KHUYNH HirdNG SINH THAI TRONG TIEU THUYET VIET VE MIEN NUI
T H 6 IKI DOI MCJl
DIEUTHITUUYEN"*'
Tom tdt: Khuynh hiidng sinh thai trong sdng tdc vdn hgc la khuynh hitdng vidt theo quan diem, ldp trUdng, y thi^ vi moi trUdng sinh thdi. Trong tiiu thuyet viet ve miin niii thdi ki Doi mdi, do khdm phd hien thiic trong cdi nhin da chiiu, mot sdtdc phdm vie't ve the sit - ddi tU da the hiin y thiic vi moi tnidng sinh thdi nhti mot sii tdng ciSng them gdc soi chieu mdi dot vdi hi^n thUc. Hien tiidng ndy dd md ra mdt khuynh hiidng sdng tdc mdi trong tieu thuyet viet vi miin nui- khuynh hiidng sinh thdi. Bdi viet tap trung phdn tich nhitng diem ndi bdt vi bieu hien cua khuynh hiidng sinh thdi trong tiiu thuyet viSi vi mien nui thdi ki Ddi mdi nhiC: md td tU nhien nhii mot thitc thd trung tdm; phdn dnh mdi quan he giUa con ngiidi vdi tU nhien theo hai chiiu tich ciic vd tiiu cite; dit bdo nhiing nguy ca sinh thdi.
Td khoa: Khuynh hiidng sinh thdi; tieu thuyet vidt vi miin nUi; thdi ki Doi mdi.
Abstract: Ecological trend in literature is the tendency to write from an ecological point of view and environmental awareness. In novels about the highland in the Doi mdi period, with an aim to explore reality from a multi-angle perspective, some works have utilized ecological awareness in discussing social and personal matters. This phenomenon has created a new trend in novels about the highland: the ecological trend. This article focused on features of the ecological trend in novels about the highland in Ddi mdi period, such as: describing nature as the center character, portraying both positive and negative aspects of human-nature relation, and predict ecological risks.
Keywords: Ecological trend; novel about the highland; Doi mdi period.
Ngdy nhan bdi: 15/10/2018; Ngdy s^a bdi: 25/11/2018; Ngdy duyet ddng bdi: 27/4/2019.
1. Dat van dd Dd'i vdi nhflng tac pham mieu ta phan anh Theo nha nghien cflu Tran Dinh S i , ve dep tfl nhien va quan he gifla con ngfldi khai niem sinh thai xuit hien trong van vdi tfl nhien, mac du ngudi viet dUdng thdi hoc nghe thudt b i t ngudn tfl gdi y e i a khdng c h i dich dflng tfl lap trfldng sinh sinh thai hoc, nghien c i u md'i quan hd thai nhU hidn nay, thi chung ta v i n cd the tUdng sinh, tUdng tac gifla cac sinh the dflng tren lap trfldng cua minh de phat ciing mdi quan he cua chung vdi mdi hien va tim ra y nghia sinh thai"'^\ Theo trfldng vat chat xung quanh. O Viet Nam, tinh t h i n tren, khai niem van hoc sinh van hoc sinh thai chfla phat trien, nen cae thai ci Viet Nam trfldc het va c h i yeu dfldc nha nghien c i u eho r i n g cd the linh hoat dung de chi nhflng tac pham viet ve mdi trong each quan niem ve nd. Theo tac gia
Dd Dflc Hieu: "Mdt tac pham dfldc coi la o TS. Trudng Dai hoc Tay Bac.
van hoe sinh thai khdng n h i t thie't phai '" Xem: D6 Diic Hieu (2015), Vdn hoc sinh thdi ud ly c h u dich dflng tfl l a p t r u o n g s i n h t h a i . . . ' Z , , ' ' ^ '"'"' ^'"* "^' •>ttp://dovanHeu.w„rdpre,s
[ Q NHAN LUG KHOA HOC XAHOI SO 5-2011
DIEU THI TU UYEN trflcing tfl nhign vdi y thflc sinh thai.
Nhig'u tac phim tieu thuyet viet vd mien niii da b i t dau dfldc nghien cflu theo khuynh hfldng sinh thai tfl nhidn.
Theo khuynh hfldng sinh thai tfl nhign, nha van coi tfl nhign va md'i quan he hai hoa gifla con ngfldi vdi tU nhien nhU la mpt ddi tuong mieu ta trung tam cua tieu thuydt; Iiy ldi ich chinh the cua he thd'ng sinh thai tfl nhien lam gia tri eao nhat de kham pha; canh bao va tim nguygn nhan cua nhflng nguy cd sinh thai. Nhflng noi dung nay da lam ngn gia tri doe dao rigng cua tidu thuyet vie't ve mien nui thdi ki Doi mdi.
2. Khuynh htfdng sinh t h a i t r o n g tie'u thuyet viet ve theft ky Doi mdfi
Thien nhien t i lau da xuat hign nhfl mot bic tranh hien thflc, nhieu nha van da danh nhflng trang vig't de mieu ta ve thien nhign midn nui vdi mot ngudn cam hflng ddi dao, say me. Du van hoc sinh thai thflc sfl ed the chfla xuit hien, nhflng midn mii vd'n la dia ban mang net dac thu ve hg sinh thai tU nhien nen thign nhign khdng the khdng trd thanh tam didm kham pha eia van hoc. Dd la nhflng sang tac coi tu nhien va md'i quan he hai hda gifla con ngUdi vdi tU nhidn nhU la mot dd'i tUcing mieu ta trung tam cua tieu thuyet.
S6 di, nhflng tac pham nay dfldc coi nhfl la van hoc sinh thai vi trong qua trinh mieu ta vd thign nhign, nha van khdng nhiing de cap kha chi tiet nhting hieu biet ve he smh thai tfl nhign phong phu, da dang ma con nhan thflc rd van nan xam hai mdi trudng sinh thai tfl nhien, nhiJng nguy ed sinh thai hien hflu. Nha van cung y thflc dacfc vai tro eia minh trong khi vig't ve tU nhien, vdi tu each la ngudi de eao gia tri 5^5-2019
e i a sinh thai tU nhien trong ddi sdng, canh bao nguy cd sinh thai, dat ra vin dd trach nhiem eia con ngudi trong viec bao ve va duy t n phat trien he sinh thai ben vflng. Trong bai vig't nay, chung tdi xin ban dg'n van de sinh thai theo hudng md dd, ddi vdi cae sang tac tieu thuyet cd khuynh hudng the hien y thflc eua nha van vd sinh thai, trong cai nhin diy tinh nhan van.
TrUdc day, ddc gia mien nui ting tu hao ve ky tich eia tfl trudng Dam San (si thi Bam Sdn - S i thi Tay Nguygn) di bit nfl t h i n Mat Trdi ve lam vd. Cudc chinh phuc nfl t h i n Mat Trdi ed the coi la minh ehflng hung hdn nhat cho khat vong chig'm linh, chinh phuc tfl nhien, khang dinh vi tri trung tam, chi the eia con ngudi trong cuoc sdng. Tfl thdi eia Dam San eho dg'n sau nay, con ngUdi da ludn khang dinh mot each chic chdn va tU hao ve tu each c h i thd eia minh ddi vdi ddi sdng tU nhien va xa hdi. Cho dg'n khi nhin lai va nhan ra, vdi tU each ehi the, con ngUdi da ap dat each i n g x i dd'i vdi thien nhign, khien thien nhien ding trUdc nguy cd bi xam hai, bi hiy diet, tan pha,... thi ho mdi thay ddi quan niem. Tfl viec thay ddi quan niem nhin nhdn ve tfl nhien, cac nha van hien dai ngay cang hfldng den midu ta thign nhien nhfl mot thUe the trung tam vdi mot y thUe mdi me, mang y nghia nhan van sau sac.
2.1. Thien nhien vdi nhang ddc diem phong phu, da dang
So vdi tieu thuyet vie't ve dd tai mien xudi thdi ki Doi mdi, cae tieu thuyet vie't ve mien nui thdi ki nay ed Uu the hdn vd ngudn chat lieu hien thflc - do la thidn nhien. Du vie't theo khuynh hfldng nao thi
NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XAHfil [ | ]
mdi tac gia ciing deu phae hoa lai trong sang tac e i a minh nhiing hinh anh dac sac e i a thien nhien. Cdn trong nhflng tac pham ed khuynh hfldng y thflc ve sinh thai ro ret nhfl Luat cua rimg (Kim Nhit), Rang thieng (Hoang The Sinh), Mdi ten dm khdi (Ma TrUdng Nguygn),... thi thien nhien chie'm mot dung lUdng Idn, phong phu, da dang.
Bd Id mdt the gidi thien nhien tUdi dep, thd mpng vd trd tinh. Trong con mat eia cac nha van, the gidi thign nhien hien len vdi ta't ea mau sde tUdi tin, rfle rd eia cd cay, hoa la; am thanh song ddng cua tieng chim keu, gid thdi, sud'i chay, thac reo;
dang ve cang tran nhfla sd'ng eia cae loai sinh vat. Tfl nhiing nhanh lan ring "vfldn canh dai chiu chit nhflng doa hoa nam canh khum khum hinh qua chuong, Idng hoen hoen mot sic tim" (Chuyen cua Ly ~ Ma Van Khang); nhflng tham hoa rflng mgnh mdng "ngdi ngdi sac hoa dd quyen, anh dao, vang anh, che tuyet... " (Thdphi - Doan Hflu Nam) dg'n "loai hoa ban... hoa tring hdng, hoa tring mud't... lam sang riing sang nui" (MUi ten dm khoi - Ma Trfldng Nguyen). Tfl mau sic sd'ng ddng
"eua nhflng con chim sac sd"; "eia mat trdi nhfl qua ciu l i a dfldc tung len gifla vdm trdi xanh ngan ngat" de'n "nhflng ang ciu vdng bay sac lung linh" (Tinh xa mdy - Ma TrUdng Nguygn). Tfl hfldng thdm ngan ngat eia "tflng chum phong lan lung lieng, hoa nd ngao ngat trong gid" {Tinh xa mdy - Ma TrUdng Nguyen) den mui hUdng mdc mac, diu diu eia nam rflng "ci dang Ign mat ngpt dd chiu" (MUi ten dm khdi - Ma TrUdng Nguyen). T i am thanh ki dieu
"eia sudi chay, eia la cay reo, eua chim sdn ea hdt" (Riing thieng - Hoang The Q ] NHAN LUG KHOA HOC XA Hdi
Sinh); "tieng chim goi nhau anh di tan vao rflng cay" (MUi ten dm khoi - Ma Trfldng Nguyen) de'n nhing khung canh ygn tinh, trong lanh: "... mot con sud'i trong ngan in mau la cay rflng xanh ngit. Mdt phien da xanh nhin hdng canh bd sud'i nhfl chie'c ghe thien nhidn ddn ngUdi qua lai ngdi nghi chan" (Tinh xd mdy Ma TrUdng Nguygn). Cai dep eia thien nhien d day khdng chi bdi hinh anh, am thanh, khdng khi ma cdn d sU sd'ng, sfle sinh trfldng manh me ki la.
Bd la mpt thien nhien ki vi. Vdi dia hinh ddc nui, nhieu vung eia mien nui dfldc thign nhien Uu dai cho ve dep hiem cd eia nui non trung diep, ring xanh ngut ngan, thac nUdc gim reo, gay an tUdng ve mot sU ki VI, manh me diy sic cud'n hut eia mien hien viln. Nhflng "ddi nui diep trung. Sfldng nhfl may p h i kin nhflng dinh non cao..." (Chom ba nhd - Cao Duy Sdn); "rflng xanh ngut ngan chang khac gi mdt chie'c d khdng Id nghidng bdng" (Riing thieng - Hoang Thg' Sinh); thac nfldc vdi
"trieu trieu nhflng bui nUdc tfl ddng thac nhfl tim ludi khdng Id tung Ign trdi cao, rdi trum xud'ng van vdt each nd ca tram thflde (Bdn trifi - Cao Duy Sdn). Hay mpt thien nhien hoang sd, dd dpi vd khac nghiet. Dd la khdng gian hoang sd e i a rflng gia eao nguyen ma Kim Nhit tai hien lai trong Luat cua riing: "rflng nui rdm rap, hoang vu, chim thu nhieu vd kd, voi cop di hang dan hang lu" (Luat cda riing - Kim Nha't). La sic manh khung khiep cua nhflng cdn ddng riing: "ngpn gio hoang hung t h i n thda sfle rung gidt, vin vd, gidng xe mdt each khdng thfldng tied gi hg't... Tung ta mit mung trong cac ludng gid la la lau, canh cay, bui da't" (Chuyen
DIEU THI TU UYEN cua Ly - Ma Van Khang). La khong gian
hi in eua chdn rflng dem; "Ca mpt the gidi hoang vu ddng thanh cat tieng vdi mudn van cung bae. Nay la tieng la kho gidn vd dudi bflde chan eia loai mdng gud'c than trpng dd dim, vfla di vfla nghe ngdng. Nay la tidng trudn minh rat nhe nhUng eung rat ddi ngang tang eia loai bd sat rinh m6i... Tieng quang minh rao rao e i a tran gio trgn nhflng vdm cd thu tham den"
(Mdu riing rudng - Do Tie'n Thuy). La am thanh hoang da eia chdn riing gia: "Tieng thac, tidng cdn trung, tieng chim, tieng thu tao nen mot tap am rat rflng. Rdn rdn"
(Tidng hdgdm - Ha Dflc Toan).
TrUde day, trong cac truyen dUdng rflng nhu Ai hdt gida riing khuya - Dai Dflc Tuin), Vdng vd mdu - The Lfl, Truyen didfng riing - Lan Khai,... thien nhien midn nui thfldng hien len nhU mdt thg' gidi dang sd vdi ma quy, cac loai manh thu, mpt the gidi xa xoi, hi hiem, lam sdn chfldng khi, chfla dflng nhflng hiem hoa khdn ludng doi vdi con ngfldi. Nhflng hinh anh thign nhign dd gdi i n tUdng ve mpt sU ddi lap vdi eon ngUdi. Se la "khap khieng"
ndu so sanh, vi sU phan anh tU nhien d v^o hai thdi didm hch s i hoan toan khac nhau. NhUng rd rang, nhflng trang viet ve the gidi thien nhidn hoang sd, d i dpi e i a cac tieu thuydt thdi ki Doi mdi cd xu hitdng xda nhda sfl dd'i l | p do. Sfl hoang sd, dfl dpi eua tfl nhien d day gay an tfldng hip dan ve mdt mien sdn cUde hi i n gdi cho ddc gia cam nhdn manh me ve sic sdng tran trd, manh liet e i a eac loai sinh vat. Nd giup eon ngUdi hieu ki hdn ve thign nhien mien nui,... tfl dd, ed y t h i c g^n lai vdi thidn nhidn hdn. Su di chuyen cai nhin vd thien nhien midn nui t i dd'i Sd 5-2019
lap sang hai hda bdc Id sU am hieu t i ben trong eia cac nha van. Nha nghign ciu Trin Dinh S i cho rang: "Nhflng ai ehi nhin tfl nhign nhfl khach the nhan thflc, ma khdng sd'ng vdi tfl nhien se khdng bao gid hieu dfldc cac bi an eia tfl nhien eung nhflng thi vi, ml cam eia tfl nhien"*^*. Dpc tigu thuyet ve mien nui thdi ki nay, ddc gia nhu dUdc tidp can vdi mdt cud'n "ti dign" bang ngdn tfl nghe thudt vd he sinh thai tfl nhien mien nui, hp da ed cdng mang lai eai nhin eia ngUdi trong cudc, sd'ng cupe sdng hda hdp mau thit vdi thign nhign vung eao. Hoang The Sinh trong Rang thieng. Ma Trudng Nguyen trong MUi ten dm khoi cdn cung cap gin nhU diy du, chi tiet cac loai sinh vat trong riing. Tfl cac loai gd, qua, cd, day, thao dupc de'n cac loai mudng thu, chim chdc.
Tfl thd nhUdng de'n sU sinh trUdng cua cac loai. Nha van gidng nhU mdt nha sinh hpe thdng thao, din dit ddc gia budc vao mdt the" gidi tU nhign vd cung phong phu, da dang bing mpt cam hflng say sfla gin nhU la bi me hoac. Dd la nhflng trang vig't the hien tinh yeu va thai dp tdn trpng thflc sfl cua eon ngUdi ddi vdi tU nhien. Trong tieu thuyet viet ve dd tai mien xudi, thanh thi thdi ki Doi mdi, hinh anh thien nhidn khdng phai khdng xuit hien, nhUng it hdn, va thudng dUdc s i dung nhu mdt phUdng tien de bieu hien con ngUdi. Cdn d tieu thuyet vie't ve mien nui thdi ki nay, thien nhien trUde het vln hien hflu nhfl mdt thuc the trung tam eia sU sdng, chiem mot vi tri trang trpng trong cai nhin va tinh cam eia cae nha van. Thien nhien
f» Nguyin Van Long (2012), Vdn hoc Viet Nam hien dai, nhiing vdn dS nghien ciiu vd gidng day, Nxb. Giao due, H a N o i , t r . 3 1 0 .
NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XAHM Q
ciing trd thanh mdt khdng gian nghe thuat ed tinh tham my doe dao eia tidu thuyet vig't ve mien nui. Cd the coi day la mpt digm khac biet doe dao eia nd so vdi tigu thuye't ve mien xudi cung thdi ki.
2.2. Thien nhien trong mdi quan he vdi con ngUdi
Tieu thuyg't vig't ve mien nui thdi ky Ddi mdi khdng migu ta mdt thidn nhien tach bigt ma la thien nhien trong moi quan he vdi eon ngudi. Vdi tU each la mdt
"d sinh thai", thign nhien va con ngUdi cung tdn tai, quy dinh nhflng md'i quan he va nhflng each i n g x i khac nhau.
Thien nhien con ngUdi trong md'i quan he hdi hoa. NgUdi mien nui bUdc ra khdi nha da t h i y nui rflng, thiy sdng sud'i, hp sd'ng trong thign nhidn, dUa vao thien nhien, gdn bd vdi thien nhign. Dd'i vdi hp, thien nhidn khdng chi cung cap eho eon ngfldi sfl sd'ng (eai an, cai d, cai mac) ma cdn "la mdt phin ddi", "gdn bd vdi cuoc ddi dau hudn eua tudi thd, sdi ndi eia tudi tre va chia se eia tudi gia" e i a hp (Mui ten dm khoi Ma Trfldng Nguyen). Md'i quan he rang budc gifla thien nhien va eon ngUdi da tao sU gin ket sau dam, mau thit gifla hai thflc the nay, tinh yeu danh eho thien nhien eung Idn nhu chinh cudc ddi e i a hp. Nhieu nha van da the hien ro net tfl tudng de eao tinh yeu eia con ngUdi danh cho tU nhien va cam thic dam me, ki dieu ma thien nhien dem lai cho eon ngUdi. Nhan vat Dam (Rdng thieng - Hoang The Sinh) yeu rflng dg'n mflc mud'n dm hdn t i n g gdc eay, ngpn la. Thidm (Gap gd d La Pan Tan - Ma Van Khang) cung ed nhflng phut giay xung ddng trfldc t h i n Iflc cua thien nhien vung cao nhfl "da tdi eai diem tan eung de
Q NHAN LUG KHOA HOC XAHOI
giao tidp vdi coi hoan vu mgnh mdng"
(Gap gddLa Pan Tan - Ma Van Khang).
Ong Roan (MUi tin dm khoi - Ma Trfldng Nguygn) than hieu t h i "ngdn ngfl" rieng e i a rflng, thudc rflng nhfl thude tflng bflde di cua ddi minh. Nhing ngfldi dan lang nudi hfldu (Ho vdn chUa vi - Nguydn The Hung) yeu va thanh kinh vdi dan hfldu sao nhfl hnh vdt. Trong tac phdm, Nguyen The Hung cho thay, gifla eon ngfldi va tfl nhien ed mdt mdi day lidn he ki la, bi an. Sfl sinh trUdng eia dan hUdu ehi phd'i ca sinh hoat e i a con ngUdi. Dan hUdu vao mua tinh ma dUdc tan man, dUde mua nhung thi con ngUdi eung mdi tUdi mdn s i c sdng: con trai thi vao ki sung man, con gai mit Udt rUdt, t i n g nhip ygu, nhip thd cua xdm lang sinh sdi.
d day, con ngUdi deu y t h i c dUdc minh la mpt bp phan hflu cd eua thien nhien, nen hp het sfle tran trpng thien nhidn, hp cho ring phai the' mdi dfldc an loc trdi. Va khi cam tha'y da can loc trdi, hp khai phdng, md dfldng eho dan hfldu trd vd vdi dai ngan de chung dfldc thda khat khao tfl do.
d nhflng tac pham nay, eac nha van da khic hpa dfldc hinh tfldng con ngUdi ma thg' gidi tinh than va the xac thau nhap vao tfl nhign, hda vdi tfl nhien lam mot, cd lie, tham chi eon quen di ban nga. Sfl hda hdp dg'n tan cung vdi thien nhien, vdi mpt vung sinh thai ki dieu cung tie'p cho con ngfldi mot nang Iflc sung man, hay mdt cam giac dfldc khai phdng, de ed eai nhin xuyen thau de'n khdn eung.
Trong mdi quan he hai hda vdi con ngfldi, thign nhien phan nao cung anh hudng dg'n tinh than, phong each, ldi sdng, tam tmh e i a hp. Nhflng ngfldi Mdng, E de, Ba na, Gia rai, Dao trong cac
S6 5-2019
I I
DIEU THI TtJ UYEN tac phim cua Ma Van Khang, Kim Nhat,
Thu Loan, Dodn Hflu Nam, Dd Tie'n Thuy, Dd Bich Thuy,... song trong mpt moi trfldng tfl nhign phdng khoang va ]jh&c nghiet nen mang mdt tinh than thupng vd, mdt tinh each manh me, quyet doan. Nhiing ngfldi Thai, Tay, Ning, Mudng trong cac tieu thuyg't cua Vfldng Trung, Vi Hdng, Trieu An, Ma Trfldng Nguyen, Ha Trung Nghia, Cao Duy Sdn,... sdng d vung thung lung, bdn nhiing canh rflng, nhiing eon suoi hien hda nen tinh each tham tram, hdn hdu.
Song chung vdi thien nhien, con ngfldi hpc dfldc each efl x i vdi cong ddng, efl x i vdi chinh minh. Thidn nhign day hp biet doan ke't, gin bd vdi nhau "'sdn dfldng cd hang, cd ring, lam ngfldi cd mfldng, ed ban" (Ddc ngUdi - Doan Hflu Nam). Thien nhien day hp rgn eai tam trong sang "tam sach, long sach nhfl nfldc sud'i nguon"
{Thd phi - Doan Hflu Nam), day hp biet gan bd va gay dflng manh dat que hfldng
"re bam chic canh la tda cao" (Bdt bdn que cha - VUdng Trung). Nhieu ngUdi tim thiy y nghia sfl sdng cua minh t i trong thd gidi tfl nhien; mat khac, con ngudi cung hpc dfldc each flng x i vdi tfl nhign. Trong quan niem e i a cong ddng dan toe thieu so mien nui, cuoc sd'ng e i a hp ton tai dfldc hay khdng la nhd vao thien nhign, ngn can phai ed y t h i c tran trong va bao ve thien nhien. Ngfldi Mdng - ban Da Ding, Da Ngdi dan ray con chau; "phai bidt yeu r i n g , than trpng vdi nguon nfldc khdng thi than dat t h i n nude ndi cau" (Bd'i mat phia nda dem - Ma Anh Lam). Tfl trong tam thflc, hp xac dinh ring chinh la an nhan, lien quan d& sU sinh tdn e i a minh. Nhieu tpc Sif ^2019
ngudi eon dat ra luat tue, quy udc yeu eau cdng ddng cung thflc hien. Cd nhflng ludt tuc da tdn tai trong ddi sdng eia edng ddng hang ngan nam. Ludt tue eua ngfldi Mdng Da Dflng yeu eau mpi thanh vien trong edng dong phai "bidt gifl ngudn nude, gifl ring", hang nam "td chflc lg cung r i n g cim va an Udc bao ve ring, gifl gin diu ngudn nfldc" (Bdi mat phia nda dem - Ma Anh Lam). Ludt tuc e i a ngUdi Thai Tay Bic la khdng dUde dao dap phai ndi diu "md" nUdc, d dd cd than dau md, neu lam sai se hi trflng phat (Ba't bdn que cha - Vfldng Trung), hang nam td chic ll kieng cung mudng, cam "khdng chat eay, khdng phdng ug' trong ring, tieu tien, dai tien eung khdng dupc quay sang phia ring" (Bdt bdn que cha - VUdng Trung). Luat tue e i a ngUdi E dg, Gia rai (Gida coi dm dUdng - Thu Loan) la tdn trpng dat dai, lam nUdng rdy "phai ed mua nudi cdy, mua dUde nghi ngdi, nhu cudc sd'ng e i a ngUdi v a / ' (Gida coi dm dUdng - Thu Loan). Khdng ehi cd luat tuc, quy Udc, ddng bao dan tdc thieu so eon nang nhieu hinh tUdng thien nhidn len thanh nhflng bieu tUdng tin ngUdng, bi^u tUdng van hda cd y nghia thieng lieng cam xam pham. Diy cung la each de ho bao ve sU sinh tdn eia he sinh thai tU nhign.
Nhieu tac pham cd nhflng ddng gdp quan trpng trong viee the hien mdi quan he gifla thien nhien va eon ngUdi nhu mdt ehinh the sinh thai can bing, hda hdp. 6 day, nha van khdng cUc doan de cao ldi Ich eia sinh thai hay ldi ieh eia con ngUdi ma hudng tdi xac lap mdi quan niem thd'ng nhat hflu ed ve ldi ich eia ca hai thUc the nay.
NHAN LUG KHOA HOC XAHOI Q
Thien nhien con ngUdi trong mdi quan he doi nghich vd nhdng nguy cd sinh thdi. Tuy de eao thien nhien, no lue duy tri mdi quan he hai hda, gin bd vdi thign nhign trong mdt chinh the sinh thai nhflng dd phat trien cupe sdng, con ngUdi vin khdng tranh khoi viec tac ddng de'n mdi trudng tu nhien. Nhflng ly do khac nhau: do eon ngfldi mang tam li c h i the, mud'n chinh phue va lam e h i tfl nhien; do eon ngUdi tham lam, mud'n tdn dung kiet eung ldi ieh eia tU nhign phuc vu cho ldi ich cua minh ngn sU tac dpng nay cd lie vUdt ngfldng da din de'n tinh trang tan pha, h i y diet, triet tigu mdi trfldng tfl nhign. Md'i quan he gifla tfl nhien va eon ngUdi bi day vao thg'dd'i nghich. Chua bao gid, nguy cd sinh thai lai hien hflu rd net va bflc thig't nhfl trong van hpc thdi ki nay. Nha van canh bao, con ngUdi vi ldi ich e i a minh ma xam hai de'n tu nhien, day mau t h u i n gifla minh vdi tU nhign len eao dp. Trong sd' cae nha van thdi ki Doi mdi, Nguyen Huy Thiep la mpt trong nhflng tac gia dac bidt quan tam dg'n van de nay. Du chi vig't truyen ngan vd mien nui nhflng mdi truyen ngan eia dng ed sic chfla e i a mpt tieu thuyg't. Cac truyen ngin Mudi cua riing. Con thu Idn nhdt, Soi trd thu,... cua Nguygn Huy Thiep da md ta sfl "phan khang", sfl "tra t h i " eua tfl nhien dd'i vdi con ngfldi. Du nhudm mau sac ki ao nhUng truygn e i a Nguyen Huy Thiep da truyen di mpt thdng diep rd rang; ng'u con ngUdi h i y diet sU sd'ng trong tu nhign khdng thUdng tide, khdng ed diem dflng thi hp se phai tra gia bing mang sd'ng cua chinh minh hoac nhflng ngfldi than trong gia ^ n h . Trong sang tac truygn ngin, nhieu nha van dan tpc thieu
[ Q NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA Hdi
sd khac nhfl La Quan Mign, Bui Thi Nhfl Lan, Cao Duy Sdn, Dd Bich Thuy cung da b i t dau bpe Id y thflc ve sinh thai, dac biet quan tam phan anh hau qua cua sfl ddi nghich gifla thign nhien va con ngfldi.
De'n tieu thuye't viet vd midn n i i thdi ki nay, trong mpt pham vi kham pha va phan anh ddi sd'ng rpng hdn r i t nhieu so vdi truyen ngin, cac tac phim tieu thuyg't vie't ve mien nui t i sau Ddi mdi cd ed hpi khai thac sau rpng hdn van de nay.
Trong cac tac phim, nha van cho thay, tfl nhien hi tan pha la do sfl thieu hieu bidt cua con ngfldi. Quan niem "Cdn rflng cdn eay, cdn rflng cdn thu. Cay dd'n lai mpc" (Mui ten dm khoi Ma Trfldng Nguyen) da khien cho mdt bp phan ngUdi dan mien nui tan pha mdi trUdng tu nhign rapt each d i n g dUng, khdng thUdng tide. Ong Lau (MUi ten dm khoi Ma Trudng Nguyen) chpn day nui Khau Da, ndi cd nhieu cay gd to nhat, quy nhit dd eUa gd ve ban. NgUdi dan lang Kd Tung (GiUa coi am dUcfng - Thu Loan) dd'n cay trong rflng vi tin ring minh da xin phep va dUdc sU ddng y eia Yang... Thidn nhien hi tan pha eon do tam II chinh phuc tu nhien e i a eon ngUdi. Ong Y Xuyen (Ludt cua rdng - Kim Nhit) cd tieng la bae thp san dan anh, thien nghe nhit vung. Ong mud'n khing dinh tai nang e i a minh trong doan thd san bang sd lUdng t h i ring ma ong san dUdc. Nhflng ngUdi thd san trong Gap gd d La Pan Tan (Ma Van Khang) eung vay. Khao khat ehinh phuc eon mdi de khang dinh ban linh va su sung man da khie'n hp hang say trong cudc tieu diet eac loai thu rflng. NhUng tU nhien bi tan pha chu yeu la do long tham eia eon ngfldi. Ten Luc thd dan (Mdu
SO 5-2019
DIEU THI TU UYEN rimg rudng - Dd Tien Thuy) huy ddng
ngiidi dan ban dia vao rflng lay eay thudc quy, mdi chuydn chd ea xe ve thanh phd' ban kidm ldi.
Lieng (Rdng thieng - Hoang The Sinh) san bit thu rflng, pha rflng lay gd ban kiem ldi, pha h i y riing de tim kho bau theo ldi don dai. d lang Kd Tung (Giaa coi dm dUdng - Thu Loan), ngfldi ta cung pha rtoig, chat gd ban lay tien. Cau chuyen con ngUdi udng huye't hUdu trong (Ho vdn chiia vi - Nguygn The Hung) de lai nhieu am anh. Khi hUdu khdng cdn dUde nuoi ca the ma phai tdp trung d trai cua nha nUdc, cac doan kigm tra lien tuc keo den, thUc chit la dg tan hudng cai thu man dai udng rUdu huye't hfldu bdi bd. Ldi phan quyet cua mdt vi trUdng doan kiem tra nghe rdn ngfldi: "Huye't hUdu gid'ng...
gidng mau... ngfldi" (Hp vdn chda vi - Nguyen The' Hing). Tfl nhien vd'n la tien di cho sfl sinh ton, phat tridn e i a con ngUcii nhflng trong qua trinh tac dpng vao he sinh thai de phue vu cho ddi sd'ng e i a minh, ddi khi con ngUdi da lam dung. Su lara dung din bign thanh sU chig'm doat, hoc lot tu nhien.
Ring da chay mau, tU nhien hi ton thUdng, hi tan sat, h i y diet. Nhflng ngUdi y§u thign nhign thi dau ddn. Chflng kig'n nfng bi tan pha, dng Roan t h i y tim minh
"nhu cd sdi day rflng cung budc thit lai"
{MUi tin dm khdi - Ma TrUdng Nguygn).
Nhin canh rflng bi chat pha, Gia Rin chua xdt "rflng dang keu khde. Cay nga ding ddng, nghieng ding tay ddi sdng"
{GiiCa coi dm dUdng - Thu Loan). Thien dau ddn khi chflng kie'n con ngfldi dd'i x i t ^ khde vdi thien nhien. Canh tUdng ihflng ke mau lanh chuc tung nhau bing sti ^2019
nhflng Chen rUdu huyet hUdu da khien eho Thign nhU bi bop nghet tim, kinh sd su vd cam eua con ngUdi trong flng x i vdi tfl nhien. Tu nhign cung da ndi gian. Su tac dpng trai vdi quy luat eia tfl nhien da khie'n nd trd nen thu dieh vdi con ngudi.
Va nd trflng phat con ngUdi theo luat rieng cua tfl nhien, bi an ma nghiet nga.
Cd ke bi tran quat, cd ngfldi bi cop tan cdng ngay tai nha... Viee phan anh mdi quan he tU nhien - con ngudi theo ludt nhan qua la each nha van thanh tiy nhflng tri nhan eia con ngudi ve the' gidi va ban than. Tac gia Trin Le Bao khdng dinh: "Con ngUdi va mudn loai, kg ea loai sdi hung dfl deu can dupc sd'ng binh dang trong tU nhien. Can thay dupc quy ludt can bing sinh thai, chap nhan mat dd'i lap de cd quan niem sd'ng hai hda vdi tu nhien"'^'.
Con ngUdi cin nhan thflc dung din ve tu nhien, tdn trpng chinh the sinh thai, can bang ldi ich eia tu nhien vdi ldi ich cua minh. Con ngUdi cung can cd ging tim each sd'ng hda hdp, dong dieu vdi tU nhign, tham chi, coi tU nhien la ban the t h i hai eia minh. Va van de quan trong la trong qua trinh tac ddng den mdi trUdng tu nhien, ngUdi ta cin quan tam gii gin, bao ton va phat trien he sinh thai. Cau chuygn gia dinh ngfldi nudi hUdu (Hp vdn chiia vi Nguyen The Hung) d mien sdn eUde xa ngai quyet dinh nging hudng "Idc trdi" de phdng sinh cho dan hUdu, tra chung ve vdi tU do chdn thien nhien hoang da, de chung dupc sd'ng va sinh sdi, phat tnen theo le tU nhien da
'•" Tran Dinh Qii (2015), Phe binh smh thai tmh than trong nghien cau vdn hgc hien nay, http://www vanhoanghean.com.vn
NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XAHOI Q
gdi nhieu suy ngim. Chi ed eon dudng phat trien ben vflng he sinh thai mdi duy tri dupe ldi ieh eia eon ngUdi tfl trong ddi sdng tfl nhien.
Tfl viec phan tich cae mdi quan hd gifla con ngfldi va thien nhien, Idn tidng phg phan each flng x i tho bao, tan n h i n eua con ngfldi vdi tfl nhidn, nhieu nha van dat ra mpt each bflc thiet van de nguy cd sinh thai. Day la mpt sU phan bidn lai quan niem da tdn tai sudt mpt thdi ki dai ring con ngudi vdi tU each lam e h i cd quyen ehinh phue tfl nhien. Dieh chuyen t i cai nhin truyen thdng: con ngfldi la trung tam sang cai nhin hien dai: con ngfldi va tfl nhien la hai thuc the cd vi tri ngang bing nhau trong mpt chinh the sinh thai, tieu thuye't vig't ve mien nui tfl sau Ddi mdi da ddng gdp mot tieng ndi quan trpng, cd y nghia nhan van sau sic vao viec bao ve mdi trfldng sinh thai tfl nhign.
Mac du, v i n cdn dang tied la trong nhflng nam diu the ki XXI khi sfl chidm doat tfl nhien e i a con ngfldi d midn ndi ed xu hudng tang len den mic bao ddng thi v i n de sinh thai lai dang bi bd trdng trong tieu thuyet vig't ve mien nui.
3. Ket luan
Bgn canh nhflng khuynh hudng sang tac mang tinh truyen thdng nhfl khuynh hudng lich s i , khuynh hUdng the sU - ddi tu, tidu thuye't vidt ve mien n i i thdi ki Ddi mdi dang gay dfldc sfl chu y e i a doe gia bdi khuynh hUdng sinh thai, mdt khuynh hfldng the hien cai nhin, each nhin mang tinh hien dai dd'i vdi mot van de vd'n lau nay vdn mac nhien dfldc coi la quen thude. Cai nhin ddi vdi thien nhien da thay ddi, khdng ehi ding lai d viec md ta mpt da dang sinh thai mien nui ma
quan trpng hdn, da ddt no trong mdt tdm nhan thflc nghigm t i c , dung din, cd chidu sau e i a sfl dU bao nhflng nguy cd sinh thai nghiem trgng. 6 dd, nha van bpe Id mpt sfl t h i u hieu thidn nhien nhfl mot thuc the, tfl dd, hoc Id thai dp yeu quy, t r i n trpng, y thflc bao ve ldi ieh va sfl toan ven eia ehinh the tfl nhien, hfldng tdi muc tieu hdi phuc, cai tao tfl nhidn, sdng hoa hdp vdi tfl nhien theo quan niem
"thien nhan hdp nhat". Ddng thdi, nha vdn cung Ign tieng phe phan nhflng hanh vi cua eon ngfldi tan pha, xam hai ldi ich eia tfl nhign, tdn didt tfl nhien de phue vu ldi ich cua hp. Thdng qua vigc phan anh each flng x i eia con ngfldi vdi tU nhign va xay dUng mdt quy trinh t u i n hoan chinh phuc - bao thu giiia con ngUdi vdi tfl nhign, nhieu tac gia da ehi ra mot each riet rdng nhflng nguy cd sinh thai hien hflu. Day la thanh cdng cua mpt khu5mh hfldng sang tac mdi me, hien dai trong tieu thuyet vie't ve mien nui thdi ki Doi mdi, va la mpt vin de md, ed t i m cd, ed sic "khai pha" doi vdi ca mpt thdi ki phat trien eia tidu thuyet mien nui sau nay.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 1. Dd Die Higu (2015), Vdn hpc sinh thdi vd ly ludn phi binh sinh thdi, http;//dovanhieu.wordpress.eom.vn
2. Nguyin Van Long (2012), Vdn hpc Viet Nam hien dai, nhdng vd'n di nghien cOu vd gidng day, Nxb. Giao due. Ha Npi.
3. Trin Dinh S i (2015), Phg binh sinh thai tinh t h i n trong nghien ciu van hpc hien nay, http://www. vanhoanghean.
g ] NHAN LUG KHOA HOC XA Hdi $65-2019