C A C F T A T H E H E MOI C t l A V I £ T N A M
M O T S 6 V A N Dfe LY L U A N Vfe KTFP DINH THUONG MAI TU D O T H g H £ MCtt: KHI MUC TIEU
K H O N G CHI LA T U D O HOA THUONG MAI
V t n K I M N G A N * Klioa Lujt, micing D^i hoc Ngo^i Thuong Faculty of Law, Foreign Trade University Email: [email protected] vn P H A M H O N G S O N Sinh vien, ti-U6ng Dai hoc Ngoai ThiiOng
Student, Foreign Trade University Email: [email protected] T o m tat
Bdi viit tnnh hdy nhUng vdn d'^ l^ Iu4n chung vS hiip dinh thuang m^i ttf do tM H mdi, tu qua tnnh Uinh thdnh vd phdt tnin, nhQng die tmng cd bdn cho d6i xu hu6ng ddm phdn, kf Mt FTA trong tuang lai. Bin c^nh vi^cphdn tich nhdng diim "mdi" cita cdc FTA ndy so vdi FTA thi hi trudc, bdi viit cang cht ra rdng, trong bii cdnh cdc cudc ddm phdn tif do hda thuang m^i da biin dang ldm vdo bitdc nhu hiin nay, viic kf kit FTA thiM mdi co thi dugc xem Id gidi phdp cho nhUng mong muin duac hdi nhdp sdu vd rdng han nUa vdo nin kinh ti todn cdu ciia cdc nuSc thdnh vi&n WTO.
Til k h o a : FTA tkihi mdi, hdi nhdp khu vifc, WTO+, WTO-X, CPTPP, EVFTA A b s t r a c t
The following article presents general theoretical issues of new genciation jru ttade agreements, from the process offormation and development, basic charactensita, to the tiend of negotiating and signing FTAs in thefuture. Besides the analysis on tlie "neiv" points of these FTAs compared to previous generations, the article abo points out that, in the context of the negotiations on liberalization of multilateral trade that are cunently m a deadlock, the signing of "new generation" FTAs can be considered as a solution to the desire of deeper and broader integration into the global economy of IVTO member countnes
K e y w o r d s : rmvgeneration FTAs, regional integration, WT04-, WTO-X, CPTPP, EVFTA N g a y n h a n b a i : 1 5 / 2 / 2 0 1 9 N g a y d u y e t d a n g : 2 5 / 3 / 2 0 1 9
1. L u o c s a h i n h t h a n h v a p h a t t r i ^ n c i i a c a c h i e p d i n h t h U d n g m a i t u d o t h ^ h e m d i
C u m tti H i e p d i n h T h a O n g m a i t u d o {Free Trade Agreement, F T A ) cd l e d a k h 6 n g c o n q u a x a la t r o n g b 6 i c a n h hOi n h a p k i n h t ^ k h u vUc n g a y c a n g p h a t t r i ^ n sau r d n g t r o n g v o n g 3 0 n a m trci lai d a y , T r d n t h u c tg", n h a n g h m h t h a i dUu t i e n ciia cac F T A ra d 5 i til k h o a n g the' k ^ t h t i 1 8 , 19, ttic la rSt l a u t n i d c k h i H i 6 p d i n h c h n n g v'e t h u d ' q u a n va t h i i O n g m a i ( G A T T ) r a d d i v a c h i n h t h t i c c o h i e u Iric v a o n a m 1 9 4 8 , ' T u y v a y , t r o n g
* Nghien ctiu nay diidc tai trt? bcli Quy Phat tri^n khoa hoc va c6ng nghe qu6'c gia (NAFOSTED) trong dfe tai ma s6 505,01-2018.01,
' Xem them tai: World Trade Organization, World Trade Report, II. The WTO and preferential trade agreements, 2011, tr. 48-54.
4 TAP CHl KHOA H p c PHAP LY VlgT NAM SO 03(124)/ZI^^
khudn kh6 bai vift niy, ngudi vift chi tjp trung p h i n tich cic FTA ra tlBi ta nhang n i m 1930 t r i di, bdi cOng chinh tti thai d i l m niy cic FTA i' phit triln m^nh me v i co nhting budc chuyin nunh cin b i n lim nfen tang cho sU hlnh thinh cila cac hitp dinh thuong mai tu do - FTA the' hi null-
1.1. Qud trinh phdt trUn ciifl cdc hiep dinh thucfng mai t^ do Sa ra ddi va p h i t t r i l n cua cic FTA trudc FTA t h i h i mdi eflng g i n liin vdi qua trinh p h i t t r i l n ciia thudng mai t h i gidi va cd tn ducjc chia thanh ba giai doan chmh: tM nhdt, til sau cudc dai Ichilng hoang 1929 - 1933 d i n trudc n i m 1947 - khi G A T T ra ddi; tM hai, ta n i m 1947 d i n h i t nhUng n i m 1980; v i thii ba, til n h a n g nam 1990 d i n nay.
• Ciai doan 1: ta nhUng nam 1930 d i n trade khi G A T T ra ddi Bdi canh hch sa t h i gidi hau t h i chiln cung nhu hau qui cua cudc dai khung hoang diu n h a n g nam 1930 i n h hudng manh d i n hinh thai thudng mai qudc t l . (3 giai doan nay, cic qudc gia cd xu h a d n g di theo chu nghia bao hd vdi nhigu hinh thiic rao can thudng mji dudc lip nIn.
Tuy nhiin, cOng chinh vile dang lin cic rio cin n i y d i k h i l n cho cdng cuOc tai thilt n I n kinh t l t h i gidi sau chiln tranh v i k h i n g hoang gap n h i i u khd khin. C i c FTA trong giai doan nay cd sd ludng rit ban chf, vdi nOi dung c h i y l u h a d n g tdi cat giam t h u l quan v i do cic qudc gia g i n gai v l vj tri dia Iy thoa t h u i n trong giao djch thUdng mai d l tao cac Uu dai cho nhau. Gang vdi cic thda t h u i n uu dai song phudng v i n h i i u b i n , nhu cSu v l mdt blip dinh cd tinh da phUdng trong cit giam t h u l quan va cic rio can thUdng mai khac eflng ngiy cang gia ting.
• Gwi doan 2: ta n i m 1947 d i n eudi n h a n g n i m 1980 K l ta khi GATT ra ddi vao nam 1947, t h a o n g mai qudc t l cd n h a n g budc phat triln manh m l va h i n tuc theo hudng ta do hda t h d n g qua cae vdng dam phin. Ket qua cUa n h a n g nd lac dd la mdt ludng ldn cic hang rio t h u l quan v i sau nay l i ea cic rao can phi t h u l quan d i duoc dd bd giaa cic b i n ky kft G A T T . M i e du vay, d i n gifla n h a n g n i m 1970, do phai chiu su tic ddng tiiu cac ta cudc khung hoang kinh t l , khung hoang diu md, xu h a d n g ta do hda cd p h i n chang lai. O giai doan nay, sd laong cic FTA v i n cdn k h i l m tdn, mdt p h i n la do cha nghia khu vUe chaa phat triln manh me v i quan trong hdn, cic nguyen tie ta do hda thuong mai da daoe b i o dam ehfl y l u bdi G A T T n i m 1947 nhd sa tbam gia tich cae vdi sd laong ngay cang ting len efla eac qude gia trong cie vdng dam p h i n . N d i dung efla cac FTA trong giai doan niy taong tu n h a cie vi'n dS duoc dam p h i n trong G A T T , chii y l u v i n la cit glim t h u l quan va ed md rdng sang c i cie rao can phi t h u l quan khic. Tinh d i n cudi nhflng nam 1980 mdi ehi ed k h o i n g 40
C A C F T A T H E Hfi M O I C t J A V I $ T N A M FTA dUdc ky ka.^
• Giai do<}.n 3: tii n h a n g nam 1990 de'n nay
Cd th^ ndi, sii bting nd ve sd luong cac FTA bat d'au di^n ra vao nhflng nam 90 ciia th^ kf X X . Giai doan nay chiing kie'n sy ra dcil cila mdt loat cac FTA quan trong va cd t'am anh hudng ldn de'n cac FTA vfe sau.
Ve mat kinh te', tU do hda thnong m^ii khu viJc dilOc xem la ddng lr(c d^ dem de'n md:c tang trddng kinh te' dang ki. Ben canh loi I'ch kinh t^, cac qudc gia cilng cd th^ co them ddng lUc ve mat chinh trj trong khi theo dudi muc tidu hdp tac kinh te' qudc te siu rdng hon. Vi du di^n hinh la M E R C O S U R - mdt hen minh thue quan dildc thanh lap nam 1991 vdi cac thanh vien ban d^u bao gdm Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay va Uruguay - vdi mong m u d n thiic d^y nfen cdng hda tai cac qudc gia nay.
Mat khac, viec sd luong cic FTA hiing nd cd th^ la do srf b ^ tac keo dai cua cac cudc dam phan da bien trong khudn khd Vong Doha ciia W T O . Day la vong dam phan d'au tien dilOc khdi xudng ke til khi W T O diiOc thanh lap nhiing cho d^n nay vSn chiia cd d^u hieu se sdm k^t thiic hay dat diiOc sii ddng thuan tU cic thanh vien cho cac van de trong chiiOng trmh nghi sfl. Mat khac, cac FTA cdn diiOc md rdng v'e khdng gian dia ly. Ne'u nhfl cac FTA thdi ky trfldc dfldc khuye'n khich bdi cac qudc gia gan gui v'e vi tn' dia ly, bfldc sang giai doan nay, FTA cd th^ bao gdm hai hoac nhifeu hon cac thanh vien khdng k'e can vb dia \f.
Ctmg vdi sfl tang trfldng vh sd luong, cac FTA trong giai doan nay da trd nen da d^ng hon, pham vi difeu chinh md rdng sang thfldng mai dich vfl, khia canh thfldng mai ciia quyfen sd hflu tri tue, d'au tfl va tham chf la cac v i n d'e phi thfldng mai khac khdng thude pham vi di'eu chinh truy'en thdng cua W T O nhfl mdi trfldng va lad ddng,
1.2. Su hinh thanh va phdt tri^n cAa cdc hiSp dinh thuong m^i ttf do thi'hi mdi
Cac FTA th^ he mdi bat d^u hinh thanh trong giai doan thfl ba k^
tren, song song vdi mdt sd FTA truy'dn thdng khac.
N d i dung ciia cac FTA the' he mdi da dfldc md rdng di khdng chi diing lai d cac cam ke't truy'en thdng v'e thflc Aiy tfl do hda thfldng mai hang hda, dich vu ma cdn cd ca cac ndi dung, yeu c'au mdi ma the' he cac FTA trfldc dd hay ca trong khudn khd G A T T / W T O cung chfla quy dinh. Pham vi cam ket ciia FTA da bao gdm ca nhflng linh vflc nhfl thuan loi hda thfldng mai, hoat ddng d^u tfl, mua sam chinh phii, chinh sach canh tranh, cac bien phap phi thue' quan, thfldng mai dich Xem tai: https://www,wto,org/enghsh/tratop_e/region„e/rta_pta_e htm, truy cjp n p y 28/12/2018.
6 TAP CHI KHOA HQC PHAP LY V1$T NAM S6 03(124)/2Q19 vu, quyfen sd hflu tn' tue, cac cd ch^ giai quye't tranh ch^p dfldc ddi mdi, nhflng quy dinh ve lao ddng, mdi trfldng, tham chi cdn cd ca van de dan ehfl, nhan quyfen, chd'ng tham nhflng... Nhflng FTA nhfl vay dfldc bi^t den nhfl mot th^ he cac FTA mdi. Xu th^ hien t^i cho thiy cac FTA the' he mdi se ngay cang phat tri^n manh me ca v'e sd Ifldng va cac linh vflc ma nd difeu chinh, n h i t la khi cudc chie'n thfldng mai My - Trung chfla cd hbi k^t va nd Iflc tfl do hda thfldng m^i trong khudn khd W T O vdn chfla cd da'u hieu khdi sac.
2. Khai n i e m va cac dac trung co ban cua hiep dinh thuong m a i tu do the he m d i
2.1. Khdi niim
FTA cd th^ dfldc hi^u la mdt thda thu^n gifla cac ben ky k^t nham cat giam va xda bd rao can trong hoat ddng thfldng mg.i (hang hda va dich Vfl) gifla cac qudc gia, d i n de'n viec thanh lap mdt khu vflc mau dich tfl do raa trong dd, cac ben ky k€t van gifl nguyen nhflng chi'nh sach thfldng m p ddi vdi cac ben thii ba khdng la thanh vien ciia khu vflc man dich tfl do.^ Tren cd sd dd, FTA the' he mdi dfldc hi^u la cac FTA chfla dflng cac quy dinh vflOt ra khdi khudn khd phap ly di'Su chinh hoat ddng thfldng mai hien tai. Cac quy dinh nay cd th^ dfldc chia thanh hai nhdm: mdt la, n h d m cam ke't sau hOn nhflng quy djnh da cd trong khudn khd W T O va cac FTA trfldc day (WTO plus/
W T O + ) ; va hai Id, nhdm cam k^t ddi vdi nhflng ndi dung nam ngoai pham vi di'eu chinh efla W T O hojc cac v i n dB phi thfldng mai khac ( W T O - e x t r a / W T O - X ) . Theo dd, cac FTA chfla dflng cae yS'u td W T O - X h o i c cd th^ cd them y^u td W T O + dfldc gpi vdi cai ten la FTA thi he mdi.
'V'e cd ban, thujt ngfl FTA the' he mdi dfldc sfl dung la hoan toan mang tinh tfldng ddi de chi nhflng FTA cd nOi dung difeu chinh mci rdng ra ngoai ph^tm vi "truyen thd'ng". O mdt chting mflc nhat dinh, viec sfl dung thuit ngfl nhfl vay chfla phan anh dfldc pham vi di'eu chinh sau va rong efla cac FTA nay. Cac hoc gia thfldng sii dung FTA nhfl la ten gpi chung nhat cho cac loai hiep dinh qudc t^ cd mue tieu hudng
^ The Islamic Centre for Development of Trade & The Islaimc Development Bank Group, Preiiminaty study on the new generation of free trade agreements and their impact on mtra-OIC trade, 09/2015, tr. 9-15, Ben c^nh do. Lien minh chue' quan {Custom Union) la mdt hinh thtic hen ke't kinh t^ khu vUc s4u hOn so vdi FTA, trong do bfin c^nh viec xda bo hang rao thue quan gjaa cac ben ky kft thi cac qudc gia nay cting nhau ap dt^ng chung mdt chinh sach thuf quan ddi vdi cac nUdc thtJ ba. Tht cnjdng chung {Common Market) la hlnh thrJc ken ke't dUa tren cac difeu kien ciia hen minh thu^ quan kft h^p vdi sU xda bo ctia nhiJng rao can khac vfe si} di chuydn tu do cua hkng hda va dich vu, lao d^ng va vdn giCa cac ben ky ke't, vi dii nhti thi talcing chung chau Au.
CAC FTA THE HB MOI C O A V I $ T NAM
tdi tfl do hda thfldng mai, cdn cum tfl "hiep dinh thfldng mai tfl do th^ he m d i " dilc^c xem la sii phat tri^n di len ciia eac hiep dinh thfldng mai tfl d o / flu dai truy'dn thdng. Tren thflc t^', cac qudc gia cd th^ ky ke't cac hiep dinh c6 cung muc tieu nhfl viy vdi rit nhiSu ten gpi khac nhau nhu: Hiep dinh ddi tac kinh te' (Economic Partnership Agreement);
Hiep dinh H d p tac kinh te' (Closer Economic Coorperation Agreement);
Hiep dinh khung vt hpp tac kinh te toan dien (Framework Agreement on Comprehensive Economic Cooperation)...
N h i n chung, sfl khac biet can ban gifla cac FTA "truyfen thdng" va FTA "the he m d i " d^n tfl ph^m vi di'eu chinh. Tha nhdt, cic FTA the' he mdi cd pham vi di'eu chinh bao gdm ca cac ndi dung phi thfldng mai nhfl: lao ddng, mdi trfldng, cam ke't phat tri^n ben vflng, quan tri... , Thit hai, so vdi cac FTA trfldc day va cac hiep dinh cua W T O , cac FTA th^
he mdi bao gdm eac ndi dung mdi hdn nhfl: dau tfl, canh tranh, mua s£m edng, thfldng mai dien tfl, khuye'n khich sfl phat tri^n efla doanh nghiep vfla va nhd, hd trp ky thuat cho cac nfldc dang phat tri^n eflng nhfl danh thdi gian chuydn ddi htip ly d^ nfldc di sau c6 th.i dieu chinh chi'nh sach theo Id trinh phu hdp vdi trinh dd phat tri^n efla minh... . Thii ba, cac ndi dung da cd trong cac FTA trfldc day va eac hiep dinh ciia W T O nay dflpc xii ly sau sac hdn trong cac FTA the' he mdi nhfl: thfldng mai hang hda, thfldng mai dich vu, quyfen sd hflu tri tue (IPR) (vdi " T R I P S + / T R I P plus"), tfl ve thfldng mai, quy tac xuit xfl... Vi du, trong cac FTA th^
he mdi, vt thfldng mai hang hda, phan ldn hang nhap khau se dfldc Idai bd thue quan; v'e thfldng mai dich vfl va bien phap d'au tfl lien quan den thfldng mai, cac cam k^t deu cao hdn so vdi cam k^t WTO."^
2.2. D4c trung
Cd th^ nhan thiy, cac FTA the' he mdi cd die di^m chung ve mflc dd tfl do hda sau, pham vi cam ke't rdng nhflng eflng hnh hdat, cd nhi'eu cam ket v'e th^ che' va cd che giai quydt tranh chip rieng, cd ch^ giam sat thflc thi chit che hdn, va cac ddi tac d'eu la nhflng n'en kinh te ldn ed trinh dp phat trien hang d'au the' gidi.
(i) Miic dd tif do hoa thuang mai sdu
Cic nfldc tham gia FTA thd he mdi thfldng hfldng tdi mflc dd tfl dd hda thfldng mai siu sac hdn nhflng cam ke't da cd trfldc dd, k^ ca trong khudn khd W T O hay cac FTA "truyen thdng". DiSu nay dfldc th^ hien d ndi dung dam phan va cam ke't de xoa bd phan ldn cac ddng thue ma quan trong hdn la xda bd ngay lap tflc phan ldn cac rao can thue quan nay tai thdi di^m FTA cd hidu Ifle.
^ Nguyen Thanh Tam, "Tdng quan vS cac FTA th^ he mdi". Tap chi Gido due vd xa h^i, htq)://giaoducvaxahoi,vn/tm-phap-luat/t-ng-quan-v-cac-fta-th-h-m-i.html, truy c^p ngay 28/12/2018.
TAP CHI KHOA rtt^c J-tiAj-1.1 vxipi
O cac FTA th^ he trfldc, tai thdi di^m ky k^t, cac qu6c gia thfldng khdng cam k^t d^ lap tflc xda bd p h i n ldn cac ddng thu^ chd cac qudc gia khac trong khd'i FTA. Tieu bi^u nhu NAFTA,^ tai thdi di^m cd hidu Iflc, Mexico mdi chi xda bd 50% cac ddng thue' dd'i vdi hang hda cdng nghiep nhap k h i u tfl My. Trong vdng 10 nam ki tfl khi NAFTA cd hieu Iflc (nam 1994) thi tit ca eac ddng thud quan ddi vdi hang hda cdng nghiep xuit khiu mdi dfldc xda bd giua cac qudc gia Bac My, va mdt vai ddng thue" ddi vdi hang ndng nghiep xuit khiu tfl My sang Mexico dupc xda bd trong thdi han len tdi 15 nam.^ Trong CPTPP, cac nfldc thanh vien cam ke't xda bd rao can thue quan cho Viet N a m ngay sau khi Hiep dinh cd hieu Ifle' cho khoang tfl 78 - 95% sd dong thud trong bidu thud va de'n cudi li> trinh giam thue se xda bd ddn 97 - 100% sd ddng thue' trdng bi^u thue'. NgU0c lai, Vidt Nam eflng cam ke't Uu dai thud quan chd cae nfldc thude CPTPP len tdi 65.8% sd ddng thud dupc loai bd (tflc thuS' suit 0%) ngay khi Hiep dinh ed hidu Iflc, va tfl n i m thfl 11 thi 97.8% sd ddng thu^
se CO thud suit bang 0%.^ Ngoai ra, Hiep dinh EVFTA hfldng tdi mflc dd xda bd thud n h i p khiu ldn tdi 99.2% sd ddng thud chd Viet Nam (trong didu kidn hang hda xuit k h i u sang EU thda man quy tic xuat xfl).^
(ii) Pham vi cam kit bao triim, todn diin
Su bao trflm, toan dien eda cac FTA thd hidn d nhflng linh vflc ma cae ben ky kdt trong FTA the' he mdi. So vdi cac FTA "truydn thdng"
thudng ehi dflng lai d cic cam kdt Uu dai vd thUdng m^i hang hda hoac thfldng mai dieh vfl, cac FTA thd he mdi cdn md rdng ph^tm vi cam kdt tdi ca nhflng ndi dung phi thUdng mai vi dfl nhfl thd chd thi, trfldng, doanh nghidp nha nfldc, mua sim cdng... nham tao mdi trfldng kinh doanh minh b^ch va c^nh tranh cdng bang. Cac hiep dinh nay bao
^ NAFTA duoc bift de'n la mdt trong sd nhdng FTA sdm nhat cd them nhUng diSu khoan quy djnh ve djch vu. Day la FTA da phudng giaa ba ntldc Canada, My va Mexico, duoc ky ke't ngay 12/8/1992, hi$u lijc til n ^ y 1/01/1994. NOi dung eda hiep dinh nay giiip cho 3 nudc My, Canada va Mexico trao ddi thiiOng m p duoc thuSn tien Cy tii6, My va Canada cd th^ de dang chuydn giao cdng ngh? sang Mexico va Mexico cung di dang chuydn giao ngubn nh&n Ivfc sang hai nUdc kia. Ngoai ra, liiep djnh nay con giiip cho 3 ndde cd kha nang canh tranh tren thi trUdng th^ gidi ve kinh te vdi cac khdi nhd EU, AFTA, Xem: Phgm Quang Dieu, "NAFTA sau 10 nhang mang mau sang tdi", Tmng tdm Thdng tin Phdt triin ndng (hdn, 2004.
* NAFTA Key Provisions, https://www.iatp.org/sites/default/files/NAFTA_Key_
Provisions.htm, truy cj.p ngay 03/12/2018,
^ Hiep dinh CPTPP da chi'nh chiic cd hieu ]yc til ngay 30/12/2018, http://entemews vn/cptpp-chinh-thuc-co-hieu4uc-niem-tin-duoc-nhom4en-giua-cai-lanh-xung- dot-thuong-mai-142873.html, truy cap ngay 31/12/2018
* VCC!, "Cam nang doanh nghiep T d m lildc Hiep dinh Ddi cac xuyen Thai Binh Duong TPP", 01/2017.
' Nguyen Trpng Diep, "ThUc den thi hanh phap luat vfe t h u o i ^ m^ti tai Viet Nam hien nay dudi goc nhin tham chie'u vdi ySu cau ciia cac hiep djnh thuong mai cu do (FTA) th^ he mdi". Tap chi Khoa hpc Dai hoc qudcgia Hd Ndi: Lu4t hgc, 2018, t^p 34, sd 2, tr. 63.
t-iAt. 1-1A I H t H t MOI CtTA VlfeT N A M
gdm ca cac ndi dung tuy khdng phai la thflOng mai trflc tidp nhflng cd hdn quan ddn thfldng m?i, nhu diu thau, mdi trfldng, sd hflu tri tud, lao ddng va cdng doan. C i c ndi dung nay dfldng nhfl khdng hen quan nhidu tdi v i n d'd vd thfldng mai qudc td, t h i m chi v i n dd ve tieu chuin lao ddng va v i n dd mdi trfldng da tflng dflpc dfla ra khdi Chflpng trinh nghi Sfl thfldng mai toan ciu kd tfl Hdi nghi Seattle cua W T O n i m 1999, bdi cic nfldc dang phat tridn liie dd td ra nghi ngai rang Udu day cd phai la nhflng "hang rao bao hd mdi".^° Song, vdi sfl p h i t tridn cua xu thd toan cau hda va hfldng tdi vide b i d dam mdi trfldng canh tranh edng bang gifla cac ben trong quan he thfldng mai, eflng nhfl nh^m dap flng muc tidu p h i t tridn bdn vflng ciia Lidn hdp qudc, viee dua them eac v i n dd phi thflOng mai vao dam phan FTA thd he mdi da va dang trd thanh xu hfldng trdn thd gidi trong nhflng nam gan day.
Ciii^ Cdc FTA thihS mdi co ySu cdu cao han, ca chi gidm sdt chdt che han vd CO CO chi gidi quyit tranh chdp riing bi^t
Cic FTA thd hd mdi cd mflc dd tfl do hda thfldng mai sau va pham vi cam kdt rdng, tao di'eu kien cho ndn kinh td trd ndn cdi md hdn bao gid het. Di k e m vdi dd eflng la nhflng didu kidn vd cung chat che dd cd thd dat duoc nhflng flu dai ma nhflng hidp dinh nay dem lai. Vi dfl, EVFTA hfldng tdi xda bd thud nhap k h i u ldn tdi 99,2% sd ddng thud;
tuy nhidn, dd dflpc hfldng mUc flu dai nay, hang xuit khiu sang E U c'an thda man quy tac x u i t xfl. Ndu khdng, hang xuat khiu efla Vidt Nam sang E U se chi dUde hudng mflc thud M F N ehfl khdng phai la mflc thud suit 0% theo t h d i t h u i n trdng EVFTA.'' Ddi vdi C P T P P , de bao dam vide thflc thi dflng va d^y dfl cac cam kdt, Hidp dinh nay dfla ra nhidu hinh thflc kidm soat qua trinh thuc thi efla cac thanh vidn, trong dd cd viec thanh lap H d i ddng Ddi tic xuydn Thai Binh Dudng va thidt lap Co chd giai quydt tranh chip cap nha nudc. Cflng c'an n h i n manh rang C P T P P cd ca quy dinh Cfl the vd cd chd' giai quye't tranh chip ei'p nha nfldc gifla cic nfldc thanh vien C P T P P va giai quydt tranh chip gifla nha nudc - nha d'au tfl nfldc ngoai ma cd chd giai quydt tranh chip trong W T O chfla cd. Bdn canh dd cdn cd cac ndi dung lidn quan tdi cd che giai quydt tranh chip song phfldng. Trong mdt sd chflOng cua Hidp dinh (vi du SPS, T B T , mua sim edng, lao ddng...) cflng cd cac hinh thflc khac dd bao dam thflc thi bdn canh hinh thflc ehung ap dung cho toan bo cic v i n dd thuOc pham vi didu chinh efla CPTPP nhfl cae ily ban chuydn mdn, cd chd giai quyd't tranh chip dac thu...
Xem t^. helps://www. vi'Co.oi^english/thewto_e/nitntst_e/min99_e/english/about_e/
resum02_e.htm, truy cip i i ^ y 03/12/2018.
Dang Th; Huyen Anh, "Hiep dinh EVFTA va mdt sd van d'e dat ra doi vdi xu&
kh^u ciia Viet Nam vao thj trudng EU", 01/10/2017.
1 0 T ^ P CHI K H O A MUtj F ± i A f L y Vlfc'i' NAivi S O 0 3 ( 1 2 4 ) / ^ , ^ So vdi cac cd ch« b i o dam thilc thi ciia W T O , cac cd chf b i o dam thuc thi trong C P T P P da dang hon va chat che hOn. DiSu nay tao cho cac nudc thanh vign C P T P P kha nang giam sat tdt hon viec thtfc thi C P T P P cua cac nudc khac, dftng thdi cung dat mdi nudc CPTPP dUdi silc ep phai thuc thi diing C P T P P . ' -
(iv) FTA tMhl mdi co cdc thanh viin Va nin kinh tddn hang ddu thf gidi D^y cung cd the coi la mgt dac t m n g ciia cac FTA the he mdi, boi thdng thudng se cd it nhat m o t bgn trong cac hiep dinh thf he mdi nay la cac nf n kinh tf diing dau thf gidi, chifm mpt t^ trgng ldn trong GDP va thudng mai toan ciu. Cd the kf dfn nhu IVly, E U ddi vdi Hiep dinh T h u o n g mai tu do xuyfn Dai Tay D u d n g (TTIP) dang trong qui trinh dam phan, chifm tdi 60% GDP toan thf gidi v i 33% thudng mai hang hda trfn toan can; hay C P T P P vdi 11 nudc thanh vifn, chifm khoang 13.4% GDP thf gidi va la khu vUc mau dich tu do ldn thil ba trfn thf gidi hifn tji, chi sau N A F T A va thi trudng chung chau A u . " D6i vdi cac cudng qudc kinh tf nhu My va EU, vifc ky kft cac FTA thf hf mdi con la cd hgi df cac nudc nay "ap dat" nhung quy dinh nam ngoai pham VI diSu chinh ciia W T O If n cac ddi tie thudng m p cila minh, sau khi da khdng thanh cdng trong vifc dua chung vao chUdng trinh nghi sU cua cic cudc dam phan trong khudn khd W T O . "
3. N d i dung va x u h o d n g phat trif'n ciia cac h i f p dinh t h u d n g mai tu do trong thdi gian tdi
3.1. Cdc ndi dung ca hdn cita hiep dinh thuong tni^i ttf do th^hi tndi Cic hif p dinh thudng mai tu do thf hf mdi duoc danh gii la nhung hifp dtnh toan difn hOn, khdng chi bd hep trong thuong mji va cac bien phap dau tu hf n quan dfn thudng mai nhU cac FTA thf hf cu, ma hudng tdi vifc b i o dim c5n bang loi ich thdng qua nhUng cam kft md cila thi trudng sau rdng trfn nhifu linh vUc nham tao ra mdt mdi trudng kinh doanh minh bach va canh tranh cdng bang. Bf n canh cic ndi dung truyin thdng ciia FTA ndi chung, FTA thf he mdi cdn ham chila cac quy djnh difu chinh cic v£n de thude nhdm W T O + va/ hoac W T O - X ~ nhUng ndi dung tuy khdng phii la thudng mai true tifp nhung cd lif n quan dfn hoat ddng thudng mai nhu da'u thau, moi trudng, sd hUu tri tuf, lao ddng va cdng doan. Ban vf pham vi dieu chinh cua cac FTA thf hf mdi, 1^ VCCI, Hiep dinh B6i tdc torn dim vd ti6i bd xuy^n Thdi B'liih Duong, Tdm tdt Chuong 28
- Gidi iinyk tranh chdp, httpsV/www.m&t.govc.nz/assets/Trans-Pacific-Partnership/
Text/28 -Dispute-Settlement-Ch3pcer.pdf, tmy cap ngay 28/12/2018.
" Xem them tai; littps://tliediplomat.com/2018/()2/tpp-2-0-tlie-<ieal-without-tlie- us/, tmy cip ngay 03/12/2018. j , 1 , , TOTOJ A„
'< Hennk Hom, Petros C. Mavroidis and Andre Sapir, 'Beyond the W l " . " "
anatomy of EU and US preferential trade agreements", Bmegel Bluepnnl Sena, 2009, Volume VII, tr. 20-28.
CAC FTA T H £ H $ Mdi CtlA int.T NAM
H o r n , Mavroidis va Sapir da tifn hanh nghifn cilu trfn nhifu hifp dinh khac nhau (14 hifp dmh ciia Lif n minh chSu Au va 14 hiep d m h cua My) trudc khi dua ra danh sach 14 n h d m h n h vUc trong khudn khd W T O + va 38 linh vuc thudc W T O - X cd trong cac FTA dd (xem Bdng 1).
Bdng 1: Phdn loai cdc linh vuc thude WTO+ va WTO-X C a c Iinh v y c W T O +
T h u ^ quan ddi vdi hang cdng nghidp
T h u ^ quan ddi vdi hang ndng nghidp
Quan Iy hai quan T h u ^ xuit kh£u Cac bi^n phdp SPS Cac doaiih nghiep thudng m?ii nha mldc
Cac bi0n p h i p T B T Cac bien phap ddi khang Chdng hin pha gii Tfd c^p ciia chinh phii Mua sim cdng Cac bien phap T R l M s GATS
TRIPS
C a c Iinh v u c W T O - X Chdng cham nhdng
Chinh sach canh tranh Lu^c Mdi Crudng Sd hQu Cn' cue (ngoai TRIPs) C i c bi$n phap d^u ca Quy dinh ve thi trUcing lao ddng
S4 Itlu chuydn ciia vdn
Bao v$ ngildi tieu diing Bdo v$ da H^u Ndng nghiep
Ap dyng quy tic qudc t^
trong h$ thdng lu^C qudc gia Dich vu nghe nhin ITiy'c thi cic quy ric hai hoa hda Cac chi'nh sach hen quan d^n sang tao
Hdp tac v5n hda Ddi choai chi'nh sach kinh t^
G i i c due va dio Cao N i n g luong V£n d'e khiing bd
Hd CrO tai chinh Cac v3'n de hen quan Cdi siic khde
Nban quy'en Nhap cU bSc hop phap H 6 CrO cac du an hien d^ hda va tai Cr0 thuong mji
Xa hOi thdng tin (hdp tic va trao ddi thdng tin)
vail d^ hen guan de'n cac chit cam, thudc cim
V i n d"e khai thac md V i n dfe nia tiSn An toan phdng xa Ddi tho si chinh tri Quan tri cdng Hop Cac khu vUc Hoat ddng nghiftn cdu va cdng nghe
Cic doanh nghiep vita va nhd Cac van de xa hdi (vd- di^u kien lam viec)
Sd heu thdng ke Thue' va chi'nh sach tai khda Thi thi^c va ti n p i Ngudn: Henrik Hom, Petros
EV and US preferential trade
C. Matnvidis and Andre Sapir, "Beyond the WTO? An anatomy of agreements", Bniegel Blueprint Series, Volume VII, 2009, tr. 45-58.
12 TAP c m KHOA HQC PHAP LY VIET NAM SO 03(124?/^^
CQng c^n nh^n m^nh them ring, trong m 6 t s6 trudng hop, cac n6i dung W T O - X co th^ kh6ng tiuoc m6 ta trong mOt childng rieng vdi ten goi nhu duoc ndu trong danh sach, ma nam ldn trong s6 cic di'eu khoan khac nhau c^a FTA. Vi du nhU: mac dii kh6ng co hiip dinh nao trong s6 cac hiep dinh ciia EC ehda dung difeu khoan "chdng tham nhQng", nhUng van dt nay l^i duoc tim thay trong cac diSu khoan vt minh bach hoa chi'nh sach noi chung.
3.2. Xu hudng phdt triin ciia cdc hiip dinh thuong mat ttf do trong thai gian tdi: khi mifc tiiu khdng chi la tu do hoa thuang mai
T r o n g thbi di^m hien tai, FTA ma CIJ th^ la cac FTA the' he mdi dang d'an chilng minh day mdi la nhQng nhSn td chi'nh din ldi cho cdng cudc hdi nhjp kinh t^ khu vUc va tren toan th6 gidi. Co mdt thQc t^ la cac thanh vien W T O se vien dan de'n cac quy tac cCia FTA chQ khdng phai W T O ne'u v^n dt dd dUdc FTA difeu chinh, bdi mQc dd tu do hda theo FTA t h u d n g la cao h d n . Vdi su biing nd cQa cac FTA nhu hien nay khi ma h^u he't cac thanh vien W T O dSu tham gia vao ngay cang nhifeu hdn cac FTA, viec cac quy dinh trong FTA dUdc dan chie'u ngay m d t nhifeu hdn khdng phai difeu gi qua xa la.
Tranh chap phat sinh tren cO sd FTA theo dd se khdng thudc pham vi diSu chinh cua cd che' giai quye't tranh cha'p cua W T O . Cang c'an nha'n manh thdm rang ph^n ldn cac quy dinh cua W T O (k^ ca cac gdi cam ke't cua thanh vidn) da dUOc xay dUng til d'iu nhUng nam 90 (ddi vdi thanh vidn gia nhap sau nam 1995 thi dd la thdi d i l m hg gia nhap W T O ) va cho dd'n hidn nay, rat nhifeu n h d m quy dinh da trd ndn ldi thdi, khdng cdn phii hop vdi thuc ti^n hoat ddng thUdng mai qudc td'.
V"d ndi dung dam phan, cac FTA thd' hd mdi cho thay sU phat t r i l n da dang ve ndi dung khi ham chUa ra't nhi^u cac quy dinh Aitn chinh ca n h d m linh vUc phi thUdng mai. Cd thd ndi, thiidng mai toan ciu da trd ndn cdi md hdn, it phan bidt ddi xQ hdn trong mdt vai thap k^ g i n day p h i n ldn nhd vao cac hidp dinh thUdng mai tu do song p h u o n g vit khu vile. T u y vay, sd lUdng cac FTA thd' hd mdi tid'p tuc htmg nd ngay ca khi mQc dd, ph^m vi Uu dai giam x u d n g chilng td r^ng cac qudc gia cd t h i c6 nhQng ddng IQC khac khi tham gia vao cac FTA nay ngoai vide chi ddn thuan nham myc tieu md rdng thi trUdng.
Ne'u nhin vao he thdng cac hidp dinh cua W T O , dung vdi ten goi ciia mdt td chQc thUdng mai the gidi, tat ca cac va'n dd W T O difeu chinh d'eu la v'd boat ddng thUdng mai (Hidp dinh C h u n g vt t h u l quan va thudng mai - GATT, Hidp dinh C h u n g vt thuong mai dich
CAC FTA T H £ H £ MCtl CtJA VI$T NAM
vu - GATS, khia c^nh thUdng m^i ciia quyfen sd hUu tri tue, bidn phap dau tu h e n quan d i n t h u d n g mai...). N h i n sang ndi dung cila FTA t h i hd mdi, ngay ca cac n h d m van dt nhu d i u tU, nhan quyfen, mdi trudng, lao ddng, tham chi la chdng tham nhUng va chdng khung bd cung cd thi thudc ph^m vi di'du chinh cQa cac hidp dinh thudng mai tQ do nay. TrUdc h i t , d i i u dd cho thS^y sU lan tda cua xu hudng toan c i u hda ddi vdi nhUng chinh sach trong nUdc. Mat khac, vide dua vao n h a n g cam k i t W T O + va W T O - X cd the xem la phUdng thUc d l cac nUdc t i l p tuc dam phan, thQc thi t h d n g qua kdnh cac hidp dinh khu vuc nhQng ndi dung chQa dUdc giai quyd't trilt d l . Vide xay dung cd c h i giai q u y l t tranh cha^p ridng cua tQng FTA the hd mdi cang guip bao dam qua trinh thuc thi cac n h d m quy dinh nay. Ndu xet v'd tUdng quan giila cac bdn tham gia dam phan, cac nUdc phat triln thudng n^m vi t h i chii ddng trong vide "dua" cac y l u td W T O - X vao ndi dung dieu chinh cua FTA the hd mdi, bdi cac nudc dang va kem phat t r i l n thudng k h d n g cd Uu thi vt cic vin d'd nay va muc tidu chd y l u ciia hp chi la tu do hda thUdng mai.
Bdn eanh vide tiet kiem thdi gian va cdng sQc d l dam phan nhi'du loai hiep dinh khac nhau, cac vfn d'e phi thUdng mai cd Id cung dd dUdc cha'p nhan hon khi di kem vdi cac thoa thuan thUdng mai trdn cd sd ed di cd lai. Day dudc du doan se la xu hudng cdn tilp tuc gia tang trong thdi gian tdi, vdi cac FTA t h i he mdi hoat dgng nhu nhUng hidp dinh hop tac toan dien giQa eac qudc gia. Trudc bdi canh dd, cQng khd d l xac dinh xem cac FTA t h i he mdi nay thUc sU hd trg hay can trd nd IQC tu do hda t h u o n g mai da bidn trong k h u d n khd W T O , bdi diiu nay cdn phu thudc v'ao ndi dung di'du chinh ciia FTA la vd hdi nhap kinh te qudc td' theo G A T T / W T O hay chii y l u hudng tdi hdi nhap cac linh vUc chinh sach mdi.
N ^ u c'an phai dinh nghia vt thUdng mai tu do, cd le nhidu ngUdi dUdc hdi se d'd c?tp d i n kha nang luu thdng tQ do ciia hang hda va dich via tQ nudc nay sang nUdc khac trong thUdng mai qudc t l . V I cd ban, each h i i u nay khdng sai n h u n g la chUa dii d l phan anh dUdc ndi dung ciia cac hidp dinh thUdng m^i tu do, nha't la trong bdi canh ciia sU nd rd cac hidp dinh thUdng mai tu do t h i hd mdi nhu hidn nay. N l u nhu trudc day, ddng iQc dam phan, ky k i t cac FTA chd yd'u xuat phat tu m o n g m u d n tim k i l m thi trUdng thdng qua tQ do hda thUdng mai qudc td', hoae cung cd t h i cd thdm mQC tidu v'd chinh tri dQ khdng dUdc ghi nhan rd rang trong van bdn hidp dinh. D i n thdi d i l m hidn tai, ngay ca cac va'n dt phi thUdng mai nhu nhan quyIn, quan tri cdng, d i u tu, mdi trudng, lao ddng... cQng trd thanh nhUng ddng lUc va lan
14 TAP cut KHOA HOC PHAP LY V I E T NAM SO 03(124)/:^0ff ludt duoc dua vao pham vi didu chinh eda mdt hidp d|nh thUdng niai tu do thd he mdi, ben canh cac ndi dung thudng mai "truyfen thdng va W T O + . Cd t h i ndi, day thuc chit la hidp dinh hdp tac toan didn giQa cac qudc gia dudi tdn gpi FTA t h i he mdi.
H d n mdt thap k^ trade, khi dam phan tQ do hda thUdng mai da bidn bat dau Mm vao b l tic va song hanh vdi nd la sQ tang trUdng manh me cQa cac FTA, ra't nhi'du hpc gia lac quan eho rang vide cac nudc thanh vien W T O chii trpng FTA hdn dam phan tai td chdc nay cang khdng cd gi dang lo ngai, bdi cam k i t FTA sd trd thanh ddng lac d l cac nude thanh vidn dd dang dsit dUdc thda thuan khi dua chung ra dam phan da bien. T u y vay, vdi sQ md rdng pham vi dieu chinh eua FTA the hd mdi sang cae vin dd phi thUdng mai, kha nang eac FTA nay lam tien de cho vide xSy dUng cae quy tac da bien trong khudn khd W T O cang thu hep dan. Cd t h i xay ra trUdng hop cac hiep djnh duoc gpi la FTA ( t h i hd mdi) dii ban cha't la hidp dinh hdp tac toan didn, nhUng se la khd khan h d n d l ydu ciu W T O dieu chinh ca cac va'n dt phi thUdng mai. Chinh vi vay, trong tUdng lai gin, hoat ddng cua td chUe nay dUde du bao la se khdng cd nhi'du khdi sdc, khdng ehi bdi cudc c h i l n tranh thUdng mai JVly - Trung vdn chua di den hdi k i t ma cdn bdi xu hudng dam phan, ky k i t FTA t h i hd mdi chu trong ddn cac vdn dd phi thudng mai sd tidp tuc dupc duy tri va ddy manh trong thdi gian tdi. •
Tai lieu t h a m k h a o
[1] Dang T h i HuySn A n h , " H i e p dinh EVFTA va mdc sd van de dat ra ddi vdi xuSt kh^u ciia Viet N a m vao thi crudng E U " , Tap chi Tdi cht'nh, 1 0 / 2 0 1 7 [trans: Dang T h i H u y e n Anh, "EVFTA and some issues for Vietnamese exports to che E U market", Financial Reuiew, 10/2017]
[2] Nguyen T h a n h C d n g va Pham H b n g N h u n g , "Tac ddng ciia, Hiep d m h ThttOng mai tU do Lien minh chau Au - Viec N a m ddi vdi nen k m h Ce' Viet N a m " , Kf yiu Hdi nghi khoa hgc, Sd C d n g chilOng Thiia T h i e n H u e , 2017 [trans: Nguyen Thanh Cong and Pham H o n g N h u n g , "Impact of the European Union - Vietnam Free Trade Agreement on Vietnam's e c o n o m y " . Proceedings of the Scientific Conference, Thua Thien H u e D e p a r t m e n t of Industry and Trade, 2017]
[3] H o a n g Chi CuOng, "Til FTA den W T O " [crans. H o a n g C h i C u o n g , " F r o m FTA CO W T O " ] , h t t p : / / q c h p u . e d u . v n / Q T t i n t u c - 5 1 0 - 2 6 6 - 2 3 1 - 0 - T u - F t a - D e n - W t o . h t m l , accessed on 0 5 / 0 1 / 2 0 1 9
[4] Pham Q u a n g Dieu, "NAFTA sau 10 n h a n g mang mau sang t d i " , Trung tdm Thdng tin Phdt Iri^n ndng thdn, 2004 [trans: Pham Q u a n g Dieu, " N A F T A after 10 years - dark and bright colors", Rural Development Information Center, 2004]
I^AC F I A T H E H E M O I C t J A V I $ T N A M 15 [5] N g u y e n T r o n g DiSp, "ThiJc tien thi h a n h phap luat vS chuong mai tji Viec
N a m hien nay dudi gdc n h i n cham chi^u vdi yeu cUu ciia cachiep dinh chuong m*i Cl,! do (FTA) ch^ he m d i " . Tap chi Khoa hoc DHQGHN- Ludt hoc, 2018, Tap 34, sd 2, 2018 [Crans: N g u y e n T r o n g Diep, " T h e currenC staCus of enforcemenc of trade law in V i e t n a m under the reference perspective with the requirements of n e w - g e n e r a t i o n free trade agreements (FTA)", VNU Journal of Science- Law Study, 2018, Episode 34, N o . 2, 2018]
[6] Vu Van Ha, "Vai tro ciia cac hiep dinh t h u o n g m^i ttT do th^ he mdi trong chuong mai qudc C^", Tap chi Cdng sdn, 2017 [Crans: Vu Van Ha, " T h e role of n e w free Crade agreements in m t e r n a d o n a l trade", Communist Journal, 2017]
[7] Ha Van H d i , "So s i n h anh h u d n g cua viec tham gia C d n g d d n g k m h t^
ASEAN va H i e p d m h ddi tac chi^n luoc xuySn Thai Binh D u o n g d^n t h u o n g mai qudc t^ c^a Viet N a m " , T<}p chi Kinh ti d6i ngoai, NghtSn ciiu kinh ti, 2014, sd 439 - 1 2 / 2 0 1 4 [trans: Ha Van H o i , "Comparison of the effects of pardcipation in the A S E A N E c o n o m i c ComrauniCy and Che Trans-Pacific ParCnership Agreemenc on VieCnam's inCernaCional trade", External Economic Review, Economic Research , 2014, N o . 439 - 12/2014]
[8] H e n r i k H o r n , Petros C. Mavroidis and Andre Sapir, "Beyond the W T O ? An anatomy of E U and US preferential trade agreements", Bruegel Blueprint Series, Vol. VII, 2009
[9] Bill T h a n h N a m , " N h a n g tac ddng ctia hiep dinh t h u o n g mai tU d o " , T^p chi Ly ludn chinh tri, sd 9 / 2 0 1 4 [trans. Bui T h a n h Nam, "Impacts of free trade agreements", Jowma/ of Political Theory, N o 9 / 2 0 1 4 ]
[10] N g u y e n T h a n h T a m , " T d n g quan vfe cac F T A the' he m d i " , Tap chi Gido due vd Xa hdi, 2017 [trans: N g u y e n T h a n h Tam, " O v e r v i e w of new generation FTAs", Journal of Education and Society, 2017]
[11] N g u y e n v a n T h a n h , " H i e p dinh D d i tac t h u o n g mai xuyen T h i i Binh DUdng trong bdi canh suy Cr^m ciia kinh ce' ch^ gidi". Tap chi Kinh ti d6i ngoai. 2015, sd 451 - 12/2015 [Crans: N g u y e n Van Thanh, "Trans-Pacific Partnership AgreemenC m che ConCexC of W o r l d E c o n o m i c Depression", External Economic Review, 2015, N o . 451 - 12/2015]
[12] T h e Islamic CenCre for D e v e l o p m e n t of Trade & T h e Islamic Development Bank G r o u p , Preiiminaty study on the new generation of free trade agreements and their impact on intra-OIC trade, 0 9 / 2 0 1 5
[13] Le T h ; Thiiy, " H i e p dinh T h u o n g mai CU do ch^ he mdi: co hdi va t h i c h thilc ddi vdi Viet N a m " , Tap chi Khoa hgc xa hdi Viet Nam, 2017, sd 5 (114)
— 2017 [trans: Le T h i T h u y , "A new generation of free trade agreements' opportunities and challenges for VieCnam", Vietnam Social Science Review, 2017, N o . 5 (114) - 2 0 1 7 ]
[14] V C C I , Hiep dinh D d i Cac Coan dien va titfnhd xuyen T h i i Binh D u o n g - " T d m tdt C h u o n g 28 - Giai quy^t tranh cha'p", 2018 [trans: V C C I , Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership - "Summary of Chapter 28 - Dispute Settlement", 2018]
[15] W o r l d Trade R e p o r t , The WTO and preferential trade agreements, W o r l d Trade OrganizaCion, 2011
