Mo hinh khai niem ve gia trj kinh doanh cua he hoach dinh nguon lu'c to chuTc tren dien toan dam may
• ' MGavfeN DCIY THANH"
T o m t a t
Thuc hien hi hoach dinh nguon luc td chiic trin dien todn ddm may (Cloud - ERP) giup tdchdc dat duac cdc lai ich cua phdn mem ERP, md it phdi quan tdm den hg tdng cong ngh$ thdng tin (CNTT). Nghiin ciiu dua tren ca sd khung ty thuyei cdng nghe - td chiic - moi trudng (TOE) ciia Tomatzky vd cdng sU (1990), di xudt md hinh ly thuyi't ve gid tri kinh doanh cda hi hogch dinh nguSn luc td chdc trin dien todn ddm may. Ket qud thuc nghiem md hinh chi ra cdc thdnh phdn TOE cd quan hi cdu true vdi suchdp nhdn cong nghe vd thdnh qud td chiic.
Tit khoa: Cloud - ERP, chdp nhdn cong nghe, thdnh qud td chiic, TOE
Summary
Implementation of cloud enterprise resource planning (Cloud - ERP) assists organizations in achieving the benefits of ERP software, with little regard for information technology (IT) infrastructure. Based on the theoretical framework of technology - organization - environment (TOE) developed by Tornatzky et al. (1990), this research proposes a theoretical model of business value of Cloud - ERP. Empirical result demonstrates that components of TOE have structural relationships with technology acceptance and organizational performance.
Keywords: Ctoud-ERP, technology acceptance, organizational performance, TOE C\6\ THIEU
Cdc giai phdp Cloud - ERP giiip gidm dp Iffc cho bo phdn CNTT trong td chffc (Gupta va cdng sff, 2018).
Tuy nhidn, cac gidi phdp nay phu thuoc nhieu vao nha cung cap, nen viec chpn nha cung ca'p phii hdp la rat quan trpng (Marston va cdng sff, 2011).
6 Vidt Nam, theo thdng kd ciua Phdng Thffdng mai vd Cdng nghiep Vidt Nam (VCCI) nam 2019, hidn chi cd 1,3% cdc td chffc lihg dung cac giai phdp ERP, trong dd hau bdt cdc dff an trien khai ERP deu khdng dat dffde cdc mue tidu nhff mong mud'n. Nghien cxtu de xua't mot md hinh ly thuyd't vd gid tri kinh doanh eua he hoach dinh ngudn lu'c td chffc tren didn todn ddm may trong bdi canh hidn nay cd y nghTa ca ve ly ludn va thffc den.
c a S6 LY THUYET Khai quat v^ Cloud - ERP
Cloiui - ERP Id he hoach dinh ngudn Iffc td chffc dffde dat vdo mdi trffdng dam mdy. Cloud - ERP cd thd cung cdjp sff linh boat, chi phi hieu qua, kha nang md rdng, kha ndng tffdng thich, sff sSn sang va dff hdu dffdc csfu hinh cho bdt ky id chffc hay doanh nghi?p ndo (Usman va cdng sff, 2016). Ben canh dd. Cloud - ERP cung dang dat dffdc sff tang trffdng ra't nhanh tren thd' gidi (Albar vd
Hoque, 2019). Cdc loai hinh dich vu ciia Cloud - ERP dffde md td chi tiet d Hinh 1, trong dd cd ba thdnh phan chinh nhff sau:
- laaS cho ERP: Khi stir dung laaS cho boat dgng cua ERP, cdc to chffc thffcftig thud edc mdy chii tff nhd cung cap djch vu didn todn dam may. Trong khi cdc td chffc van cd thd Iffa chpn nha cung cap giai phdp ERP va mua ban quydn phIn mdm ERP.
- PaaS cho ERP: Dich vu nen tang d cd'p dp nay diing cho vide phdt tridn phan mem, kiem thuT, hoac phan phdi phan mem. PaaS cho ERP khdng ddnh cho mdt he thdng tich hdp va phan mem ddng gdi ciia cdc he thdng ERP.
- SaaS cho ERP: Vai trd ciia cdc nhd cung cap dich vu Cloud - ERP dffdc Udn kd't vdi nhau. Dieu nay cho phep cdc to chffc Iffa chpn dffdc md hinh, md hp ffa thich, nhff van hdnh he thdng ERP trdn ddm may ndi bg hodc ddm mdy ben ngodi.
T^ng quan ly thuyet lidn quan d^n nghidn ciJu
Ly thuyet ch^ nhan vd sUdung cdng nghe:
- Khung 1^ thuyet cdng nghe - td chffc - moi trffdng (TOE) cua Tomatzky
'Trudng Dgi hpc Ngan hang TP. H6 Chi Minh
Ngdy nhdn bdi- 07/05/2020; Ngdy phdn bi$n: 21/05/2020; Ngdy diiy?t ddng: 24/05/2020
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vd cdng Sff (1990) xdc dinh trong ba bdi cdnh la: cdng nghd, td chffc va mdi trffdng. Trong cde nghidn cffu ed lidn quan, TOE cdn cd the tich hdp dffdc vdi cde ly thuyet hd thdng thdng tin (HTTT) khdc, nhff: TAM, UTAUT.
- Md hinh chd'p nhan cdng nghe (TAM) do Davis (1989) de xud't dd giai thich hanh vi cua ngffdi sOr dung CNTT;
Venkatesh va cong sff (2003) de xud't ly thuyd't chd'p nhan vd sff dung cdng nghe (UTAUT) de xem xet sff chd'p nhan vd sff dung HTTT.
- Cdc ly thuye't ve sff chd'p nhan vd siJ dung cdng nghe dffdc minh chffng trong nhieu nghidn cffu lien quan vd CNTT/HTTT, nhff: thffdng mai dien ttf (Awa va cdng sff, 2015), hd hoach dinh ngudn Iffc td chffc (Liu vd Wang 2010), dien toan ddm may (Gangwar va cdng sff, 2015), Cloud - ERP (Albar va Hoque, 2019).
Ly thuyet gid tri kinh doanh cua CNTT:
Gid tri kinh doanh eua CNTT Id nhffng dnh hffdng eua hidu qud td chffc cua CNTT d ede ca'p dd khae nhau, bao gdm nhffng anh hffdng dd'n thdnh qua td chffc va vi thd' canh tranh (Melville va cdng sff, 2004), xdy dffng cac md hinh ly thuye^t gia tri kinh doanh cua CNTT dd xem xet nhffng ddng gdp cua CNTT cho thdnh qud td chffc. Gid tri kinh doanh cua CNTT thffdng dffdc sff dung dd tham chie'u nhffng anh hffdng de'n thanh qua td chffc eua CNTT, bao gom:
nang cao ndng sua't, tang ldi nhuan, giam chi phi, nang cao ldi the canh tranh va cdc thanh qua khdc (Devaraj vd Kohli, 2003).
D I XUAT MO HINH NGHIDN CLfU Tff cdc van dd thffe tidn vd Cloud - ERP, k^ thffa va tdng hda cd sd ly thuye't d cdc nghien cffu thdnh phan ed Hen quan, nhff: khung ly thuyd't TOE cua Tornatzky va cdng sff (1990); cdc ly thuyet ve sff chap nhdn va su* dung cdng nghd, nhff:
TAM cua Davis (1989), UTAUT cua Venkatesh va cdng sff (2003) va 1^ thuyet gid tri kinh doanh CNTT cua Melville vd cdng sff (2004), de xdy difng md hinh nghidn cffu (Hinh 2), vdi cdc thdnh phan dffdc dien gidi nhff sau:
Cdc thdnh phdn TOE cua md hinh nghidn cffu cd ba thdnh phdn chinh, nhff trong khung ly thuyet TOE eda Tomatzky vd cdng sff (1990), bao gom: cdng nghe (T) - t o chffc (O) - mdi trffdng (E).
H I N H 1: CAC LOAI H I N H C L O a D - E R P NAnldng
H I N H 2 : M d H I N H L * T H U Y E T NGHIEN C d U DE X U A T r cang ngh« (T)
I -H9 lino CNTT f x e chirc |0)
C^nh aanli Irong ngflnh J
N g u 6 n : Tac gia nghien cifu va de xuat
Thdnh phdn cdng nghe (T) trong nghien cffu nay dffdc de xuat vdi hai yen td thanh qua mong ddi va ha tang CNTT, cu the:
- Thdnh qua mong ddi (Performance expectancy) la mffc dp, md ed nhdn tin rang vide su" dung HTTT giiip hp dat dffdc hieu qud trong cdng viec va se chap nhdn viec sff dung cdng nghe mdi, neu nhff bid't rdng, cdng nghd nay dem lai cac ldi ich (Compeau va Higgins, 1995). Thanh qud mong ddi Id mue ddu ra't quan trpng trong ly thuye't chd'p nhdn vd su: dung cdng nghe (Venkatesh va cdng sff, 2003).
- Ha t^ng CNTT (IT infrastructures) dffdc xem nhff la hd thd'ng cd sd ddp ffng nhu cau ve CNTT mot each hoan thien, de phuc vu cho he thd'ng boat ddng va dffdc chia sd trong toan td chffc dffdi dang dieh vu vdi hd dieu phd'i tap trung (Weill vd Broadbent, 1998).
Thdnh phdn td chiic (O) trong khung ly thuye't TOE d nghien cffu nay dffdc de xud't vdi hai yd^u td' Id sff hd trd cua qudn ly vd vdn hda td chffc:
- Sff hd trd cua quan 15' (Top management support) la cdc hoat ddng hd trd ciia qudn ly cap cao bode ngffdi dffng dau td chffc trong vide Idn y tffdng eho ede mue tieu cua he thdng, phdn tich vd thiet ke, phat trien he thd'ng va trien khai hd thd'ng (Porter va Millar, 1985).
Ly thuyd't sff hd trd ciia qudn ly cd dnh hffdng ddng kd de'n y dinh hanh vi sff dung edng nghd hay sff ehd'p nhan Cloud - ERP (Albar vd Hoque, 2019).
- Van hda td chffc (Organizational culture) Id tap hdp cdc gid tri nidm tin va cdc gid dinh thffdng xay ra trong td chffc ed anh hffdng den nhan thffc va hanh vi cua cd nhdn (Hofstede, 1991). Van hda td chffc con dffdc xem la tap hdp ciia sff hieu bie't chung ve boat ddng trong td chffc (Deshpande va Webster, 1989).
Thdnh phdn mdi trUdng (E) trong khung ly thuye't TOE d nghien cihi ndy dffdc de xua't vdi hai ye'u td' la sff hd trd ben ngoai vd canh tranh trong ngdnh:
- Sff hd trd ben ngodi (External support) hen quan de'n cac boat ddng cua nhd cung cap cac djch vu CNTT. sff hd
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trd tff nha cung cd'p hodc cQa chuyen gia tff van. Sff ho trd ben ngoai cd hen quan ddn ndng life CNTT cua td ehffe cd dffdc tff hgc tap kinh nghidm cua nhd cung cap den vide dp dung vao td chffc (Alshamaila vd cdng sff, 2013).
- Canh tranh trong ngdnh (Industry competition) la mffc dp dp Iffc ma td chffc phai gdnh chiu tff cdc dd'i thu canh tranh trffc tiep trong ciing ngdnh, dp life nay tao ra dgng life de cdc td chffc u^g dung cdng nghe mdi (Majumdar va cdng sff, 1992). Sff canh tranh trong nganh la mdt trong nhffng ye'u to cd dnh hffdng Idn nhat de'n mffc chap nhan Cloud - ERP (Gutierrez vd cdng sff, 2015).
SUchdp nhdn cong nghf (IT adoption) phu hdp vdi cdc ly thuyd't ed bdn cua cdc md hinh f dinh hanh vi, dffde xem xdt trong cdc 15' thuydt ve sff chap nhdn va sOf dung edng nghd, nhff: TAM cua Davis (1989); UTAUT cua Venkatesh va cdng sff (2003), ddng thdi lam cd sd cho cdc mdi quan he y dinh hdnh vi. Sif chap nhan Cloud - ERP la vide ngffdi siJdung sdn sang cha'p nhan hd thd'ng ndy trong cdc hoat ddng san xuat kinh doanh cua to chffc (Albar va Hoque, 2019).
Thdnh qud td chdc (Firm performance) la thanh qud tdng thd cua to chffc, bao gdm: nang sua't, hidu qua, ldi nhuan va ldi the'canh tranh (Melville vd cdng sff, 2004). Thanh qud td chffc dffde xem nhff Id gid tn kinh doanh eua CNTT (Sehreyn, 2013), hay ke't qua dIu ra (Sabherwal va Jeyaraj, 2015).
THAO LUAN M 6 HINH NGHIEN CUl) Md'i quan h^ giifa cac thanh td'
Thdnhphdn cdng nghe (T) ed md'i quan hd ddng bien vdi sff ehd'p nhdn edng nghe tff nen tdng cua khung ly thuyd't TOE cua Tornatzky va cong sff (1990), va dffdc khang dinh trong cdc nghien cffu lien quan, nhff: trong UTAUT cua Venkatesh vd cdng sff (2003); nghidn cffu eua Baptista vd Oliveira (2015) vdi ye'u to' thanh qua mong ddi va nhff trong ly thuye't gid tri kinh doanh ciia CNTT cua Melville vd cdng sff (2004). Do do, cdc md'i quan he sau dffde dd xud't:
- Pl^: Thdnh qud mong dai cd quan he dong bii'n vdi sU chdp nhan cdng nghe.
- Py^.- Ha tdng CNTT cd quan hi ddng bien vdi sU chdp nhdn cdng nghe.
Thdnh phdn id chdc (0) cd mdi quan he ddng bid'n vdi sff chap nhan cdng nghe, tff nen tdng khung ly thuye't TOE cua Tomatzky va cdng sff (1990), dffdc khang dinh lai trong nghien cffu Hen quan cua Jesus va cdng sff (2018) vdi yd'u td sff hd trd cua quan IJ vd nghien cffu eua Albar va Hoque (2019) vdi yd'u td vdn hda td chffc. Do dd, cdc mdi quan he sau dffde dd xud't:
- P2^: Suhd tra ciia qudn ly cd quan hi dong bie'n vdi sU chdp nhdn cdng nghe.
- P2^: Vdn hda id chdc cd quan he ddng bii'n vdi su chdp nhdn cdng nghe.
Thdnh phdn mdi trudng (E) cd mdi quan he ddng bid'n vdi sff cha'p nhan cdng nghd tff ndn tang cua khung ly thuyd't TOE cua Tomatzky va cdng sff (1990), va dffdc kh^ng dinh lai trong cde nghidn effu lien quan:
Kim vd cgng sff (2018) vdi yd'u td sff ho trd bdn ngodi vd Albar va Hoque (2019) vdi yd'u td canh tranh trong ngdnh. Do do, cac md'i quan he sau dffde de xua't:
- P3^: Su hd tra bin ngodi cd quan he ddng bie'n vdi su chdp nhdn cdng nghe.
- P3^: Cqnh tranh trong ngdnh cd quan he ddng bii'n vdi su chdp nhdn cdng nghi.
Sff chap nhdn cdng nghd cung cd quan he ddng bie'n vdi thdnh qud td chffc theo nen tang ly thuyd't gid tri kinh doanh cua CNTT (Markus va Tanis 2000) vd cung dffde khang dinh lai trong nghidn effu ciia Melville va cgng sff (2(X)4) ve ly thuyet gid tri kinh doanh ciia CNTT. Do dd, mdi quan he sau dffdc dd xud't:
- P4: Suchdp nhdn cong nghe cd quan hi ddng bie'n thdnh qud td chdc.
Y nghia md hinh
Cdc khai niem nghien cffu dffdc tid'p can theo ede bdi canh khdc nhau cua khung ly thuydt TOE ciia Tomatzky vd cdng sff (1990). Trong dd, thanh phan cdng nghe (T, thdnh qua mong ddi vd ha tang CNTT), thdnh phan td chffc (O, sff h§ trd cua qudn IJ vd vdn hda td chffc), thdnh ph^n moi trffdng (E, sff hd trd ben ngoai va canh tranh trong nganh). Ngodi ra, cdc ndi dung cua nghidn cffu cdn tiep edn theo cdc IJ* thuyet HTTT cd Hen quan nhff: cac ly thuye't chap nh|in va sff dung cdng nghe (TAM, UTAUT) vdi yd'u tdsff chap nhan cdng nghd; Melville va cgng sff (2004) ly thuyd't gid tri kinh doanh cua CNTT vdi ye'u to thdnh qud td chffc.
Ke't qua nghien cffu gdp phan bo sung cd sd ly thuyd't cho cac I^ thuyet cd lien quan, nhff: 1^ thuydt gid tri kinh doanh eua CNTT (Melville va cgng sff, 2004), khung I^ thuye't TOE (Tomatzky vd edng sff, 1990), md hinh ehd^p nhdn cdng' nghd (TAM) (Davis, 1989); IJ thuyd't chap nhan va sff dung cdng ngh?
(UTAUT) (Venkatesh vd edng sff, 2003).
Bdn canh dd, nghien cffu cdn giup gidm dan khoang each vd sff khdng phu hdp giffa CNTT vd nhu c^u kinh doanh cua td chffc (Markus va Tanis, 2000); ddng thdi, gdp phan Idm tdng dan nhffng ddng gdp cua CNTT cho gid tri kinh doanh cua td chffc (Sehryen, 2013).
KET LU^N
Nghidn cffu tich hdp dffdc cdc trffdng phdi \S thuyet HTTT khdc nhau, nhff:
khung iy thuye't TOE; cdc ly thuydt chap nhdn va suf dung cdng nghd vd ly thuyet
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gia tri kinh doanh cua CNTT de xdy kinh doanh cua CNTT. Tuy nhien, md hinh ly thuye't di^ng mpt md hmh khai niem ve gid tri dffdc de xua't tff nghidn effu vdn chffa xem xet day du kirih doanh eiia Cloud - ERP. Nghien cffu edc yd'u td cha'p nhan va sff dung cdng nghe. cac thanh chdng nhffng tich hdp dffdc cde trffdng phIn thanh qua td chffc nhff trong cac Iy thuye't cd Hen phdi ly thuye't TOE, md cdn nhd'n manh quan da de cap. Han ehe'nay m6 ra cdc hffdng nghien thanh qua td chffc trong Iy thuyet gid tri cffu tridn vgng tie'p theo trong tUdng lai.Q
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