Membrane Filtration Processes Introduction Membranes are characterized by their hydraulic permeability Lp= J /ptm where J is the pure water flow. They are characterized by their cut-off, the smallest molar mass of molecules rejected by the membrane, which varies between 2000 and 106 Daltons (Da).
Poiseuille Flow
The velocity profile is also parabolic and given by (6) where d = 2R is the diameter and m is the dynamic viscosity.
Turbulent flow (Re >2600)
Laws of tangential filtration
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- Organic membranes (cellulosic and polymeric)
- Mineral membranes
- Various types of modules
- Conservation of volume and mass flow rates
- Single batch filtration circuit
- Diafiltration in single batch
- Batch with recirculation loop
- Continuous operation with loops in series and parallel modules
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Experimental tests on pilots
It is necessary to use a pilot with full instrumentation and pressure transducers upstream and downstream of the filter. Can be started with constant concentration tests with complete recycle of permeate and retentate in the tank. The gradual pressure rise between the initial conditions and the flow J(t) and the pressure drops at constant ptm are measured for different fluid velocities.
Membranes cleaning
Fouling resistance Rc defined by (13) can then be calculated from permeate flux of filtered solution. Membrane fouling reduces permeate flux with time, rapidly at first, as the reduction is due to the formation of a concentration polarization layer. Variation of permeate flux with time is measured at constant concentration, different circulation rates of the fluid and different pressure increases.
Cross flow filtration against the concurrence
Applications to dairy industry
Milk is also concentrated 5 times before it is coagulated directly during cheese packaging and this process is highly developed, especially in Denmark. Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more. This process is close to the one in the previous section, but the ultrafiltration step is not necessary and is replaced by a nanofiltration, since the milk is diluted in these effluents.
Other applications to food industry
A 2nd carbonization is performed, producing a cloudy juice, which is clarified by ultrafiltration at 15° Brix. Clarification is done by microfiltration in case of high COD and liquid gelatin can be concentrated to 20% proteins by ultrafiltration. Membrane Filtration Processes Applications of Membrane Processes The membrane process starts with an extraction from a tank of water and acid, pectins are then pressed for ultrafiltration.
Medical and biotechnological applications
The retentate supplies liquid pectins at a concentration of 60 g/l, while the permeate is recycled in the tank. These pigments are projected onto the door by an electric field generated in the tank, producing a uniform coat of paint. To do this, an ultrafilter must be placed in the paint recirculation circuit on the tank.
Process optimization by a technico-economic method
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Principle of dynamic filtration
Dynamic filtration is a relatively recent process that requires special filtration modules capable of generating membrane shear rates much higher than in cross-flow filtration.
Industrial systems of dynamic filtration
The average shear rate on a disk of radius R is given by integration of (89) on the disk area. Membrane Filtration Processes Dynamic High Shear Rate Filtration Manufactured in the United States, the Spintek uses circular membranes rotating between fixed plates (Fig. 19) with a surface area of 2.3 m2 and is available with organic or ceramic membranes. Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click the ad to read more Click the ad to read more Click the ad to read more Click the ad to read more Click the ad to read more Click the ad to read more Click the ad to read more Click the ad to read more Click the ad to read more Click the ad to read more Click the ad to read more Click the ad to read more to read Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more.
Systems with vibrating membranes
The module SSDF can also receive composite membranes of 55 cm diameter for MF and NF with an area of 25 m2. The displacement rate of the membrane is determined by the oscillation frequency and varies sinusoidally with time according to the following equation [10]. Membrane filtration processes Dynamic filtration with high shear rate, where d is the displacement amplitude of the membrane at the periphery, R2 the outer radius of the membrane, F the oscillation frequency and ω1 =2πF.
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Permeate fluxes in dynamic filtration are 3 to 5 times higher than in cross-flow filtration, as shown in Fig. Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click the ad to read more Click the ad to read more Click the ad to read more Click the ad to read more Click the ad to read more Click the ad to read more Click the ad to read more Click the ad to read more Click the ad to read more Click the ad to read more Click the ad to read more Click the ad to read more to read Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more.
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Calculate the power PB of loop pump in watts and the permeate flow rate in m3/s. It happens that the membrane is covered by a particle cake which makes an additional filtration resistance Rc = aVF, proportional to filtered volume VF which deposits particles on the membrane. Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more read Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more.
