi thieu gida cac he thdng ha tang ky thuat ngam dp thj khi dat chung trong tuy-nen hoac hao ky thuat ddpc quy djnh trong bang 6.
Vj tri cdng trinh dddi mat dddng nen bd tri dddi via he hoac dddi mat dudng khdng cd xe d td di lai
Nhdng nam gan day da xay ddng cac tuynen ky thuat de thoat nddc tai cae thanh
08.2012 SiSlilliiBl 7 9
Bang 5: Khoang each tdi thieu gida cac cdng trinh ha tang ky thuat ngam do thj khdng nSm trong tuy-nen hoac hao ky thuat (m)
Loai dudng dng DUdng dng
cap nudc
Cdng t h o l t nudc thai
Cdng thoat nudc mUa
Cap
dien Cap thdng tin Kenh mUong t h o l t nUdc, tuy-nen Khoang each theo chieu ngang
Dddng dng cap nddc Cdng thoat nddc thai Cdng thoat nddc mda Cap dien
Cap thdng tin Tuynel, hao ky thuat
0,5 1 0,5 0,5 0,5 1,5
1,0 0,4 0,4 0,5 0,5 1,0
0,5 0,4 0,4 0,5 0,5 1,0
0,5 0,5 0,5 0,1 0,5 2,0
0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5
-
1
1,5 1,0 1,0 2,0 1,0 Khoing each theo chieu dUng
-
Oudng dng cap nddc Cdng thpat nddc thai Cdng thoat nudc mda Cap dien
Cap thdng tin
1,0 0,5 0,5 0,5
1,0
-
0,4 0,5 0,5
0,5 0,4 0,5 0,5
0,5 0,5 0,5 0,1 0,5
0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5
Bang 6: Khoang each tdi thieu gida cac he thong ha tang ky thuat ngam dd thj khi dat chung trong tuy-nen hoac hao ky thuat (m)
Loai dudng dng Dddng png cap nudc Cdng thpat nddc thai, thoat nddc mua Cap dien Cap thdng tin
Oudng dng cap nudc
0,8 1,0 0,5 0,5
Cdng thoat nUdc t h i i , thoat nudc mUa
1,0 0,4 0,5 0,5
Cip dien 0,5 0,5 0,1 0,5
Capthdng tin 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,1
phd Idn nhd Ha Npi, Da N j n g , Hd Chi Mmh. Cac tuynen chu yeu dupc xay dung bang phudng phap dao hd nhu tuyen cdng thoat nddc mdi xay ddng tai dddng Ly Td Trpng, thanh phd Da N i n g hinh 4 dddi day.
Nhdng cdng nay thddng cd kich thddc nhd I m -1,2m, dp sau chdn dng cung nho. Kieu dddng cong nay da xay dung d Ha Ndi va tp.
Ho Chi Minh, thi du tuyen cdng thpat nddc tren dddng Nguyen Trai, tp. Ha Npi dupc xay dung ngay dddi ldng dddng xe dtd buyt, ngay sau khi cdng trinh dda vao van hanh thi cac nSp gieng tham ludn bi vd do xe dtd buyt di lai. Cdn d tp.
Oa Nang tuyen cdng xay dddi Idng dddng phd da bi sap mdt dpan.
Thdi gian thi cdng kep dai nen gay un tac giao thdng trong dd thj, mat khac mat bang thi cdng chat hep eung la nguyen nhan gay ra un tac va khd khan cho cdng viec thi cdng cdng trinh.
D P mat bang thi cdng chat hep nen gay nhieu khd khan cho dan eU sinh sdng sat ngay ehan cdng trinh xay ddng tuynen ky thuat, cdng n h d can trd di lai ddi vdi khach qua dddng. Thi du d d an thoat nddc thanh phd Hue vay vdn eua nude Bi do xay ddng keo dai nen anh hddng den du Ijch cua cd dd Hue.
Oe khSc phue nhdng khd khan tren, cae nha t u van da de xuat phddng phap xay dung tuyen tuynen bang phddng phap kich dng [2; 3]. Dudi day la sd phae sd dd kich dng xem hinh 5.
(Nguon: QCXDVN 01:2008)
i.
Hinh 4. Tuyen cong mai dirong Ly Tii Trpng, tp. Oa N^ng
Ket luan
Quy hoach mang liJdi dudng ong cap thoat nUdc la mpt khau quan trpng trong he thong cap thoat nu'dc 66 thi do gia thanh cua chung chiem 60-80% tong suat dau tU xay dung he thong
NhCrng kinh nghiem thiet ke quy hoach mang Itrdi dudng ong cap thoat nUdc hop ly se dem iai hieu qua kinh te cao cho xay dung, quan ly va van hanh.
Tong chieu dai dudng ong cap I, II, III ( ong chinh, dudng pho, tieu khu) xac djnh theo cong thUc 1.
Mang lUdi cap thoat nudc nen dat trong cac ham tuynen ky thuat de tranh tinh trang dao lap d u d n g .
Nen ap dung phuong phap xay dUng tuyen tuynen bang phuong phap kich ong, de tranh gay un tac giao thong khi thi cong.
Hinh 5. So phae phUPng phap kich ong
TAi LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Tnnh Xuan Lai. Tinh toan mang lifdi phan phoi va phan ti'ch nifdc va.NXB Xay Difng, Ha Noi, 2009.
2. Nghien cu'u lam chu cong nghe thi cong cong trinh ngam trong dat yen cac (Jo thi Viet Nam. Oe tai NCKH ma so RDN 11-02 3. John O.Bickel.Tunnel Engineering. Parsons, Brinckerhoff,Quade&
OuglasConsultmg Engineers. New York.
4. B. H. SauenHH. KypcoBoe w flnnnoMHoe npoeKTwpoBaHHe BO/ionpoBO/tHbix n kaHanii3auH0HHbi]( cereii H coopy)KeHHHio.
neHHHrpaflCTpoiiH3/iaT, 1973.