NGdNNGg
S63 2016
M 6 I QUAN I B | GICA TIANG CA DONG vdi TIENG N 6 I CUA CAC N H 6 M DJA PHirONG
XOD ANG KHAC
PHAN LirONG HUNG'
Abstract: Cadong is spoken by a communis regarded as local group of Ab dang ethnic in Vietnam. There have been different opinions on ttie relation between Cadong and other dialects of Sedang ethnic. This paper uses the comparative method to clarify this relation. In other words, this wrijting bases on comparing cognate rates and phonetic changes from Proto North Bahnaric to clarify relations between Cadong and odier dialects of Se dang ethnic.
Key words: Cadong, Sedang, Proto North Bahnaric.
1. NgirM Ca dong vk ti^ng Ca dong
Ca dong ci^g vdi Xo teng, Xa ri, Ha lang va Mo nSm hi$n dugc coi la c ^ nhdm dia phuong thu$c dSn t$c Xo d9ng. Ngudi Ca dong cu trfi t$p trung tren dia bin cac tinh Qu^g Nam, Qu^g Ngai \h Kon Turn. Ti^g Ca dong la ngdn ngfi song tilt, khdng cd thanh di^u. Ngdn ngCt aky hifn khdng cdn diu vet cua hi$n tugng phy t6 (d$c bi^t Ik cdc tien t6) von r4t pho bien trong cdc ngdn ngS d khu v\tc n^y [1,104].
V^ m$t phdn logi thdn tgc ngdn ngtt, hi^n nay, phib ldn cdc tdi U?u ngdn ngft hpc deu xkp tieng Ca dong cung vdi cdc thii ti^ng Xo teng. Mo ndm, Ha ldng, Xa rd vdo chi Ba na Bdc ([6], [7], [13]). S\r phan logi so dh cdy phd h?
ngdn ngft d bgc t r ^ cua chi Ba na Bdc theo quan diem ciia DifQoth [9] nhu sau:
Nam A
Mun da Mon-Khmer
Bftc Khmuic - Palaungic Khasian Vietic
Dong Khmeric Bahnaric
Nam Monic Katuic Aslian Pearic Nicobarese Tuy nhiSn, moi quan h$ gifta tikag ndi cOa cdc nhdm dia phuong Xa ddng hay ndi cdch khdc Id miic dp g ^ gui gifta cdc thft t i ^ ndy hi$n vin cdn nhieu
' TS, V i ^ Ng6n ngQ hpc.
38 NgSn ng& s l 3 ndm 2016 quan dilm khdc nhau. Kenneth Smith [12] dvra tr£n kit qud so sdnh ttt vvmg CO bdn da xep Xa teng, Xo rd. Ha ldng vdo cttng chi Ba na Bdc, nhung cung luu <i rdng. Ha Idng gin vdi Gid hon trong khi xIp Xa teng, Ka tua, Xo rd gin vdi Ro ngao hon. Diffloth (1991) Ui xm Ca dong vdo citag vdi TatiSng (mft ngdn ngtt dupc dng mdi phdt hifn); xIp Kasseng, Alak vdo mft nhdm rieng trong chi Ba na Bdc vd dng t ^ thdi chua dft tdn cho nhdm, ttong khi dd vin xIp Xo teng. Ha Idng, Ro ngao, Gid, Kacho vdo chi Ba na Bdc (din flieo [13]). DiiSofli va Zide [10] 1^ tdch cdc ngdn ngtt Ba na Bdc didnh hai nhdnh Ddng, Tdy vd xep Ca dong vdo nhdnh Ddng; xIp Ha Idng, Xo teng. Mo ndm, Xo rd vdo nhdnh Tdy.
Bdi viet ndy s6 tiln hdnh ldm rd mttc df gin gui gitta tilng Ca dong vdi tilng ndi cua cdc nhdm dia phuang khdc thdng qua vifc stt dyng phuang phdp so sdnh lich stt (comparative method) vdi hai thu phdp: thong kd ttt vvmg co bdn citag goc (cognates) vd xdc Ifp so sdnh cdc cdch tdn (innovations) [16];
qua dd gdp phin ldm rd them bttc ta-anh vl mil quan hf gitta cdc ngdn ngtt Ba na Bdc d Vift Nam.
Tu Hfu dupc stt dvmg trong bdi vilt bao gim cdc bang 650 ttt dupc tryc tilp thu thfp t^ cdc dia bdn cu trtt ctta cdc nhdm dia phuong thufc ddn tfc Xo ddng nhu sau:
Stt 1 2 3 4 5 6
Nhdm Cadong Trd Mai (TM) Ca dong Son Bua (SB) Haling
X o r i Xoieng Mo nam
Dia bin khio sdt
Xd Tri Mai, huyfn Nam Tri My, ttnh Quing Nam X i Son Bua, huyfn Son Tdy, tinh Qudng Ngii X i Rd Koi, huyfn Sa Thiy, tinh Kon Tum X i Die Ui, huyfn Die Hd, tinh Qudng Ngdi X i Die Pxy, huyfn Die Hd, tinh Kon Tum X i Ming Cdnh, huyfn Kon Pldng, ttah Kon Tum Ngodi ta, bdi vilt citag stt dyng cdc tu lifu luu trtt ctta Phdng Nghien ettu Ngdn ngtt cdc ddn tfc thilu sl d Vift Nam - Vifn Ngdn ngft hpc, thufc Vifn Hdn Idm Khoa hpc Xd hfi Vift Nam vd cdc nghiSn ettu di trudc cua cdc nhd nghien ettu khac ttong vd ngodi nude.
2. Ti If tir ca ban ciing goe
Bdi vilt stt dyng bdng 100 ttt cua Morris Swadesh dl so sdnh vd dilng kS ti If ttt cttng glc gitta tilng Ca dong vdi tilng ndi ctta cdc nhdm dia phuong khdc thufc ddn tfc Xo ddng. Day Id nhftng ttt quan trpng nhit dupc Swadesh khuyin ngh] stt dyng trong khi xdc dinh thdi gian chia tdch ngdn ngft flieo phuong phdp Ngtt thdi hpc (Glottochronology) dupc dng phdt ttiln ttt ndm 1952. Ben c?nh dd, dl cd cdi nhta tiidn difn hon, chttng tdi cttng md rfng ttr Hfu so sdnh vdi tieng ndi cua mft sl nhdm cu dan Ba na Bdc khdc nhu: Gid, Trieng, Ro ngao, Hrd...
Moi quan hg... 39 Kit qud thing ke ttt co bdn citag glc theo bdng 100 ttt ctta M. Swadesh
gitta tieng ndi ctta cdc nhdm dia phuong thufc ddn tfc Xa ddng nhu sau:
Ca dong SB Xateng Xard Mo ndm Haling
Ca dong TM 91 75 76 74 72
Haling 68 62 61 60
Mo nam 73 77 80
Xoid 83 82
Xoteng 77
Bang ttdn cho thiy ti If ttt cttng goc theo bdng 100 ttt ctta Swadesh gitta tilng Ca dong vdi tilng ndi cdc nhdm dia phuang thufc dan tfc Xo ddng rit khdc nhau vd phin Idn diu t h ^ hon ti If ttt cung glc gifta cdc phuong ngtt tixmg cttng mft ngdn ngtt theo ting kit cua M. Swadesh [14]. Tilng Ca dong SB cd ti If ttt CO bdn chung (theo bdng 100 ttt ctta Swadesh) cao nhit vdi tilng Xa ra (83%), fliip hon lin lupt vdi tilng Xa teng (77%), Mo ndm (73%) vd thip nhit vdi tilng Ha Idng (68%). Xu hudng ndy cung dupc chttng tdi ghi nhfn doi vdi tilng Ca dong TM, nhung d bien df hep hon giita ti If ttt cttng glc cao nhit vdi tilng Xa rd (76%) vd ti If ttt cttng glc tiiip nhit vdi tilng Ha Idng (72%).
Dli vdi tilng ndi ctta cdc nhdm dia phucmg khdc, kit qua thing ke cung cho fliiy tinh htah tuang ty tilng Ca dong. Mft sl fliu tilng l?i cd ti If ttt cttng glc vdi nhau cao hon nhilu so vdi ti If ndy gifta cdc tilng khdc. Tilng Xa teng cd a If ttt CO bdn chung cao nhit vdi tilng Xo rd (82%) vd tiiip ban lin lupt vdi tilng Ma ndm (77%), Ca dong SB (77%), Ca dong TM (75%) va Ha Idng (62%). Tilng Xo rd cd ti If ttt cung glc cao nhit vdi tilng Ca dong SB (83%) vd tiiip nhit vdi tilng Ha Idng (61%). Tilng Mo ndm cd ti If ttt cung glc cao nhit vdi tilng Xo rd (80%) vd thip nhit vdi tieng Ha Idng (60%). Tilng Ha Idng cd ti If tit cung glc cao nhit vdi tilng Ca dong TM (72%) vd fliip nhit vdi tilng Mo ndm (60%).
Ndi cdch khdc, bdng tten cho fliay, xdt vl tit vyng ca ban, tilng Ca dong gin tilng Xa rd nhit, xa tilng Ha ldng nhit. Tilng Xa teng gin tieng Mo ndm vd Ca dong SB nhit, xa tilng Ha Idng nhit. Tilng Xo rd gii tilng Ca dong SB nhit, xa timg Ha Idng nhit. Tilng Mo ndm gin tilng So ta nhit, xa tilng Ha ldng nhit Trong khi dd, tieng Ha Idng gin tilng Ca dong TM nhit, xa tieng Mo nam nhit. Bite tranh tten cho thiy, xdt vl ttt ca bdn cung glc, tixmg ndm tiitt tilng ctta ndm nhdm dia phuong hifn dupc coi Id thufc ddn tfc Xo ddng, tieng Ha Idng khd tdch bift so vdi bin thtt tilng cdn I^ vdi ti If ttt co bdn chung cao nhit chl Id 72% (vdi tilng Ca dong TM) vd thip nhit vdi tilng Mo ndm (60%). Bin tiitt tilng cdn Ijd khd gin nhau, vdi H If tii cttng glc dao dfng ttt 73% (Ca dong SB - Mo ndm) din 83% (Ca dong SB - Xa rd). Cd flil htah dung mttc df gin gui ctta cdc thtt tilng ndy tt^n phuang difn ttt vvmg co bdn nhu sau:
40 Ngdn ngllf s^ 3 nim 2016 Xoddng
Ha Idng Ca dong
Xord Xa teng Mo ndm
D I cd cdi nhta todn difn hon, chttng tdi md rfng doi tupn^ so sdnh ttt vvmg CO bdn sang cd tilng ndi ctta mft so nhdm cu ddn Ba na Bdc khdc nhu Gid, Trieng, Ro ngao, Hrd dl xem tuong quan giOa tilng ndi cdc nhdm dia phuang Xo ddng vdi nhau vd vdi cdc ngdn ngft khdc citag thufc Ba na Bdc.
Dudi day Id kit qud cy till:
Ca done SB Hre Xateng Gii TriInK Rongao Xori Mo nfim Haling
Cadong TM
91 77 75 66 60 78 76 74 72
Ha lang
68 69 62 81 73 78 61 60
Mo nim 73 77 77 S6 57 76 80
Xo ri 83 76 82 60 60 76
Rongao 79 80 74 66 66
Trieng 55 64 54 72
Gii 64 65 56
Xo teng 77 77
Hrt 80
Dilu dl ddng nhfn fliiy Id, xdt vl ti If co bdn chung, tieng Ha Idng gin vdi tilng Gid, Tiidng, Ro ngao ban Id vdi tilng ndi ctta cdc nhdm Ca dong, Xa teng, Mo ndm vd Xo rd. Ben cjinh dd, ti If ttt cttng glc gifta tilng Hre vdi Ca dong TM Ca dong SB, Ha Idng, Ma nam vd Xo id tuong duong vdi ti If ttt cttng glc gitta cdc flitt tieng ndy vdi nhau. Tuong ty, ti If ttt cttng glc gifta tilng Ro ngao vdi Ca dong TM, Ca dong SB, Ha Idng, Mo ndm, Xa rd vd Xo teng cung tuong dircmg vdi ti If trung btah ttt co bdn chung gitta cdc thtt tilng ndy vdi nhau.
Tdm I^, xdt vl ti If ttt CO bdn cttng glc, cd till ndi tilng Ca dong gin nhit vdi tilng Xa rd vd xa nhit vdi tilng Ha Idng. Tl If ttt co bdn cttng goc gitta tilng Ca dong vdi tilng ndi ctta cdc nhdm dia phuong thufc dan tfc Xo ddng flifm chl cdn fliip hon ti If ttt co bdn cing glc gitta tilng Ca dong vdi tilng Hrd hay Ra ngao. Tuang ty, ti If ttt cttng glc cdn cho thiy tieng Ha Idng gin vdi tieng Gie, Tiidng hon Id vdi cdc thtt tilng Ca dong. Ma nam, Xo teng vd Xo rd.
Trdn fliyc tl, cdc hpc gid nude ngodi khi dl cfp din cdc tfitt tilng dia phuong cua ddn tfc Xa ddng diu coi day Id nhttng ngdn ngft ridng bift, flifm chi, tilng Ha Idng dupc coi gin vdi tilng Gid hon (dilu ndy cung tittng khdp vdi kit qud thing kd ttt co bdn chung cia chung tdi) vd di den tdi Ifp cd Proto Jeh-Halang [8,157-175].
M i i quan hf... 41 Mft sl tdc gid khdc cung dd tiln hdnh thing ke ttt vvmg ca bdn chung cdc
ngdn ngtt Bahnaric theo cdc bdng ttt khdc nhau, kit qud nhu sau:
Jeh Halang Sedang Hre Rengao Bahnar Alak
Jeh 77 63 59 63
Halang
65 61 74
Sedang
68 72
Hre
72 Bahnar
57 60 57 62 67
Alak 53 50 52 53 53 55
Cua 51 54 51 49 53 48 49
Sedang Hre Todra Rengao Halang
(Gregerson, Smith and Thomas [13]
Jeh 67 59 69 68 76
Halang 70 62 72 79
Rengao 80 69 84
- bing 207 ttt) Todra
90 74
Hrd 72
(Kenneth Smith [12] - bdng 212 tCr)
Cd the thay, d bang tren, tri s6 tuy^t d6i cua ti 1$ p^in trdm tft co bdn chung c6 tiie khdc ddi chdt so vdi k^ qud theo bdng 100 tft co bdn cua chi^g
^i. Tuy nhien, ve ca bdn, cdc xu hudng chung Id khdng thay d6i: tilng Ha ldng gan tieng Gie hon la g ^ vdi cdc thu: tilng dja phuong Xo ddng khdc; tieng Xo teng gan tilng Xo rd nhit; ti 1$ tft cung goc gifta m$t so tieng dia phuong Xo ddng (Xo teng, Xa rd. Ha ldng) vdi tieng Ro ngao thgm chl cdn cao hon ti 1$ tft cftng g6c gifta m^t sh thft tilng ndy vdi nhau. Vi|c d6i chieu vdi kit qud cda m$t s6 tdc gid khdc nhu viia nSu cho phep chung toi kilm chftng m$t cdch tucmg d6i kit qud thing kS tft v\mg ca bdn cung goc cfta minh.
3. Cdc xu hirdrng biin dSi ngfr dm tiir Proto Ba na Bdc
6 p h ^ ndy, chung tdi s€ di vdo phdn tich, so sdnh cdc qua trinh biin d6i ngft am d cdc tiift tilng Ca dong, Xa teng, Xo rd. Ma ndm vd Ha ldng nhdm xdc dinh mftc d$ g4n gui cua chung (trong kit hgp xem xet vdi ti I9 tft cftng g6c). Co sd cua s\r bien dli ndy dugc chung tdi ^ttii vi tft ngdn ngft m? cua chung Id Proto Ba na Bdc, tiieo tdi l§p cua Kenneth D. Smith [11] vdi h? thing dm vi nhu sau:
H^ thong phy am don Proto Ba na Bdc
*p
•b
•m
•w
•t
•d
•n
•s
* l , ' r
*c
•i
• j i
•i
•k
•g
•0
•?
•h (KennefllD.SmiUi[ll])
42 NgSn ngft 80 3 nim 2016 Cdc dm vi phy dm don Prott) Ba na Bdc ndy, theo K.D. Smitti, cd All kit hpp vdi nhau dl t ^ ndn cdc to hpp phy dm, thi dy nhu: *?b, *hw, *hl, ?!,...
Hf thing nguyen am don Proto Ba na Bdc Cing
Ngin ' e
*i
*d Dil
•i
•e
*a
•u
•o
Loi Ngin
* • •
*i '
• u •
Dii
* i '
• e '
•a '
»u~
• o - (KennefliD. Smifli[ll])
Vl nguydn Ii, chung tdi di thn sy biin dli ttt Proto Ba na Bdc sang cdc flitt tilng dia phuong thufc Xa ddng bdng cdch kiem tia cdc dnh x? (reflexes) ttong cdc thtt tilng: Ca dong. Ha ldng, Xo rd, Xo teng vd Mo ndm.
Do I^n chl vl dung lupng citag nhu tu Ufu nghidn cuu, ching tdi khdng xem xdt todn bf qud trinh bien doi ctta hf thing ngtt dm ttt Proto Ba na Bdc din cdc flitt tilng ndu trdn md chi phdn tich mft so hifn tupng blln dli ngtt dm, dfc bift Id dli vdi phy dm culi. Nhta chung, kit qud khdo sdt cho thiy, cdc biin dli ngtt dm trong tilng Ca dong so vdi cdc thtt tilng Xo teng. Ha Idng, Xo id vd Mo ndm vtta mang nhftng dfc dilm chung, vtta cd nhttag dfc thtt ridng.
3.1. Xu hudng dan tilt hda
Tren btah difn vd ngtt dm cia ttt, ching ta diu bilt cdc ngdn ngtt Mon - Khmer hifn nay co bdn deu dS vd dang ttdi qua qud tttah don tilt hda. Tuy nhidn, hifn tt?ng cia cdc ngdn ngtt Mon - Khmer trdn qud trinh ndy I^i khdc nhau. Dli vdi cdc tiitt tilng dang xdt ttong bdi vilt ndy, flieo quan sdt ctta chttng tdi, mft sl cd vd nhu tiln xa hon tiieo xu hudng ndy hem mft sl tiitt tilng khdc, flii dy:
mau xuong ddt tdm (8) sung
PBB
*maham
*kats6p
*ta?neh
*tahi]am
*ake CdTM maham s€q neh ham ke
CdSB ham sek bnih ham ki
HI maham kasieri t9?neh tvham hsye
Xr muhem kiset]
ne?
rihem hskaj
Xt mrhew?
kvsii) tirn2j tvhew?
kaj7 Mn mvhiem krsei) dini?
dihiem yak Nhu vfy, chttng ta fliiy d tieng Ca dong, xu hudng don tiet hda rd ring hon cdc thtt tieng thufc cdc nhdm dia phucmg Xo ddng khdc. Cdc tiln dm tiet dd bi ryng di d rat nhilu tnrdng hpp, chi gift 1^ am tilt chinh hofc cdn luu 1^
diu vit d cdc t l hpp phy dm dau: hn, hp, ifci,... (Tuy rdng d tilng Ca dong TM vd Ca dong SB vin cdn luu I^ mft so lupng nhit dinh cdc tit song tilt nhu:
maham (mdu), rriirw (nghin), brduk (dg day). Mat (ring),...). Hi^tagag don tilt hda cdc ttt song tilt cung dd vd dang dien ra d cdc thtt tilng Ha Idng, Xa rd, Xo teng vd Ma ndm, nhung d mttc df tiiip hon nhilu.
Mil quan hf... 43 3.2. Cdc xu hudng hiln dli ngtt dm d dm culi
Hf thing dm culi Proto Ba na Bdc, flieo phyc nguyen cia K.D. Smith [11]
nhu sau:
• p
• m
*w
•t
• n
•I, *r
*c
• j i
•j
•jh
•j?
*k
*1
• h
•7
Cdc tu Ufu md chttag tdi cd dupc cho thiy, xu hudng bien doi ttong tilng Ca dong vtta cd nhttng tuong dong vd vtta cd nhitag khdc bift so vdi cdc thtt tilng khdc bift nhit dinh. Nhta chung, cd till chia cdc biin dli ttt phy am culi Proto Ba na Bdc din cdc thtt tilng ndy thdnh hai lo^i:
1) Bdo luu cdc dfc dilm ttt Proto Ba na Bdc 2) Cdch tdn cdc dfc dilm ttt Proto Ba na Bdc
Trong mft sl ttirdng hpp, cdc thtt tilng dang xdt vin bdo luu cdc ddc dilm cl cia dm cuii ttt Proto Ba na Bdc khd tit, tbi dy:
chgc(IO) chuii nghe sing may
PBB
•jd't
•prit
*&'!}
•aiTh
*tsii-k CdTM j6t pret t?'g rib b k
CdSB jdt priet ti-k rib hlok
HI jit priet j i f g
SYSUk Xr cdt pret tAI) reh jok
Xt cdt prit tvmar) reh s5k
Mn jit prit hmii]
reh
Tuy nhidn, d d?i da sl trudng hpp khdc, cdc tiitt tilng dang xet cd qua trinh biin doi ngft dm khdc nhau dli vdi cdc dm cuoi Proto Ba na Bdc. Nhin chung, ta cd the chia ra thdnh mft so xu hudng sau ddy:
Ddy Id cdc trudng hpp tilng Ca dong vd Ha ldng vin gift nguydn dm culi /•-h/ ttt Proto Ba na Bdc, nhung cdc thtt tieng dja phuang Xo ddng khdc 1^
thi hifn bdng cdc phy dm culi khdc nhu sau:
nfptc/vii muoi
fim
ffd ra
PBB
•tab
•?bDh
•oh
•peh
• b h CdTM toh boh toh peh b h
CdSB toh boh
?oh pih b h
HI toh boh
?oh peh bh
Xr to?
bo?
?o?
pe?
b ? Xt tlfW bv
?o pel b
Mn 1 m?
bo?
?o?
pi?
b? 1
44 Ngdn nga al 3 ntm 2016 Rd rdng Id nlu nhu dm culi /'-h/ trong Proto Ba na Bdc dupc thi hifn flidnh l-bl ttxmg tilng Ca dong TM vd Ca dong SB flti nd l?i thdnh 1-11 ttong tilng Xa rd vd Mo ndm vd /-j, -zero/ trong tilng Xo teng. Rieng tilng Ha Idng cd cdch ttng xtt vdi dm culi /•-h/ cia Proto Ba na Bdc hodn todn gilng vdi tilng Ca dong TM vd Ca dong SB.
*-k^-k
Trong trudng hpp ndy, tilng Ca dong vd Ha Idng vin gift nguydn dm culi /•-k/ ttt Proto Ba na Bdc, nhung cdc thtt tilng khdc I^ tbl hifn bdng cdc phy am culi khdc nhu sau:
nu&c khi ndn rupt rin nut
PBB
•?dak
•?d5k
•hdk
•klak
•kl5k
•i)5k CdTM dak d9k hdk klak kl9k i|3k
CdSB dak dok hdk klak klok gok
HI ndak dik hak klak klok qok
Xr dea?
do?
heo?
klea?
kio?
BO?
Xt tea to hea klea y b Oo
Mn fee?
do?
ha?
klea yb?
ao?
Trudng hpp ndy citag cho ta thiy sy phdn bift rd rdng vl xu hudng biin dli ttt l*-\J din cdc thtt tilng dia phuong Xa ddng nhu sau:
-CadongTM"!
-CadongSB I >• l*-iJ-^l-]d - Ha Idng J
-Mo nam J
-Xateng • /*-k/-•/-zero/
*-c^*- k, -c bio bdn Ihft
PBB
•bee 'lie
•sSc CdTM bek tec sek
CdSB bek tic sek
HI mbek tec h»?nec
Xr bi?
te?
Xt bie te hYneh
Mn bi?
tij?
se?
Bdng ttdn cho ching ta fliiy /•-c/ dupc thi hifn ttang tilng Ca dong TM, Ca done SB vd Ha ldng thdnh hai dnh x^ /-k/ vd l-cl. Cic dnh x^ tuong ttng ttong ti&ig Xo id. Mo ndm Id /-?/, tilng Xo teng Id /-h, -zero/.
*-jh^-jh,-h,-j
ran voi ri
PBB
•?bi-jh
•rojh
•rejh
CdTM bijh rojh reh
CdSB bijh rojh riah
HI beh ruojh rich
Xr beh raj?
re?
Xt pah raj rej
Mn beh re?
ri?
E)li vdi ttudng hpp ndy, chung ta fliiy ttong tilng Ca dong TM, Ca dong SB vd tilng ndi cdc nhdm dia phuong Xo ddng cd cdc dnh x? khd da d?ng nhu sau:
Mii quan hf.. 45 -Tilng CadongTM
-Tilng Cadong SB -Tilng Ha Idng -Tilng Xateng - Tilng Xo rd - Tilng Mo ndm
/-jh/vd/-h/
/-j/vd/-h/
. /-?/vd/-h/
y^-j.
thdng/trdng qua ngay chdy (sgi) chi xa nude bgt nguoi nau khdi ngu
-zero PBB
•kh6j
• p K i
•he~i
•adre'j
•braj
•saTnaj
•hai
•bagaj
•pai
•?nuM
•kil-i CdTM khdi pU hi dri se hnai haj manai pai pmi ku]
CdSB khdi pU hi dri si hnai haj mvnai par nui kui
HI khdi pldj ndi hadrdj brai haTnai hai mvnuih pai
?nuoi kui
Xr khe Ph hi hvdri bre hne he mune pe .poj kuj
Xt hai plai hai dilj bre?
taie?
he?
m-niE?
pe?
ooj koi
Mn khe pU hi dri bre ba?ne he brnie pe nue Qua cdc dnh x^ trong cdc thtt tilng dia phuong Xa ddng, cd thi thiy cdc ttudng hpp /•-]/ kit hpp vdi cdc nguyen dm ddng gitta vd ddng sau deu chl cd mft dnh xa Id /-j/ trong tilng Ca dong TM vd Ca dong SB. E)li vdi cdc ttudng hpp /*-j/ ket hpp vdi cdc nguydn dm ddng ttirdc, dnh x? ttong tieng Ca dong TM vd Ca dong SB Id /-j/ hofc /-zero/.
Dli vdi cdc thtt tilng dia phuong Xa ddng khdc, tilng Ha ldng cd dnh X? /-j/ cho tit cd cdc ttudng hpp, tieng Xo rd I?i ryng l*-jl tamg tat cd cdc ttirdng hpp (trtt khi /•-]/ kit hpp vdi nguydn am ddng sau ttdn mdi l*u/) cdn tilng Xa teng cd dnh x? Id /-?/ vd /-j/ vd tilng Mo ndm cd dnh x? Id /-zero/.
• Xu hudng vd Ihanh hda phg dm mOi Proto Ba na Bdc a cudi dm tiit 6 mft vdi tnrdng hpp khdc, chung tdi ghi nhfn thiy xu hudng vd flianh hda phy dm mui Proto Ba na Bdc d culi dm tilt, cy thi nhu sau:
stt 1 7.
1 4 S 6 7
»
9 10 11 12Viet
tim Idm (8) thil vdt xuong nSm nUm (fl ndne miu mtins hQl
PBB
• t i n
•liil"ni 'talmam
•kUom
*plii'm
*katse'n
•hanfim
•b«7dJni
*tii)9m
*niahiiiii
•da?bail
•klo'aii CdTM t?k hup ham hlop plep sek hnSm {]£m hndm maham bOc kl3k
CdSB tfk hup ham hlop kliem sek hnSm
« P hniim ham t^ftk klok
HI n-fn hum tvham blum plem kasieii hvnSm bv^Um hakiff) maham (}vl)8i|
riYar Xr tAI|
hum rihem thuj plem kisen hnSm
<lSm hi] am muhem nrbfti]
kloii Xt trmar) bum trhew?
hluo?
pliem kYsiii bnaw?
bvtaw?
hi] am?
mYhew?
kanwa?
Mn bmui bfrn (jibiem ()1UI|
plim krseii hnam budam hnam mvhiem dibSi) yluoi)
46 Ngan ngft so 3 nim 201<i»
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
hdnh giudng giun gan cUng dau got div cim bin (4)
•Kadim
•ISn
•sadro'ii
*kla*m
*?iu^Ti
*kra~n
•?brn
*kaii
*pun dep .1311 dnik klep jmk krirk bik kak pot
dep iraYD dnik klip jvk krfk bic kak pot
yrdim JMI hiT^Jniii kiem luon krfi]
W
kai) puon
kitim hvdroii kiem ioi) YOlfThl
ben
keii pun
katew?
hYdrSri kliem sot]
krai) b«l ksa?
bui?
yafjSm .inrnj
?idrm]
plim ion YifrihD biQ ken pun
Trong 21 trudng hpp dupc ching tdi lift ke d tren, cd tm 15/21 trudng hpp cd xu hudng cdc phy dm mui cuoi dm tilt Proto Ba na Bdc cd dnh x? Id mft phy dm vd thanh trong tieng Ca dong SB vd Cadong TM. Ddy Id dfc diem ridng cd cia tilng Cadong SB vd Cadong TM trong so sanh vdi cdc ngdn ngtt Ba na Bdc khac.
Tdm Iji, cdc xu hudng biin dli ngft am cho ta thiy, tilng Ca dong vtta chia sd nhihig dfc diem chung ctta Proto Ba na Bdc vdi cdc thtt tilng Xo teng.
Ha Idng, Mo ndm vd Xa rd, dong thdi cung cd nhttng dfc dilm bi& dli ngtt dm mang i£ic thtt rieng. Trong khi dd, xu hudng biin dli ngft dm cia tilng Ha ldng gin tilng Ca dong han Id vdi Xa teng, Xa rd vd Mo ndm cdn xu hudng biin dli ngft dm cia tilng Xo rd cd phin gin tilng Ma ndm ban Id vdi tilng Xa teng.
4. Kit lufn
Phin tdnh bdy d ttdn cho fliiy mft sl dilm ddng chi y ve tilng Ca dong ttong mil quan hf vdi tilng ndi cdc nhdm dia phuang fliufc ddn tfc Xa ddng nhu sau:
Thtt nhit, tilng Ca dong gin vdi tilng Xa rd nhit vl tft vyng co bdn. Ti If ttt CO ban cimg glc lan lupt thip vdi cac thtt tilng Xo teng, Mo ndm va Ha Idng. Cdc ti If ndy cung tuong ttng vdi ti If ttt cttng glc gitta cdc ngdn ngtt khdc nhau.
Thtt hai, vl xu hudng biin dli ngft am, dya tidn kit qud khdo sdt cia cdc nghien ettu di ttudc vl sy biin ddi vl dm culi, ching tdi nhfn fliiy xu hudng blln doi cia tilng Ca dong khdc bift so vdi cdc flitt tilng: Xo teng, Xo rd. Mo nam vd Ha ldng. Tuy nhien, xdt vl mttc df gin gui, cd till fliiy tilng Ha Idng cd xu hudng biin dli ngtt dm gin vdi xu hudng biin dli ngtt dm ctta tieng Ca dong hon cd.
Thtt ba, xu hudng blln dli ngft am cia cdc tii song tilt ttt Prott) Ba na Bdc din tilng Ca dong trong so sdnh vdi xu hudng biin dli ngtt dm cia cdc ttt song tilt ttt Prott) Ba na Bdc den cdc thtt tilng Xo teng. Ha ldng. Mo ndm vd Xo rd cho thiy, tieng Ca dong dd tien xa hon ttong qud tttah don tilt hda. Ttt nhttng nfi dung dd ndu d tten, chung ta cd thi di tdi nhfn dinh idng tieng Ca dong gin vdi tilng Ha Idng hon cd trong cdc tiitt tilng dia i*uong Xo ddng. Cdc ttitt tilng dia phuong Xo ddng khdc nhu Xa teng, Mo ndm vd Xo rd cung cd miic df gin gui vdi tilng Ca dong tiiip hon. Trong ba flitt tieng dia phuang ndy, tilng Xo id vd Mo ndm cung cd xu hudng gin nhau hon Id vdi tilng Xo teng.
M6i quan hg... 47 Co th^ sa dS hoa mijrc dg g ^ gui giita tieng noi cua cdc nh6m dja phuang
thu$c d&i t^c Xo dSng nhu sau:
Cac tieng dja phuong Xa dSng
Ca dong Ha lang
Ma'nam Xateng Xard
Trong nhttag nghien cxm tiep theo, chiing toi sS tilp t\ic tim hieu cac d$c diem ve xu hucmg biin doi ciia phy am dau vk nguyen am tii Proto Ba na BSc dea cac tiiu tieng (^a phuang Xa ( ^ g nhSm \km r8 hon nOa m6i quan h$ gifla cac thii tilng n^y.
TAI LISU THAM KHAO Tilng Vi^t
1. Le Dong, T9 Vin Thdng, TiengXaBdng. Nxb VHTT, H., 2008.
2. T? van Thdng, NgUphdp tiing Ca dong, Q u ^ g Nam, 2011.
3. Tg VSn Thong, Ngfi vung Vi^t - Ca dong vd Ca dong - Vi^t, Q u ^ g Nam, 2011.
4. Tg van Thdng, Le Dong, Tie diin Vi^t - Xa ddng, Nxb VHTT, H., 2008.
Tieng Anh
5. David Ihomas, Basic vocabulary in some Mon-Khmer languages, Antiiropological Linguistics, 1960.
6. David Thomas, Mon-Khmer subgroiqiings in Vietnam, \n Zide (ed.), 1966.
7. David Thomas and R. K. Headley, More on Mon-Khmer subgroupings. Lingua, N. 25.4,1970.
8. David Thomas and Marilyn Smith, Proto-Jeh-Halang, Zeitschrift fiir Phonetik, Sprachwissenschaft und Kommunikationsforschung, 20: 157-175,1967.
9. Gerard Difflotii, Reffsters, devoisement, timbres voailiques: lew histoire en Ke^ouique, Mon-khmer Studies 11,1982.
10. Gerard Diffloth and N. Zide, Austro-Asiatic languages. International Encyclopedia of Linguistics, W. Bright, (ed.), Oxford University Press, Vol. I, pp. 137 - 42, New York. 1992.
11. Krainedi D. Smith, A phtmological reconstruction ofProto-North-Bahnaric, Dallas, Summer Institute of Linguistics, 1972.
12. Kennetii D. Smith, A lexico-statistical Study of 45 Mon-Khmer Languages, Linguistics Across Comments, Vol. 2, pp. 180-205,1981.
13. Kenneth Gregerson, Kenneth Smith and David Thomas, The place of Bahnar within Bahnaric, Oceanic Linguistics Special PubUcation 13, University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, pp. 371-406,1976.
!4. Morris Swadesh, Lexico dating of ethnic contact. Proceeding of American pholosophical Society, vol 96, no 4, 1952.
15. Sidwell, Paul, Genetic classification ofthe Bahnaric languages: a comprehensive review. MKS, V. 32, pp. 1 - 24,2002.
16. Tefiy Crowley, An introduction to historical linguistics, 3d ed., Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 1997.