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PGS, TS. MGO DOAN VjNH
Hidn nay, bai toan kinh te Vidt Nam dang drfrfc giai vtfi nhieu phffdng thtfc;
tai cS'u triic nin Itinh td', dinh hffdng phat trien nganh nghe, hdp tac qud'c te...
nhffng xem ra vSn ia chffa du. Bofi, quan trpng la sau dd phai bid't lam the' nao, lam of 6ku va ai lam? Da dd'n luc Viet Nam c^n tham khao nhffng kinh nghiam cua cac nffdc giai quyd't kha thanh cdng tff vide phat trid'n chudi gia tri va ciim lidn kd't da nganh de lam giau va phat trien dat nffdc.
PHATTRIEN CAC CHUOI GIA TRI:
CACH THL/C /S^Cfl GIA TANG GDP NHANH VA BEN VU'NG Ngay Iff nhffng nam 70 cua the' ky XX, Lien Xd cij da thffe thi phdt trie'n chu tnnh san xua't - ndng Iffdng (do Kolosovxki N,N de xua'l vao nam 1947) va thu drfdc nhffng thanh Irfu dang ke. Die'n hinh la hai chu trinh san xua'l dffdng va san pham cd khf.
- San xud't dffdng (hoan lodn cd the' dp dung dd'i vdl cdng nghe san xua't mia dirdng d Viet Nam): True chinh gdm ede doanh nghiep trdng cii eai - thu hoach, 6p cii edi, linh luyen dffdng, san xud't edc sdn pham tff dffdng. Cdc nhdnh hd trd bao gom cdc doanh nghiep san xud't: clorua ISm cha'l phu gia de la'y Irang drfdng, mdy ly ldm vd ede ihie't bi may mdc di kem, phan bdn, thrfc an gia sue iff ri dffdng, thiet hi canh tdc cho khdu trdng cii cai vd khau thu hoach
- San xud'l san pha'm ed khi: True ehinh gom cdc doanh nghiep khai thdc quang s^t (ne'u cd khodng san). luyen gang, luyen thdp, che' lao phdi thep, ehe' lao thdnh phdm cd khi hoan ehinh de phue vu lieu dimg. Cae nhanh hd trd gdm edc doanh nghiep san xua't: thie't hi ddo, bdc dat dd; vgn chuye'n qudng, 16 luyen gang.
16 luyen th6p; cae phu gia eho luyen thep.
thigj bi dieu khie'n cd dien tff...
0 phffdng Tay. Iff tffdng phdt trien Iheo chudi gid tri da xuat hidn iff nhffng ndm 60 cda the ky XX, nhrfng phdi den n3m 1985, Michael Porter mdi chinh
ihffc de xrfdng trf trfdng phat trien iheo chudi gid tri.
Ong cho rang, mud'n lang ndng Irfe eanh tranh eho edc doanh nghiep ihi chfnh ho phdi lien ke't lai vdi nhau Iheo chudi gia iri (ban chat eiia chudi gia trj Id todn bd cac hoat ddng, md mdi boat dpng eu the' gdn vdi mdt dang doanh nghiep, tff khdu thie't ke'de'n khdu san xud't ra mdl san pham cud'i cung dem di lieu Ihu),
Cd the ndi, vao nhffng nam dau the ky XXI, sff hien dien cua cac chudi gia In loan cau da ldm ihay ddi can ban bd mat nen cdng nghiep va nen kinh te the gidi, lieu bie'u nhff: chudi san xua'l may bay, old, Idu thuy, tau hoa, xe may, mdy Ifnh, ddng cd thuy dien, may loc hda dau, mot sd san pha'm dien iff, may moc san xua't xi mang
Trong qua trinh phat tnen ctia nhdn loai cung da chffng minh rdng, khdng qudc gia ndo cd the phat Irien khep kin, tff giai quye'l drfdc mpi nhu cdu eua minh Mdi qude gia, mdi vCing ldnh thd co the manh, ldi the' rieng vd iff dd ddi hdi phai hdp tdc, ma chudi gid trj la cd sd de' hdp Idc chdc chan hdn ea. Theo lmh than chudi phai chu y ma'y die'm dffdi day:
Mdf Id. doanh nghiep nong cd'l quye'l dinh ifnh chal Sd DO 1: CHUOI GIA TRI SAN XUAT 6 TO
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IHiN RA T H E GICJl
vd Irinh dd phat trien cua chudi gid tri, Cac doanh nghiep cCing nhau quye't dinh thanh cdng ciia ehudi gid tri, Chinh phii hay chfnh quyen dia phffdng khdng Irrfc tie'p tham gia hoat dpng ehudi, ma chi cd vai trd drfa ra ehinh sdeh khuye'n khich hd trd ede doanh nghiep Iham gia chuoi gid tri, dde biet la cd trach nhiem vd vai trd ldn trong viec thu hut cdc tap dodn xuyen qudc gia vao Viet Nam, de hinh thdnh chudi gid in hoac de doanh n_ghiep trong nffdc cd dieu kien tham gia vdo edc chudi gia tri loan cau, Mdt die'm quan trong nffa can chu y, ed che' hoal ddng ciia cac doanh nghiep Id thoa thuan trf nguyen vd cung hrfdng ldi do chudi mang lai.
Hai td, Viet Nam can cd chie'n Irfdc tham gia cdc chudi gia tri loan cau ma nen kinh te cd nhu cau va cd ldi the', dan hlnh thanh ehudi gia tri cua minh (nhd cd nhihig doanh nghiep ndng cd'l). Cu the nhff: Viet Nam cd the' manh de phat men cdc chuoi gid tri dffa tren ed sd eang bie'n, kinh Id' hang hai, vdn tai (ca dffdng did, dffdng sat, hdng khdng, dffdng bien va dffdng sdng); san xua't dien, khai thac va che bie'n dau khi; san xua't xi mang; khai thdc vd che'bie'n thuy hdi sdn, trdng vd ehe bie'n cdc loai ndng - lam san (nhff: cd phd, cao su, lua gao, trdi eay, thit gia sue, thit gia cam, rffng nguyen lieu); Irdng va ehe' bie'n thud'c chffa benh... Dd Id cac hrfdng di doanh nghiep Viet Nam tham gia hoac chu dpng lam ndng cd't va keu gpi cdc doanh nghiep nffdc ngoai tham gia hinh thanh ede ehuoi gia tri san xud't quan trong, cd gid tri kinh te'cao, ciing nhff cd kha ndng md rdng hdp tde qud'c te'; tao ra cac tien de de doanh nghiep va sdn phdm eua ngffdi Viet Nam ed mat tren pham VI todn the'gidi.
Ben canh do, Viet Nam ndn nhanh chong tham gia ede chudi cung ffng loan cau, cd gid tri ldn vd pham vi hoal ddng rdng. Cd nhff vdy, hang hda cua nffdc ta mdi tranh dffdc tinh trang mat gid. Cu the: chuoi eung ffng logistics, Ihffdng mai hang hda cdng nghiep, cung cap thud'c chffa benh...
PHAT TRIEN CUM LIEN KET DA NGANH
Cum Uen kd't da nganh (Cluster) hay cum phdt trie'n iffdng ho, hinh thdnh tren cd sd iff nguyen lien ke't cua cac ed sd san xud't, kinh doanh thudc nhieu lmh vffc khdc nhau, nham dem lai ldi ieh chung cho ta't ca ede cd sd sdn xua't, kinh doanh do trong mdt khdng gian xac dinh. Cluster la'y hieu qua kmh te lam muc dfch, do vay ihffcfng phdt tridn tap trung Irong mpt ldnh thd xdc dinh (mot qud'c gia hay mdt dia ban eu the), tren cd sd lien kdt cac xf nghiep. to chffe. Nhd viec sff dung chung cac cd sd vdt cha't ha tang cilng ede dieh vu ve nhd d, thdng tin Uen lac, ngdn hdng, hdi quan, nghien effu khoa hpc, dao tao nhan lffc . nen giup cac doanh nghiep giam chi phi dau trf vd san xua't. Dong thdi, gia lang gid tn vd hieu sua't phdt trie'n, eung nhrf Idm eho cac doanh nghidp tham gia Cluster phdt irien ben viing hdn, trdnh phan bd' rdi rac. TiJ do, tao ra srf phai trien tong hdp cho dia ban va giup thuan ldi cho cong tae quan ly nha nrfdc.
Tuy nhidn, phat trien Cluster, ddng nghia vdi tdng srf Id thuoc lan nhau giffa cac doanh nghiep Tffc la ve nguyen tac, trong mdt Cluster moi doanh nghidp phu thupe lan nhau nhieu hdn, sff tff do quyel dinh san xua't cung it hdn.
O Lien Xd eu, ngay tff nhffng ndm 60 eua the' ky XX da nghT tdi viec phdi trie'n the' tdng hdp san xua't - Ianh iho (nha khoa hpc Kalasnicova T.M la dai dien tieu bie'u). Luc do, nffdc ndy hinh
72
HiMH 1: SO DO LY THUYET CLUSTER THEO NGAMH DOC DO! VCJl SAM XUAT THUY DIEM
» * ;
thdnh va phdt trien cae the' tdng hdp san xua'l lanh thd (TPK) vd the long hdp nong - cdng nghiep (APK). Hinh thffc to chffc san xua't nay da dem lai nhieu th&nh Irfu cho cdc qud'c gia thude Lien Xo cu va Ba Lan.
De'n nhffng nam 70 cua the'ky XX, cac nffdc phffdng Tdy eung bdt dau lien hanh phdt trie'n rat nhieu id hdp cdng nghiep, sau nay la cac khu cdng nghiep lap trung va hien nay dd phdt trien thanh nhffng cong vien cong nghiep Nhd vdy, tff giffa nhflng ndm 90 cua the'ky XX, nen kinh te ciia cdc qud'c gia, nhff: Na Uy, Phap, My, Dffe. da cd srf phdt trid'n vrfdt bae.
Ddc bidt, dd'i vdi khu vrfc Ddng A c&ng tha'y ro gid tri ndi bat ciia cdc Cluster dd'i vdi phdt trie'n kinh te' cua nhieu qud'c gia. Malaysia da bat dau phdt trien Cluster d ke' hoach phat men cdng nghiep lan 2 (1996 -2005) vd tie'p theo 1^ & ke hoach phat trie'n cdng nghiep lan 3 (2006 - 2020). Singapore cung dffa ra ke hoach phdt trie'n Cluster cho ITnh vrfc khai thdc bien, ma ndng cd't la hai cang v^ cdng nghiep ddng tdu iff nam 2000.
Tai Hdn Qud'c, phdt trie'n cac Cluster IT md nhan loi Id cdng nghiep Iff ddng hda da dffdc dffa vdo ke' hoach iff nam 1990.
Rieng 6 Trung Qudc da cd 100 Clusler cong nghiep d viing duyen hai phia Dong, nhff: Cong nghiep dien tff (Quang E^dng); Cdng nghiep san xua't phffdng tien, Ihie't bi van tai (Chu Hai, San Dau):
San xud't mdy tinh, san xud't dtd (Thien Tan)..Thdm ehi, rat nhieu irffdng dai hoc Clia Trung Qud'c Iham gia vao viec phdt Iridn cdc Cluster ciia nffdc nay.
Tren thffc te. Cluster cd hai loai ehu veil Id: ngdnh va lanh thd. Cluster ngdnh 'ddi vdi mpt qudc gia Id chii ye'u, cac
doanh nghidp lien ke'l theo ehieu dpc). Vi du: Cum lien kel cdng nghiep nhiei dien: Tham gia cum Hen ke't ndy ed khai thac - luyen than, san xua't rotor va thie't bi nhiet dien, san xua't thie't bi dien, ed khf sffa chffa, san xua't vdl lieu tff ba than thai ra sau khi da bi dot chdy de' bien Ihanh didn ndng, san xua't thie't bj chuyen dung nhff day dan, vdt lieu sff each dien; cung cd'p nffdc, nghien crfu cdng nghe, dae tad nhan lffc, djch vu thdng tin vd ngan hang... Cluster ldnh itidido't vdi mdt dia ban eu the', cac doanh nghiep lien ke't Iheo ehieu ngang). Vi du: Cum cang bie'n - van Iai bien - logistics - edng nghiep phuc vu eang vd sdn xua't thie't bi nang dd - nghien ciirf khoa hoc - ddo tao nhan iffc - cac dich vu thdng tin, ngan hang,hai quan
Dd'i vdi Vie! Nam, can nhanh chdng phdi trien hinh thffc td ehffc edng nghiep theo ede Clusler ngdnh vd Idnh Ihd.
Clusler theo ngdnh dpc cua qud'c gia se tao ra sff phdi trie'n ddng bd, bao dam qud trinh san xud't mdt sdn phd'm cu the il phu thudc vao ben ngoai, vi the md cd dffde sff on dinh eho phdt trie'n cua mdi doanh nghiep; Idm cho sff ehii ddng ctia mdi dja ban, mdi qud'c gia se lang, tff dd, tinh ddc lap trfdng dd'i U'ong phdt trie'n kinh te' cung cao hdn. Phat trie'n Cluster theo chieu ngang - lanh thd se tao ra tien de de cdc doanh nghiep thupc nhieu ITnh vrfc khac nhau lien ke't vdi nhau Irdn tinh than Irf nguyen, Irf gidc cung nhff dffa tren nen lang eua sff thda thudn ve trach nhiem va Idi ich thu dffdc. De dd nhdn bie'i va quan sal
\ e Cluster thed chieu doc vd chieu ngang, chung idi sd dd hda hai dang Clusler nhff dffdi day:
+ Clusler iheo ngdnh (Hinh 1): Moi qud'c gia nen yd can phdt trie'n Cluster theo ngdnh cho nhffng san pha'm chu lffc ed tinh tdi hdp tdc qud'c te' Iheo nhffng chuoi gid trj cd y nghia ldn dd'i vdi phdt trien kinh te'.
Theo Hinh I. cac doanh nghiep tham gia Clustered vai trd cu the', cd trach nhiem rd rang dd'i vdi chuoi gid tri, Mdi qud'c gia can cd ke hoaeh dai han (dai bao nhieu ndm la lily Iheo .sanpham) phat trien ede Cluster ngdnh eho nhiJhg san pham ehii Iffe eua minh. Chinh phu can id chffc nghien effu va cd kc hoach tdng hdp phat trie'n Cluster cho nhffng san pham chu Iffe, nhff;
73
HiN RA THE GlOl
HiMH 2- Sd DO LY THUYET CLUSTER THEO LAMH THO DOI veil CAMG BIEM - COMG MGHIEP DOMG TAU
eho sdn xud't thtiy dien, nhiet dien, xi mdng, phan bdn, lpc hda dau, san xua't did, ddng tdu thuy, che' tao tau hoa, san xud't Ihudc chffa benh, san xua't thffc phd'm Iff thit, ea, sffa vd nrfdc giai khdt tff trdi eay...
+ Cluster iheo idnh ihd (Kmh 2): Mdi qud'c gia phai ehpn ra nhffng vung hdi tu drfdc nhffng dieu kien thudn ldi dli de' phat men Cluster. Nhffng vung do phai cd quy mo dien tieh du ldn, chi phi den bu cho viec giai phdng mat bang il; cd sdn hode de dang xdy dffng mdi mang lffdi ke't cd'u ha tang ky thuat phuc vu cho vide phdt trid'n cua Cluster. Mdi lanh thd ed dieu kien khdc nhau, nen cd the hinh thanh Cluster khdc nhau, Chinh quyen dia phffdng td chffe nghien crfu de xua't loai hinh Cluster eung cdc chinh sdch khuye'n khich di kem (nha't Id chfnh sdch hd trd lai chinh, da't dai, ddo tao nhdn lffc va hd trd lieu thu san pha'm); td ehffc hdi nghi quang bd, keu gpi srf tham gia ciia cdc doanh nghidp. Sau khi da cd dffdc thoa thudn cua eac doanh nghidp cung Ihd'ng nha't phdt trien Cluster, ehfnh quyen dia phrfdng xay
drfng ke' hoach phat trien mang lffdi ket cd'u ha tang ky lhuat, lie'n hanh thdnh lap ban dieu hanh Cluster.
Ve nguyen tac, mdi loai Clusler cd sd do ly thuyd't neng. Trong sd dd ay, d vi tri trung tam la doanh nghiep ndng cdt giff vai tro hat nhdn; tie'p de'n la nhiftig doanh nghiep phu trd quan trpng gan lien vdi nhiem vu ehinh ciia Cluster; rdi den cac doanh nghiep hd trd mang tinh ddng bp ixong dia ban.
6 Viet Nam, Chinh phu vd chinh quyen mpt sd dia phffdng can cd chffdng trinh nghien effu va phat trien Clusler theo lanh thd tai nhffng ndi cd dieu kien. Chung ldi cho rang, trffdc he'l ctn nghien effu hinh thdnh Cluster cdng nghiep tai nhflng ndi hpi tu dii eac dieu kien thiet yeu, nhrf:
thanh phd' Hai Phong, Nghi Sdn (Thanh Hda), Virng Ang (Hd TTnh), Dung Qual (Quang Ngdi), Vdn Phong (Khanh Hda) va khu vffc Cdi Mep - Thi Vai (thudc tinh Bd Ria - Vung Tau), Tai nhffng dia bdn do can hinh Ihanh cdc Cluster lay cang bien, cdng nghiep cang (ddng tau) vd logistics lam hat nhan Dong thdi, tai hai thdnh phd ldn la Ha Npi vd Ho Chi Minh cd the phat tne'n Cluster san xud't mdy tfnh va Cluster san xua't dtd.
Trong Ihdi gian tdi, Viet Nam can lao khung phdp ly vd chinh sach khuyen khieh bao dam cho viec gia nhap chuoi gia tri toan cau va phdt trie'n edc Cluster cd hieu qua. Viet Nam chffa manh ve cdng nghd, chrfa cd nhffng tap doan kinh te' mang tam loan cau... nen ra't can co chie'n lffdc phdt trien (hode tham gia) cdc ehudi gia tri vd phdt trie'n manh cdc Cluster nhff chiing ldi da trinh bdy d tren, Mud'n the', nhd'l thie't phai nhanh chdng to ehffc lffc Iffdng nghidn effu du nang Iffc ve ehudi gid tri vd Cluster. Td't nha't la nen cd mdt vien nghien cffXi khoa hpc, eiing mpt sd irffdng dai hpc giff vai trd nong eot trong viec nghien effu de xud't ke' hoach, td chffc thffc hien phdt trien chudi gid tri vd Cluster d Vidt Nam cho thdi ky tdi nam 2025 va 2 0 3 5 . •
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1 Kolosovxki N,N (1969). Ly tudn ve phdn vung kinh li', Nxb Tff tffdng, Mdc-xd-cd-va (djch Iff tie'ng Nga)
2. Barkley D,L va Henry M.S (2001). Advantages and Disadvantages of Targeting Industry Clusters, REDRL Research Report 01/09/2001, University Clemson, America
3. Cui, Y. va Li, W. (2010). Establishing the Developmenl Strategies of the Speciallndmtrial Clusters for Underdeveloped Regions in China