May van de ve
he gia tri van hoa Viet Nam hien nay
Ho ST Quy^
' Vien Thong tin Khoa hgc xa hgi, Vien HSn lam Khoa hoc xa hoi Viet Nam.
Email: hosiquy.thongtin@graail.com
Nhan ngay 9 thang 8 nam 2018. Ch^p nhan dang ngay 20 thang 9 nam 2018.
Tom tat: Gia tri van hoa Viet Nam chi'nh la gia tri con ngucri Viet Nam, hay ve ca ban triing voi h?
gia tri con ngucri Viet Nam. So vai vai thap nien truac day, van hoa Viet Nam hien nay, a tat ca cac dang hoat dong va vai tat ca cac loai hmh cua no, deu co nhiing thay doi theo ca hai chieu tich cue va tieu euc. O kha nhieu loai hinh thuoc hoat dong van hoa, he gia tri van hoa Viet Nam da khong con lac long, khong con thua kem bao nhieu so vai cac nen van hoa co Idnh nghiem. Tuy nhien, he gia tri van hoa Vi?t Nam hien nay dang co cae Men tuang tieu cue: dao diic bi xuong cap, con ngucri bi tha hoa, su leeh lac ve gia tri va su gia doi lai duae coi la binh thucmg, niem tin bi suy giam. Muon eho dat nuac phat trien, van hoa tra lai vai eSe chan gia tri, thi moi ca nhan va cae to chiic xa hoi phai that sir nghiem khac vai nhiing thoi hu tat xau nay.
Tir khoa: He gia tri van hoa, he gia tri con nguoi, Viet Nam.
Phan loai nganh: Triet hge
Abstract: The values of the Vietnamese culture are those of the Vietnamese person, or, fundamentally, coincide with the value system of the Vietnamese person. Compared to a few decades ago, the Vietnamese culture at present, in all of its activities and forms, has changed in both positive and negative directions. In many types of cultural activities, the value system of the culture is no longer by far different from, nor is it much behind, the more experienced cultures.
However, the value system of the Vietnamese culture is now expenencing negative phenomena:
degradation in both ethics and man, wrong definition and understanding of value, with lies and falsity considered something norma! and confidence declining. In order for the country to develop and the culture to return to the authentic values, every individual and social organisation must be very strict against such bad habits.
Keywords: Cultural value system, human value system, Vietnam.
Subject classiflcation: Philosophy
Khoa hpe xa hoi Viet Nam, s6 10 - 2018 1. Gioi thieu
Nhan dien, xac dinh dien mao he gia tri van hoa Viet Nam, hay danh gia thuc trang he gia tri van hoa Viet Nam giai doan hien nay, la viec khong de. Duong nhu ai dat cho minh nhiem vu nhan dien, xac dinh dien mao he gia tri van hoa Viet Nam cung cam IhSy co nhieu dieu rat kho de cap cho thoa dang. Hien thuc da dang, phiic tap va day soi dong cua dai song kinh te - xa hpi khong de di vao bdt ky khuon thuoc danh gid nao vS phuang dien van hoa. Trong boi canh cong cuoc chong tham nhiing, chong tha hoa dao diic dang dugc day manh vai nhieu vu an nghiem trong da dugc khai to, khdng ft hien tugng xa hgi tieu cue ngoai siic tircmg tugng da bj phai bay. Co nhimg hien tugng tieu cue thugc van hoa dao diic, van hoa \km nguai, ma tnrac day chSng may ai dam hinh dung, da xuat hien tuang doi pho bien. Tieng noi biic xiic da xu4t hien khong chi a mang xa hgi hay tren bao chi, ma 6 ca dien dan Qu6c h6i^. Tai ky hgp thii 5 Qu6c hgi khoa XIV (21/5-15/6/2018), nhieu y kien ciia cac dai bieu da true ti8p dung tcri chinh van d6 nay. Tam thg xa hgi hien thai dang a tinh trang kha di ling vai nhung lai khen hay ca ngoi. Nguai ta chu y hon den thai do cua nhiing nguai co trach nhiem doi voi cai xau, cai ac. Boi th8, day ciing la co hgi de van hoa Viet Nam, he gia tri con nguai va van hoa Viet Nam dugc nhin nhan mgt each khach quan.
2. He gia trj van hoa va he gia tri con ngu-oi: van de phu-ong p h a p luan Noi den he gia tri van hoa Viet Nam, lau nay mgi nguai d6u hiiu do cung chinh la he
gia tri con ngucii Viet Nam. Nhung phSm chit dac trung ciia van hoa Viet Nam, ma Nghi quyet TW 5 khoa VIII da khai quat, va vg sau dugc nhac lai trong nhieu van kien quan trgng khac va dugc coi la nhimg gia tri c6t loi hoac c a ban, tuy dugc ggi la gia tri van hoa Viet Nam, nhimg do chinh la gia tri con nguai Viet Nam, hay ve ca ban trung voi he gi£ tri con ngudi Viet Nam.
Giin nhu khong ai nghi rang do khong phai la cac gia tri con nguai Viet Nam.
Nhung gan day, co tac gia lai quan niem he gia tri con nguoi khac vai he gia tri van hoa. Theo chung toi, su phSn biet nay chi CO f nghia trong chimg muc nhat djnh. Vi chi a nhiing pham vi du hep, trong khuon kho cSc hoat dgng van hoa, cac hien tugng van hoa, thi gia tri van hoa mai khong phan anh tn^c tiep, khong nhat thiet phai the hien gia tri con nguai. Trong nhung truong hgp nhu vay, noi den gia tri, nguai ta thuan tiiy chi muon ban den gia tri cua mot hien tugng van hoa; chang han, gia tri mot va kich, mgt tac pham kien true, mpt biic tranh. hay rpng han, mgt IS hgi, mgt khu di tich, mgt quan the danh lam thing canh, hay rpng han niia, cac gia tri cua van hoa thai Tran, thai Nguyen, v.v.. Tuy nhien, khi cac gia tri van hoa dugc xem xet trong pham vi cang rpng, dugc khai quat cang cao 6 nhiing pham chat chung, thi doi tugng cang gan vai gia tri con ngucri.
O pham vi rgng nhat (he gia hi van hoa, he gia tri cua nen van hda Viet Nam, cua toan bp van hoa Viet Nam), thi gia tri dugc noi den khong dong nhat vai gia tri cua nhiing hien tugng van hoa cu the niia, ma la gia tri cua van hda Viet Nam va cua con nguM Viet Nam; hay noi chinh xac hon, la he gia tri van hoa cua con ngucri Viet Nam.
Tiic la, xuyen qua gia tri ciia nhihig hien
Ho ST Quy tugng cu the, dugc bieu hi$n bang gia tri
ciia cac hien tugng cu the, gia tri ciia van hoa Viet Nam, ciia con nguai Viet Nam la doi tugng ban luan, la cai dugc chii y xem xet, kham pha.
Van de van hoa thuc chat la van de con nguai. Van de gia tri thuc chat la van de van hoa. Chang co cai van hoa nao khong noi gj ve con ngucri. Dinh nghTa ngan gpn nhat ve van hoa chmh la "van hoa la tong hoa cac gid tri nguoi". Noi den gia tri tuc la ngucri ta muon ndi tdi gia tri ngucri. Boi vi, chang cd gia tri nao lai khong thupc ve con ngudi, khong phai la gia tri ngudi. Chi cd con ngudi mdi nhin minh va nhin the gidi qua lang kj'nh gia tn. Hay hoac dd, xau hay dep, thien hay ac, cao ca hay thap hen, vT dai hay tSm thudng, tham chi dat hay re, v.v., do la nhimg khuon thudc chi con ngudi mdi diing de xem xet the gidi. Vi the, gia trj dao diic hay gia tri van hoa, gia tri truyen thong hay gia tri hien dai, gia tri xa hgi hay gia tri ca nhan, gia tri dan tgc hay gia tri giai cap, v.v., tat ca deu la gia tri ngudi.
Trong khuon kho ciia nhirng ban luan ve he gia tri Viet Nam, theo chiing toi, khong nen va khdng can thiet phai phan biet he gia tri van hda Viet Nam vdi he gia tri con ngudi Viet Nam.
3. He gia tri van hoa Viet Nam hien nay:
nhung chuyen bien tich cue
So vdi vai thap nien trudc day, van hda Viet Nam hien nay, d tat ca cac dang boat dpng va vdi tat ca cac loai hinh ciia nd, deu cd nhirng thay ddi, theo ca hai chiiu tich cue va tieu cue.
Ke tir khi tham gia Thap ky qudc te ve van hda trong phat trien.(1986-1997), dac
biet ke tu khi thuc hien Nghi quyet TW 5 khda Vrn nam 1998 ve van hda, van hda, Viet Nam da cd nhirng budc phat trien dat tdi chat lugng va dien mao khac nhieu so vdi trudc do.
Vupt ra khdi khudn khd the gidi quan va phucmg phap luan ve van hda giai doan trudc kia, ngay nay van hda khong cdn bi xem la san pham thu dgng ciia ddi sdng kinh te, ciia CO sd ha tang, ma da trd thanh nhan to ben trong, la cai quy dinh hanh vi va hoat ddng ciia con ngudi, tham chi quy dinh ca dien mao su phat trien d pham vi quan ly, dieu hanh chinh sach cua Dang va Chinh phii Viet Nam, va d ca pham vi boat dgng thudng ngay cua moi con ngudi. Quan diem mdi nay ve van hda dem lai cho con ngudi va cdc to chiic xa hpi kha nang can thiep, giai quyet cac van de xa hdi bang nguyen nhan van hda, dieu ma trudc kia chua dugc quan tam. Chiic nang dieu tiet ciia van hda ciing dugc thuc hien mgt each tham lang va doi khi nam ngoai su tinh toan.
Quan diem ddi mdi ciia Dang, Nha nudc Viet Nam va toan the xa hpi ve van hda, coi van hda la nen tang tinh than ciia ddi song xa hpi, la muc tieu va la dpng luc cua su phat trien, mac dii tren be mat xa hpi cd ve sao mdn, khong may thuc chat, nhung thuc te thi khac. Bang loi di rieng ciia van hda, quan diem dd da xoay chuyen nhan thiic, tao nen cho van hda khdi sac, kich thich su hoi sinh ciia phan Idn nhiing gia tri truyin thdng trudc dd con bi bd quen, tham chi bj ky thi, lam cho van hda Viet Nam trd lai vdi dien mao binh thudng ciia nd, noi dugc vdi qua khii va rdi nhd hdi nhap ma bit nhip ngay cang sau vao van hda thi gidi, ddng gdp dugc cho kho tang van hda chung ciia cpng ddng the gidi.
Khoa hpc xa hoi Viet Nam, s6 10 -2018 Sau ban 30 nam, van hda ffuyen thong dugc tdn trgng va phuc hoi ik can ban, cac gia tri van hda vat the va phi vat the dugc xac dinh va danh gia theo chuin qudc te, nhiiu di san van hda vat the, phi vat the, di san thien nhien va di san ky lie the gidi dugc cpng ddng qudc te ghi nhan . Cac hoat dpng van hda dugc hien dai hda; giao luu va tiip biin van hda dac biet md rgng; van hda cong quyen, van hda ling xu, van hda hpi nhap... gSn giii ban vdi khu vuc va the gidi. Ddi sdng van hda ciia nhieu tang Idp dan cu cd dau hieu dugc nang cao ca ve trinh dp va chat lupng.
NghTa la, cd du so sd de ndi rang, he gia tri van hda Viet Nam sau may chuc nam phat trien theo xu the ddi mdi da xac lap dugc cac khuon miu van hda mdi'', thuc sir hpi nhap hiang ddi sau vao van hda nhan loai theo cac chuan muc pho bien ciia cpng ddng the gidi. Tinh trang dj biet - khong giong ai da bdt dan.
C kha nhieu loai hinh thupc hoat dpng van hda, he gia tri van hda Viet Nam da khdng cdn lac long, khoang each lac hau da dupe thu hep. Tham chf, d nhieu hoat dpng van hda, nhu van hda bieu dien - td chiic cac su kien, van hda Showbiz, van hda thdi trang, van hda hdi thao, van hda du lich, Viet Nam da khdng cdn thua kem bao nhieu so vdi cac nen van hda cd kinh nghiem.
Vdi nhiing ITnh vuc thugc ddi sdng van hda (nhu van hda tieu dung, van hda kinh doanh.van hda xudt ban, van hda khach san, V.V.), Viet Nam mac du van chiu kha nhiiu phe phan hay phan nan, nhung mat bing chung da cd nhiing tiin bd kha xa so vdi trudc; tham chi d mgt so hoat ddng cu thi, cdn td ra nhanh nhay khdng thua kem cac nudc cd nen kinh te phat trien.
v i van hda i m thuc, van hda khach san, van hda sii dung I T . . . , ngay nay Viet Nam da tao dugc i n tugng tich cue tren trudng qudc te.
v i van hda chinh trudng, van hda cdng quyin, van hda ddi ngoai (ngoai giao), van hda cong an, van hda quan sy, van hda hgc dudng, V.V., he gia tri van hda Viet Nam ciing da cd khdng it diem sang, vdi nhiing chuin muc gin vdi the gidi, dii nhiing ITnh vyc nay hien van bi che trach nhieu ca tu phia ben trong va ben ngoai.
Khdng chi d nhiing hien tugng b i ngo^i thudc boat dpng van hda, ma ca d tang sau hon, trong cac npi dung thudc pham chat nhan van ciia phat trien, vdi cac chieu canh thupc v i con ngudi, ve cgng ddng va ve dan tpc, van hda Viet Nam cung cd nhiing budc phat trien ma trudc kia khd cd the dat dugc.
Bang each thiic ddc dao ciia "siic manh mem", van hda da ngay cang lam sau sac ban y thiic dan tdc - qudc gia; ngay cang lam ro them lich su dan tdc, gia tri thieng lieng cua dpc lap va chii quyen qudc gia.
Tren ca sd "Chii nghia dan tdc lanh manh"
(Idi Joseph S. Nye danh gia ve Viet Nam [9]), van hda da thuc su udn nan quan diem cue doan cua mgt sd chii the, lam xi'ch lai gan nhau nhimg quan niem trudc vdn xa nhau. Cac gia tri va ban sac van hda, gdm ca ban sac van hda cac dia phuong, cac tpc ngudi, dugc nghien ciiu ngay cang sau va khoi day dugc y nghTa nhan van khach quan ciia sy tdn tai ciia cdng ddng cac dan tdc Viet Nam trong Qudc gia Viet Nam ddc lap, thdng nhat. Cac thanh tyu van minh cua nhan loai timg cd mat tai Viet Nam da dugc danh gia ngay cang hgp Iy, va la nhan td dugc ke thua cua van hda ngudi Viet. Nhan thiic cua xa hgi, dac biet cua cac co quan cd trach nhiem, ve tang trudng kinh te di ddi
Ho Si Quji vdi phat trien van hda, thuc hien tien bd va
cdng bang xa hdi, dugc nhan thiic va dugc trien khai ngay cang thuc te va cd hieu qua.
Khdng phai ngau nhien rang, Viet Nam da hoan thanh ban het cac muc tieu Thien nien ky, da thyc hien mgt each an tugng chi tieu giam ngheo, da thyc hien thanh cdng nhieu chinh sach an sinh xa hdi. Thu nhap cua ngudi dan d khap mgi mien tuy cdn nhieu van de nhung khdng ngiing dugc cai thien.
Khoa hgc, giao due mac dii cdn rat nhieu ban che, nhung da cd nhiing budc phat trien tuang ddi ro theo hudng hdi nhap. Ngudi Viet Nam van dugc danh gia la nang ddng, thdng minh. Hpc sinh Viet Nam, theo ket qua khao sat qudc te (PISA), van dugc xep d thii hang cao ve nhan thiic toan, ngdn ngii va khoa hgc .
Nhin nhan nhiing diem manh ciia van hda Viet Nam ban 30 nam qua, Dai hpi XII ciia Dang Cdng san Viet Nam da danh gia:
"Van hda thuc sy trd thanh nen tang tinh than viing chac cua xa hdi, la siic manh ndi sinh quan trgng dam bao su phat trien ben viing va bao ve virng chac Td qudc vi muc tieu "dan giau, nudc manh, dan chii, cdng bang, van minh" [1, tr.l26].
Trong dip tuan le cap cao APEC, nhieu chinh khach da khdng tiec Idi khen nggi Viet Nam, coi Viet Nam da thyc sy trd thanh mdt trong nhiing "Dieu ky dieu Idn"
(The Great Miracles) cua the gidi; "Ngay nay, Viet Nam la mdt trong nhung nen kinh te phat trien nhanh nhat trai dat" (One of the Fastest-growing Economies on Earth) [10],[11].
Tuy nhien, ciing vdi sy tien bd khdng the phii nhan ay, van hda Viet Nam vdi bd mat thudng ngay ciia nd trong ddi sdng xa hgi, lai td ra la chua dii ban linh de de khang trudc nhiing tac dpng tieu cyc tir ben trong
va ben ngoai. Sy tu te va tinh nhan van ciia van hda ddi Iiic lai khdng du manh de tu ve va tan cdng lai cai thieu van hda va vd van hda. Ngugc lai, chinh nd trong khdng it trudng hgp lai bi tha hda vi nhiing tac ddng ciia cai xau va cai ac.
Tac dpng tieu cyc den van hda hien nay la mdt loat nhiing van nan Idn va khdng kem phan nghiem trpng ve kinh te - chinh tri - xa hgi, dii ai dd mudn lang quen ciing khong the. Nhu nhieu tai lieu chinh thuc va khdng chinh thiic da phan anh, chang han, nen kinh te ngay cang le thudc nang ne vao ngudn vdn FDI va vao kinh te Trung Qudc;
ty le ng cdng sap cham tran; su chuyen ddi md hinh phat hien van rat lung tiing va cham tri; tinh trang tham nhiing va lam ngo trudc tham nhiing mdi chi cd dau hieu dung lai; hiem hga cua tinh trang mdi trudng
"gan chet" khd ludng; khai thac tai nguyen vln khd kiem soat; khiing hoang giao due chua cd Idi thoat; hoat ddng y te da xuong cap d chinh quan he giiia thay thudc vdi con benh; tinh trang can bd cdng quyen lanh cam vdi dan va vdi cac ben ddi tac chua bdt; Bien Ddng va chu quyen lanh thd bi true tiep de dga, v.v..
4. H e gia tri van h o a Viet N a m hien nay:
n h u n g hien t u g n g co van de
4.1. Hien tugng xuong cdp ve dao dire, tha hoa con ngudi
Nhu da nhan dinh d phan rad dau, trong bdi canh cudc dau tranh chdng tham nhung, chdng tha hda dg.o due nhu hien nay, nhat la tir khi cac vu dai an dugc khdi td trudc phap luat, khong it hien tugng xa hgi tieu cue ngoai sue tudng tugng da bi phai bay.
Khoa hpc xa hpi Vi?t Nam, s6 10 - 2018 Tir ngudi dan thudng din cac dai bieu Qudc hdi diu cam thiy buc xiic ddi vdi nhimg hien tugng xa hdi tieu cue do.
Van di xay dyng con ngudi tir lau da dugc quan tam ca d tam vT md va vi md.
Tuy vay, tu ly thuyit "con ngudi mdi"
nhiing nam 60-80, thi ky XX din ly thuyet
"phat triin con ngudi" ngay nay, deu cd nhiing Id hdng khdng nhd khi vd tinh xem nh? nhung diiu kien thuc te kh£ch quan cua sy hinh thanh va phat trien nhan each, phat trien con ngudi.
vin di la d chd, cac ca chi xay dung con ngudi, hinh thanh nhan cdch con ngudi thudng khdng may phu thugc vao quan diim hay thdi dp cua cdc chu the. Nhiing chuan myc dinh hudng xay dyng con ngudi tudng nhu tuy?t vdi, nhung trong thyc te van cd the lam nay sinh nhimg con ngudi khdng nhu y mudn, tham chi meo md, hu hdng, nhat la trong dieu kien kinh te thi hudng thdi toan cau hda, trong diiu kien thi chi chinh tri, thi chi kinh ti d Viet Nam chua cd nhieu yeu td ciia thi chi dung hgp (Inclusive Institution) [2].
Tu cudi 2016, thyc trang suy thoai vi tu tudng chinh tri, dao diic, loi sdng cua can bd dang vien vdi 27 biiu hien tieu cue rit eu the, da dugc de cap chi tiit va phe phan gay gat trong Nghi quyit Trung uang 4 Khda Xn cua Dang Cdng san Viet Nam [4].
Vdi bai viet nay, sau khi da cd Nghi quyit Trung uong 4 Khda XII, cd le khdng cin thiet phai ndi them nhtmg hien tugng xudng cap ve dao diic, suy thodi ve tu tudng, tha hda con ngudi, hay ndi cdch khac, nhung bieu hien tieu cyc cua he gia tri con ngudi Viet Nam. Vdi viec thuc hien Nghi quyit Trung uang 4 Khda XH, va gin day vdi viec ban hanh Quy dinh sd 102-QD/TW cua Bp Chinh tri, van ban sd 04-HD/UBKTTW cua Uy ban Kiim tra Trung uang ve xii ly
ky luat dang vien vi pham, ke ca dang vien da qua ddi, dac bipt vdi thai do ki£n quyit ciia Tdng Bi thu Nguyen Phu Trgng ma xa hpi cd the cam nhan dugc, cdng cupc chdng tham nhung, chdng bon nit cua cai quic gia, chdng phd nat xa hpi, neu cd the dupe ndi nhu v^y, vdi cac vu an dugc khdi td, da lam cho bau khdng khi xa hdi chuyen biin tich cyc, lam cho niem tin dang dugc hdi phyc trd lai. Ngudi dan da tm rang xir ly tham nhiing se khdng cdn vimg cam nhu trudc day, ngudi vi pham phap luat trudc sau cung phai tra gid.
Can thiet phai ndi rang, cdng cupc chdng tham nhiing, lam sach xa hpi, thai dO kien quyit ciia Dang Cdng san Viet Nam ddi vdi dang vien vi pham da bat dau lam cho quan ni?m ve quan trudng va bdng Igc thay ddi.
Quan nipm cho rang lam quan de true lgi (kieu kleptocracy), cdi gi cung mua dupe bang tien, da bat dSu lung lay. Theo chiing tdi, ve lau dai, day la dieu cd y nghTa rat to Idn va ben viing.
4.2. Hien tuang lech lac ve gid tri va su gid doi duae coi Id binh thuang
Trong mdt tham luan tai hgi thao ve van hda Viet Nam cudi nam 2017, chiing tdi da de xuat va chiing minh cho nhan dinh rang, van de Idn nhat cua van hda Viet Nam hi?n nay la hien tugng lech lac vi gid tri, gia doi dugc coi la binh thudng. Theo chiing tdi, niu van hda trudc hit la tdng hoa cdc gid tri ngudi, thi ro rang, van de Idn nhat cua van hda Viet Nam hien nay diing la van de lech gid tri. O bai nay, chiing tdi mgt lan niia khang dinh y kien nay va xin ndi them vai dieu cd lien quan.
Khd ma phii nhan dugc rang, lau nay, dau dau trong ddi sdng xa hpi ngudi ta cung
Hd ST Quy bat gap cai gia ddi. Gia ddi da phd bien den
miic dugc coi la binh thudng, lam nan long su tmng thyc, tir te. Bang gia, danh hieu gia, kien thiic gia, chat lugng san pham gia, thudc chua benh gia, tudi tdc gia, sd lieu thdng ke gia, thanh todn vdi chiing tii gia, bieu quyet gia, dao diic gia,... gan nhu cd mat khap noi va khdng cdn la dieu xau hd niia. Rat tiec la, xa hpi lai thira nhan bang each lam ngo coi nhu khdng thay.
Ci khdng it cdng trinh, dy dn, muc dich ghi trong van ban thyc te chi la gia, vi dd chang qua chi la phuong tien, la cdng cy cho bdn nit, tham nhiing. Lam bat cu viec gi cung nghT den lach luat, hay xa xeo. Se khdng con ddng c a hanh ddng neu cdng viec dupe tien hanh mdt each ngay thang, khdng cd Ipi ich gi cd the xa xeo dugc. Mpi de an qudc ke d&n sinh deu cd nguy ca dd vd neu d dd tham nhiing hay muc dich vu lgi khdng thuc hien dupe.
Van de tat nhien la do suy thoai pham chat lam ngudi. Tuy vay, nhin xa hem, van de cdn la d chd, the che kinh te, co che xa hdi tCr qud lau da sinh ra tinh trang ma d dd hau het cdc cdng viec, lao ddng deu khdng dugc tra thu lao tuong xiing, dac biet d khu vyc nha nudc (tam ggi la tinh trang "khdng ngang gia"). Gan nhu d khap noi, trong mpi dang lao dpng, neu ai lam that, cd trach nhiem that, hudng thu 'lao that, thi chdc chan la hp bj thiet thdi hoac khdng dugc thu hudng xiing dang vdi cdng siic bd ra. Ca che nay thugc ve the che bdc lot (Extractive institutions). Xa hdi may chyc nam nay da ty tim dudng di cho minh bang cdch tdi te nhat, cdch gia ddi.
4.3. Hien tuang suy gidm niem tin Tir lau, hien tugng suy giam niem tin vao che do, vao sy lanh dao ciia Dang Cgng san
Viet Nam, vao bd may cdng quyen, da dugc bdo chi va du luan xa hdi len tieng bao ddng. Nguy co trye tiep de doa sy tdn vong ciia Dang Cgng san Viet Nam va che dp da nhiiu lin dugc chinh Tdng Bi thu Nguyen Phii Trgng canh bao.
Thang 5/2016, trong bai phat bieu chi dao cdng tac cua Ban Dan van Trung uang, Tdng B I thu Nguyen Phu Trgng nhan dirih rang: hien tupng "ngudi cd chiic cd quyen cd nhimg bieu Men sa siit pham chat, sdng xa d&n, vd trach nhiem vdi dan", hien tupng
"cdn bd lanh dao cac cap, cdc nganh giu tac phong quan lieu, gia trudng, dgc doan, tham chi trii dap, uc hiep quan chiing", nhung hien tugng do "da lam tdn thuong thanh danh, uy tin cua Dang, lam giam siit long tin ciia nhan dan ddi vdi Dang" [6].
Nghi quyet Hpi nghi TW 4 khda XII chi ro:
"nhiing ban che, khuyet diem cua cdn bd dang vien (ma Nghi quyet Hpi nghi TW 4 da chi ra) "da lam giam siit vai trd lanh dao cua Dang; lam tdn thuang tinh cam va suy giam niem tin cua nhan dan ddi vdi Dang, la mpt nguy ca true tiep de doa su tdn vong cua Dang va che dp" [4].
Thyc ra, tinh trang suy giam niem tin, dd va niem tin do da dupe xa hpi ndi qua nhieu tir hang chuc nam nay nen gid gan nhu da het ndng. Niem tin ty le nghich vdi gia ddi.
Niem tin thieu vang thi gia ddi tang len, ma thudng la tang len nhieu lan Idn han. Van hda d noi ma con ngudi ngay cang it tin nhau la thii van hda di theo chieu gia ddi, lira gat Ian nhau, ndi chinh xdc ban, do la vd van hda.
Cdc nha khoa hpc thudng tim nguyen nhan cua khiing hoang niem tin trudc bet d sy van hanh cua the che, d bd may cdng quyen, d ddi ngii quan chuc, d he thong luat phdp. Dieu dd di nhien la hgp ly.
Nhung nhin tir phia gia tri, nguyen nhan co
Khoa hoc xa hoi Viet Nam, s6 10-2018 ban lam cho niem tin trong ddi sdng tinh than xa hdi Viet Nam mai mdt rdi mat dan, theo chiing tdi, la d cho, da qud lau rdi d nudc ta le phai it dugc tdn trgng, tham chi bi cha dap.
Su that la, do t h i c h i (chu yiu vd tinh), luat phap ludn tao ke hd, bd may cdng quyin thudng quan lieu, chinh sach lai khdng sau sat, trong dpi ngu can bd cd khdng it ngudi tham lam, vu Ipi, cho nSn nhiiu ngudi da coi thudng le phai, quay lung lai vdi le phai, ddi khi cha dap len le phai, lam cho niim tin roi vao tinh trang nhu hien nay. Le phai trong khdng it trudng hgp bi ddi xir nhu la thir vd,nghia.
Mdi rit gin day, co nhirng vu viec rat biic xiic nhung ngudi cd trdch nhiem van rao hoanh tra Idi cdng luan rang "diing quy trinh". Le phai trong nhirng trudng hpp nhu vay hoan toan bi xem thudng. Niem tin dii d dang nao thi ciing khd cd ca sd de tiep tuc tdn tai.
Ci Viet Nam hien nay, le phai bi xem thudng den miic luat phap ciing cd the
"mua dupe". Oan sai ddi khi phai can den nhung ngudi cd trach nhiem rat cao ciia dat nudc can thiep mdi dugc giai quyet. Mdi day, khi cac vu dai an dugc khdi td trudc phap luat, phan Idn ngudi dan khdng khdi ngac nhiSn khi biet rang, trong sd nhiing tdi pham nghi6m trgng lai cd ca nhiing ngudi da tung cd ham cap tudng trong cdng an, cap ta trong quan dpi, va cdn bd c i p rit cao cua Dang, Nha nudc. Niem tin dugc dam bao bdng cai gi niu biet ring nhiing quan chirc day dao mao xung quanh lai chinh la toi pham thao tiing trat ty xa hpi.
Ay la chua ke din nhiing hien tugng nhiic nhdi d cdc ITnh vuc khac; chang ban, gido vien hanh ha hgc sinh; hpc trd dam thiing bung thay giao; phu huynh "bit cd
giao qui, dap ca cd giao dang mang thai;
ngudi nha benh nhan danh bdc sy, dam thay thuoc; quan chiic cham cham bao ve ke xiu; ke thit diic hay vd hpc lai ngdng nghenh vi "an theo" quyen lyc, v.v.. Nhung hien tugng nhiic nhdi nay vira la nhan vira la qua cua hien tugng mat niem tin.
Khdng nen nguy bien rang nhiing hien tugng nay chi la cd biet. Neu he thdng khdng xap xe, co che, the che khdng cd van d i nghiem trgng, thi nhirng hien tugng nhu vay khdng t h i nay sinh dupe. Nhiing hien tugng nay neu van tiep tuc tdn tai, du chi la ca biet, hay tham chi duy nhat di niia, thi niim tin tir dan chiing vin cdn chua the phuc hdi dugc. Niem tin, nhu loi cua Thu tudng Nguyin Xuan Phiic phdt bieu tai Qudc hdi ngay 22/5/2018, "la ngudn lyc rit Idn de xay dyng dat nudc" [7].
Ve phuang dien gia tri, can thiet phai ndi ring viec dinh hudng gia tri trong thyc te ludn cd hai xu hudng khdng may khi triing nhau. Trong khi nhiing gid tri ly tudng, nhiing gia tri ky vgng dugc ndng nhiet de cao, dupe tdn vinh cd chu y nham dinh hudng tu tudng va hanh vi con ngudi, thudng khdng dat dugc ket qua bao nhieu, thi ngugc lai, cdc gia tri ngam dinh cua ban than ddi sdng xa hdi lai am tham the hien siic manh cua nd. Ddng chay ban nang manh Het cua ddi sdng xa hdi, neu khdng dugc cac thiet che phap Iy dii manh va nghiem minh tao hanh lang du thdng thodng de van ddng, thi se ludn lach qua mpi ke hd de thda man nhu can chinh dang va khdng chinh ddng ciia con ngudi. Cai xau, cai ac, cai bat hgp ly trong nhung trudng hgp nhu vay ddi khi khdng kiem sodt dugc. Thyc trang he gid tri van hda Viet Nam hien nay it nhieu rai vao tinh trang nhu vay.
Ho ST Quy 5. Ket luan
Van hda Viet Nam hdm nay la mdt thyc te mang trong .no khdng it, mau thuan. Viet Nam tu mdt qudc gia ngheo ddi, cham phat trien trd thanh mdt nudc cd thu nhap trung binh, vdi quy md nen kinh te diing thii 40 tren the gidi va dy tru ngoai hdi nam 2017 dat 64 ty USD [7]. Thyc t i phat triin dd that dang suy ngam. Nhung chinh sy phat trien ay lai ciing la dieu kien de nhieu thdi hu tat xau cua ngudi Viet va mdt sd yen kem trong quan ly vT md cd co hdi gay tac hai cho xa hpi. Dieu dd d i lai diu i n trong van hda.
Hien thdi, van hda Viet Nam dang an chiia mdt sd van de thyc sy can trd sy phat trien. Con ngudi tha hda,, dao dire xudng cap, niem tin suy giam, giao due yeu kem, y te kem nhan van, chinh sach van hda bat cap, le hdi ft van hda..., dd la nhiing van de ndng ciia ban than van hda Viet Nam.
He gia tri con ngudi va van hda Viet Nam trong khi dat tdi nhieu chuan muc gan vdi the gidi, cd khdng it diem sang duoc the gidi ca nggi, thi ciing lai chiu nhieu che trach tu ben trong, ca tu phia ngudi dan va ca tu phia cdc dai bieu Qudc hdi, do cd sy xudng cap cua van hda, dac biet van hda lam ngudi, van hda trong quan he giua ngudi vdi ngudi.
Trong khi he gia tri van hda Viet Nam sau hem 30 nam phat trien da xdc lap dugc cac khudn man van hda mdi, thuc su hdi nhap tuang ddi sau vao van hda the gidi theo cac chuan myc phd bien ciia cpng ddng the gidi, nhieu boat ddng van hda khdng thua kem cac nudc cd nen van hda hiing manh, tinh trang "khdng gidng ai" bdt dan, thi ngay trong he gia tri van hda Viet
Nam lai xay ra hien tugng lech lac ve gid tri. Hien thdi, vi tri ciia danh va thuc, cua lao dpng va su giau cd, cua dia vi va tai nang, cua tien bac va tinh ngudi, cua thdi phd truong va diic khiem tdn, ciia su vd cam va long vi tha, v.v., trong bang gid tri cdng ddng kha lech lac. Theo chiing tdi, van de Idn nhat ciia van hda Viet Nam hien thdi la lech lac ve gid tri. He gia tri cua ngudi Viet da vd tinh bi xep sai mdt sd vj tri thanh nguy gia tri. Thdi vy lgi va thyc- dung qua sy kich thich cua mat trai kinh te thi trudng da lam cho khdng it ngudi tudng rang cd tien bac va dugc lam quan la gia tri dinh cao ciia ddi sdng. Gia ddi da tuong ddi phd bien trong nhieu ITnh vyc cua ddi sdng xa hdi. Tham chi gia ddi ddi luc da lan at sy tu te va chan that.
Sy phat trien ciia dat nudc doi hdi mdi ca nhan va cdc td chuc xa hdi phai that sy nghiem khac vdi nhiing thdi hu tat xau nay de van hda trd lai vdi cdc chan gia tri. Xa hpi mudn phdt trien, thi nguy gia tri khdng the chiem chd cua chan gia tri, gia ddi khdng the lan at sy tir te va chan that.
Nhiing mau thuan vira neu khdng phai do chiing tdi nghT ra, ma la nhiing mau thuan dang tdn tai thyc trong thyc te. Ve muc dp gay gat ciia van de, chiing tdi nghT rang khdng khi drong dien dan Qudc hpi khda XrV ky hgp thii 5 khi ban tdi nhiing van de nay cdn gay gat hon. Tuy vay, neu nhin lai lich su thi cd the thay rang, van hda Viet Nam xua nay deu di len thdng qua mau thuan. Dieu nay cho phep hy vpng, vdi mpt CO the dang phat trien tuong ddi manh nhu Viet Nam, nhiing birc xiic, gay cin do chang nhung se khdng can trd dugc, ma chang qua chi la ca hdi d i van hda Viet Nam giai quyit triet de cac mau thuan cd
U
Khoa hpc xa hpi VietNam, s6 10-2018 thi cd, d i rdi dat tdi nhung gia tri cao ban, tot dep ban.
Chu thich
^ iToc kinh ta phat triSn nhtf ngay nay, dao due xa hoi nhu ngay xua. Kinh t^ phat tnen nhung xa hpi con nhifiu viec dong troi. Khong qu.an tam den van hoa thi phat hiSn kinh t§ la v6 nghta [6], [7].
^ Tinh din thoi dilm nay, di san the gioi tai Vi?t Nam da dugc UNESCO cong nhan gom ca 3 lo^i hinh: di san thien nhien the gioi, di san van hoa the gi^i va di san hSn hgp van hoa va thien nhien the gioi. Viet Nam hien co. 8 di san the giai dugc UNESCO cong nhan, trong do co 5 di san van hoa (QuSn th6 di tich C6 do Hu6, Ph6 co Hoi An, Thanh dia My Son, Khu di tich trung tam Hoang thanh Thang Long va Thanh nha Ho), 2 di san tu nhien (Yuan quoc gia Phong Nha - Ke Bang, Vinh Ha Long). Quan the danh thang Trang An la di san hon hgp duy nhat tai Viet Nam va Dong Nam A va la mot trong so it 35 di san hon hop dugc, UNESCO cong nhan [14], Ve di san VSJI hoa phi vat the, Viet Nam CO 12 Di san van hoa phi vat thi dai dien cho van hoa nhan loai duoc UNESCO cong nhan: Nha nhac - Am nhac Cung dinh trtSu Nguyen (2003);
Khong gian van hoa C6ng chieng Tay Nguyen (2005); Hat Ca Tru (2009); Dan ca Quan hg B ^ Ninh (2009). Hgi Giong 6 dSn Soc va dSn Phti D6ng (2010). Tin ngirmg tho ciing Hung Vuong o Phu Tho (2012); Nghe thuat Don ca tai tu Nam Eg (2013); Dan ca Vi, Gi^m Nghe Tinh (2014); Nghi l l va Tro choi Keo co (2015, H6 so da qu6c gia Vi?t Nam, Han Qu6c, Campuchia va Philippines). Thuc hanh Tin nguang Tha M i u Tam phu ciia nguai Viet (2016); Hat Xoan Phii Tho (2011, 2017). Nghe thuat Bai Choi Trung Bp {2017). Trong do co Ca Tru la di san van hoa phi vat thi c k bao ve khdn cap[l 5].
v e Ho so ky lie thi giai {Memory of the World - MOW), Chuang trinh do UNESCO de xuong va
thuc hien tii nam 1992 nham b i o ton va tiep can nhiirig di san tai lieu quy h i i m co nguy ca bi' xam hai va mai mpt 6 nhieu nuoc va khu vuc tren thg gioi. Cho d i n nay, Vi?t Nam dang c6 6 di san nhiin danh hi?u nay, bao gom " M ^ c ban trieu Nguyin",
"Chau ban trilu Nguyin", "Moc ban kinh Ph^t thifin phai Tnic Lam chOa VTnh Nghiem, Bac Giang",
"Bia da Van Mieu - Quoc TLT Giam", "Tho van tren kiSn tnic cung dinh Hue" va "Mgc bdn Trucmg Phiic Giang, Ha Tinh" [16].
'* Trong nghien ciiu van hoa, mpt so nha nghien cuu dupe giao nhi?m vu hoac tu d$t cho minh nhifm v\i xac dinh chuin m u c mcri cua van hoa Viet Nam hay ciia con nguai Viet Nam. Thuc te cho thiy dii kk qua hgp ly den may, cong viec nay ciing rat kho dugc thiia nhan. GS. Tran Ngoc Them trong c6ng trinh xuit ban 2016 da xac dinh "He gia tri cot 16i toan di?n" ciia van hoa Viet Nam gom 35 gia tri.
Trong do "He gia tri cot loi trgng diem" gom 10 gia tri: "DSn chu va Phap quyen, Yeu nuac va Nhan ai, Trung thuc va Ban ITnh, Trach nhiem va Hgp tac, va Khoa hgc va Sang tao" [3, tr.464-471].
^ Ket qua danh gia hpc sinh quoc te theo chuan PISA moi nhat (2015, dugc OECD cong bo ngay 6/12/2016), Viet Nam xkp thu 8 trong 72 nucrc ve Khoa hgc, thu 22 ve Toan va 32 ve Ngon ngu, Lan dau tien tham gia PISA 2012, Viet Nam dung thii 8 ve Khoa hgc, thii 17 vSToan va ihii 19 v l Ngon ngii
"[13], [8].
Tai lieu t h a m k h a o
[1] Dang Cpng san Viet Nam (2016), Van ki^n Dgi hoi dgi bieu loan qudc Idn thii XII, Nxb Chinh tri quoc gia. Ha Npi.
[2] Acemoglu D., Robinson A.J. (2013), Tgi sao cac quoc gia that bai: nguon goc cua quyen lire, ihinh vitgng va ngheo doi, Nxb Tre Tp. Ho Chi Minh, Tp. Ho Chi Minh.
Ho ST Quy
[3] Tran Nggc Them (2016), Hi gia tri Vtet Nam til truyen thong t&i hiin tgi va con dircmg di t&i tuang lai, Nxb Van hoa -Van nghe. Ha Npi.
[4] Dang Cgng san Viet Nam (2016), Nghi quyit Hoi nghi Trung uang 4 khoa XII, httpsV/thuvienphapluat vn/tintuc/vn/thoi-su- phap-luat/chinh-sach-moi/14839/nghi-quyet- hoi-nghi-tmng-uong-4-khDa-xii, Truy cap ngay
19/5/2017.
[5] H6 Ha (2018), Cf&c kinh tiphdt tnin nhu ngdy nay, dgo due xa hoi nhu ngay xua, http://kinhtedothi.vn/uoc-kinh-te-phat-trien- nhu-iigay-nay-va-dao-duc-xa-hoi-nhu-ngay- xua-317179.html, Truy cap ngay 19/9/2018.
[6] Xuan Hoa (2016), Tong bi thu: "Dan gidm long tin v&i Dang vi nhiiu cdn ho thodi hoa ", https://vnexpress.net/tin-tuc/thoi-su/tong-bi- thu-dan-giam-long-tin-voi-dang-vi-nhieu-can-
" bo-thoai-hoa-3410488.html, Truy cap ngay 19/5/2017.
[7] Nguyen Hung (2018), Thu luang: Niem tin ciia ddn Id nguon luc xdy dung ddt nu&c, https://
news.zing.vn/thu-tuong-niem-tin-cua-dan-la- .nguon-luc-xay-dung-dat-nuoc- post844774.htmL Truy cap ngay 19/9/2018.
[8] Jerrim, John (2017), Why does Vietnam do so well in PISA^ An example of why naive interpretation of international rankings is such a bad idea, https://ioelondonblog, wordpress.com/2017/07/19/why-does-vietnam- do-so-well-in- pisa-an-example-of-why-naive- interpretation-of-intemational-rankmgs-is- such-a-bad-idea/, Truy cap ngay 19/9/2018.
[9] Nye, Joseph S. (2010), Chu nghia ddn tpc lanh mgnh Id diim tim ciia Viet Nam,
http://tuanvietnam.vietnamnet.vn/2010-01-12- chu-nghia-dan-toc-lanh-manh-la-diem-tua-cua- vn-, Truy cap ngay 19/9/2018.
[10] "Remarks by President Trump at APEC CEO Summit", Da Nang. Nov., 10, 2017, h tlps:/Avww. whileh ouse. gov/lh e-press-ojfice /2(^17/ll/10/remarks-president-lrump-apec- ceo-summit-da-nang-vielnam, Truy cap ngay 19/9/2018.
[11] "Remarks by President Trump and President Quang of Vietnam at State Banquet", Hanoi, Nov., n , 2017, https ://www.whttehouse.
gov/the-press-office/2017/11/11/remarks- president-tmmp-and-resident-quang-vietnam- state-banquet, Truy cap ngay 19/9/2018.
[12] Thanh Tam (2016), Gido su My thdc mdc 'Viet Nam ngheo sao hoc sinh xep hgng PISA cao, https://vnexpress.neL'tin-tuc/giao-duc/giao-su- my-thac-mac-viet-nam-ngheo-sao-hoc-sinh-, xep'hang-pisa-cao-3514152,html, Tmy cap ngay 19/9/2018.
[13] Viet Nam. Student performance (PISA 2015), http://gpseducation.oecd.org/CountryProfile7pr imaryCountry=VNM&lreshold=10&topic=PI, Truy cap ngay 19/9/2018.
[14] http://whc.unesco.org/en/slatesparties/Viit Nam, Truy cap ngay 19/9/2018.
[15] https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/viet-nam-VN?
info^elements-on-the-lists// htlps://ich.
unesco.org/en-state/viet-nam-VN, Truy cap ngay 19/9/2018.
[ 16] http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication- and-information/raemory-of-the-world/register/
access-by-region-and-country/vn/, Tmy cap ngay 19/9/2018.
