Mfec lam cho lao dong vung dan tdc oMet Nam:
thivc trang va khuydn nghi giai phap
fi6ThiHSiHa Phgm Huong ThSo Truong Dai hgc Kinh tg qu^c dan
Thdi gian qua, Ddng, nhd nude vd cdc dja phuang da ban hanh, thuc hien nhidu chinh sdeh uu dai, hudng tdi mue tidu giai quydt vide Iam cho thanh nidn, sinh vidn ngudi dan tdc thieu sd trdn dia ban. Dac bidt, gdn day, BO LD-TB&XH da t5ng cudng cdc gidi phdp de lidn kdt, kdt ndi cdc trudng nghd cfla cde tinh midn nfli vdi cdc doanh nghiep, gdp phdn tao viec 1dm hieu qud cho tiianh nidn dan tdc thieu sd...
I.Datvanfle
Day nghd, gidi quydt viec idm cho lao dOng vung dan t0c ludn danh dugc su quan tam dac bidt cfla Ddng vd Chfnh phfl thdng qua nhidu chinh sdeh khdc nhau hong dd ed hd thdng chi'nh sach lidn quan ddn day nghd cho lao ddng vOng dan tdc, ddng bad dan tdc thidu sd. Vdi cdc chinh sdeh dugc ban hdnh, tinh trang day nghd chd lao ddng vOng dan tdc tiiidu sd da ed nhting bidn ddi tich cyc. Mac dfl da dat dugc nhtrng thdnh tuu nhdt dinh, nhung van cdn nhimg ban ehd cdn tidp tyc duge hodn thien. Nghidn ciiu nay Id sdn phdm cfla Dd tai CTDT.26.17/16-20 dugc tai trg bdi Chuang trinh Khda hgc va Cdng nghd cdp qudc gia giai do^n 2016-2020 "Nhimg van dd co bdn va cdp bach vd dan tdc thidu sd va chinh sach dan tde d Viet Ncim ddn nam 2030", do dd di vao phan tich thye hang day nghd, tii dd dua ra mdt sd giai phdp hodn thidn chinh sdeh day nghe cho lao ddng vflng dan tdc d Viet Nam hong ai doan tdi.
2. Tiiirc trang day ngiie ciio iao tfong viing dan tdc d Viet Nam
Theo khu vuc, lao ddng vung dan tdc d thanh thi tang khdng ddng kd trdng 8 nam qua, tti 370 nghin ngudi nam 2010 tang Idn 396,6 nghin ngudi nam 2018.
Tuy nhidn, lao ddng qua dao tao nghe d ndng thdn gidm xudng tu 651,4 nghin ngudi nam 2010 gidm cdn 582,6 nghin ngudi nam 2018. Kdt qua Id co cdu lao ddng qua ddo t^o nghd vflng dan tdcehuydn dich theo hudng tang ty' hgng d thanh thi vd gidm ty hgng d ndng thdn.
Nam 2018, lao ddng qa ddo tao nghe la nam gidi hong vflng ddn tdc Id 767,5 nghin ngudi chiem 78,4%, nii la 211,7 nghin ngufiri ehidm 21,6%. Tuy nhidn, ca cdu gidi tinh cfla lao qua dad tao khu vuc DTTS ed vide iam thay ddi theo hudng giam ty hgng lao ddng nu vd tang ty trgng lao ddng nam hor^ thdi ky 2010-2018.
B i n e 1 : L a o d g n g
T ^ D E c g n g N o n g nghiep, lam nghiep
K h a i khoang C o n g n g h - e p c b a b i e a .
d i ^ , fchi dit, ninjc nang, h o i n i » c \ a d i E u h a a k h o n g khi C u n g CEp DUOC: ho4i dpng quan l y \ a m i ly X a y dung B i u b u 6 n i a b d n l ^ s i B i Chita d to, m d id. x e m a y
\ d ^< cd d o n g CO khac
n » g U » U « u y « , D i d H T i h r a l m i a i n H o a l d g n g tai cbinli.
Kinh doBoh bat d d n g san H o ? i dqng chuyAi m d n . Hanh chinh va d i d i v\i hd Ho^I d o a g ciia Dang, to q u a e If N h a n m i c , an ninh quDC p h d n g ; d a m
Y l i i a h o s i t d g n g ' T ' ' N g h e t h u j t . n i i c h o n a
-ime d i n t o c d a n g t h eo h o c n g h N a m 2010 K m h 817,530 214.133 20.299 159.033
9.1S4
5,324 47,422
89.136 119.169 20,581 2,079 1.716 3,£64 8.047 37.139
44,781 18.977 0 16,676
D T T S 203,794
74.496 3.155 42,427
4.893
0 12.367
13,786 16,727 1.057 3,612 0 1.378 0 9,898
9.111 6.100 4.494 2.293
T d n e s o 1,021,374
2 B E 6 7 9 23.454 201,460
14,047
5,324 59.789
101,922 135.896 21.63E 4,691 1.716 5,243 8.047 47,037
53.893 25.077 4.494 18.969
S c i e i - f i B Idnli ti (Tfgniyi) N a m 2018 Kml, S03,213 139.172 38,611 110,191
17,930
1.492 49.343
106.500 132 .WO 13.358 13.769 5.731 0 7,930 4,904
53,266 30,345 12,374 16,913
D T T S 176,015
51.054 6.947 22,989
6,103
0 16,305
40,324 16,657 5.535 1.964 0 0 0 1B9
4,216 5,195 0 0
T d n g t o 979,233 190,226 45,558 133,160
34,033
1.492 65.648
146,824 148.697 17,793 15.733 5,731 0 7,930 5,093
57.482 35,540 12,374 16.913
Thed CO cdu tudi, xdt trong giai doan 2010-2018, chi duy nhdt lao ddng trong nhdm tudi tir 35 — 44 cd sd lugng iao ddng qua dao tao nghe tang cdn lai ddu cd xu hudng giam.
Thed vflng, da sd ngudi lao dgng qua dao tao nghd d vung dan tdc thudc khu vuc Tmng du va Mien nui phia Bac (chidm 37,3% nam 2018); tidp theo ia cdc vflng Tay Nguyen (15,2%) vd Bdc Tmng bd va Huyen hai Mien Trung (14,3%); tiidp nhdt Id vung Ddng bdng Sdng Hdng (9,1%).
K I N H T f i C H A U A T H A I E
NGHIEN CUU
Theo ngdnh, Iao ddng qua ddo t^o nghd cd xu hudng gidm vide 1dm trong khu vyc ndng nghidp, lam nghidp vd thfly san cd d hai nhdm ddn tdc Id kinh vd DTTS. Sau tam nam, sd lugng lao ddng qua dao tao nghd trong nganh ndng nghiep, Iam nghiep va thfly san da giam gan 100 nghin ngirW (tuong img gidm 33%), ed thd thdy xu hudng djch chuydn cua lao ddng qua ddo tao nghe sang cdc nganh cdng nghiep, dich vu cdn lao dgng chuyen mdn dang rdt Idn .
Chung vdi xu hudng chung ca nude, sd lugng va ty hgng Iao ddng gian don cd xu hudng gidm trong giai doan ndy, gidm tu 235,3 nghin ngudi nam 2010 xudng edn 222,4 nghin ngudi nam 2018; ty trgng nghd nay cung gidm manh tu 28,8% nam 2010 xudng cdn 22,7%
nam 2018. Nhiing nghd cd sd lugng lao ddng qua ddo tao nghd tang nhanh gdm "Nhan vidn djch vu ca nhan, bao vd trat tu an todn xa hgi va ban hang cd ky thuat"
tang tu 77,6 nghin ngudi nam 2010 len 140,8 nghin ngudi nam 2018; "Thg cd ky thuat Idp rdp va van hanh may mdc thiet bi" tang tuong flng tir 173,5 nghin ngudi Idn 277,2 nghin ngudi trdng cung giai doan .
Giai doan 2010-2018, mac du vdn cdn nhidu lao ddng qua dao tao nghd iam viee hong cac hd ndng, iam, thfly sdn vd hd kinh doanh ea thd, tuy nhidn cdc khu vyc chinh thirc nhu khu vuc cd vdn ddu tu nude ngoai, doanh nghidp tu nhan va nhd nude cung ddng Veil trd ngay cang quan trgng trong tao viec Idm cho ngudi Iao dgng qua ddo tao nghd ndi chung va lao ddng vflng dan tdc ndi riSng. Sd lao ddng qua dao tao nghe 1dm trong khu vuc nha nude vd hd ndng, lam, thfly san cd xu hudng giam hong giai doan 2010-2018 cdn lai cac khu vyc khdc deu cd xu hudng tang nhu cdu lao dgng qua dao tcio nghd hong giai doan nay.
Kdt qud trong khu vyc cd vdn ddu tu nude ngodi tang tit 23,9 ngbin ngudi nam 2010 len 38,2 nghin ngudi nam 2018; trong khu vue doanh nghidp tu nhan tang tu 120,7 nghin ngudi Idn 169 nghin ngtrdi trong cflng giai doan. Sd lao ddng qua dao tao nghd trong khu vuc nhd nude gidm tu 197 nghin ngudi nam 2010 xudng cdn 178,7 nghin ngudi nam 2018.
3 Mot SO giai pliap iioan tiiien ciiinii sacii day ngiie ciio iao dong viing dan toe v Viet Nam
3.1. Hodn thidn chinh sach ddi vdi co sd day ngh^
Can day manh xa hdi hoa de tang nguon vdn ddu tu day nghd cho ngudi lao ddng ddn tdc tiiieu s6 d cac dia phuang. Them vao dd, cdn ddi mdi boat ddng dao tao nghe cho lad ddng Id ngudi dan tdc tiiieu so; tii cdng tac tuydn sinh; ddn dp dyng cdc md hinh ddd tao linh boat;
ddi mdi ndi dung chuang tiinh va phuong phdp dao tao;
nang cao chdt lugng ddi ngfl giad vidn day nghd cua cdc dia phuang. Them vao dd cdn cd chinh sach uu dai va qudn hi tdt hon cdc co sd dao tao nghd.
Ddu tu hon nua ve ca sd vat chdt, trang thidt bi dao tao eho cac Tmng tam GDTX&DN d khu vyc midn nfli, viing dan tdc; lua chgn da ngdnh nghd, chu trgng
nhting nganh nghd phu hgp cd nhidu co hgi viec 1dm.
Ben canh nhting nganh nghd tmydn Uidng nhu sdn xudt ndng nghidp, iam nghidp, ehan nudi...cdn cdn phdi xay dung cac ldng nghd tmydn thd'ng, cdc khu cdng nghidp - Udu thu cdng nghidp; phdi hgp vdi cdc ngdnh ehuc nang trong viee ddp ling nhu cdu vd v6n, dua khoa hgc cdng nghd vao ndng nghidp, ndng thdn vflng midn nfli, dan tdc vd tao didu kien cho bd con cd them viec lam, tang thu nhdp Iflc ndng nhdn hdac chuyen ddi nganh nghd sdn xudt ngay tai qud huong, tao dieu kien gidi quydt viec Idm tai chd cho lao dOng cdc dia phuang, tung budc tang thu nhap vd dn dinh ddi sdng nhan dan.
3.2 Hoan thidn chinh sach dd'i voi nhdm tidp hjc Idm nong nghidp
Td ehuc eac hd?it ddng tiay^n tmydn phd bidn cac kinh nghiem td't trong vide day nghd va "cay nghd" dd phat tridn lang nghd mdi do Hidp hdi lang nghd Vi6t Nam dfle kdt qua tiiuc td trong cac lang nghd la td ehuc cdc lap day nghe, bd tfle nghd md gido vidn chinh la cac nghd nhan, thg gidi. Cdc hgc vidn dugc hgc nghd ngay tai lang qu6 minh, dugc tidp thu kidn thiic trye tidp qua cdc nghe nhdn, thg gidi cflng nhu thyc hdnh cde phuang tidn tai cho cua ldng nghd.
Ngodi ra, dd hogt dgng day nghd d^t hieu qud, cdc nganh ehuc nSng efla tiung uong vd dja phuang cdn phdi hgp vdi cac doanh nghidp tai mdi vflng hay m6i dia phuong to chiic dao tao nghe gdn vol cac chuong trinh khuyen ndng, khuydn iam, khuydn ngu, khuyen cdng...
Sy phdi hgp ndy cang chat che nhjp nhdng, edng tdc ddo tao nghd cang ddp tmg tdt hon ydu cdu phat tridn tai dja phuong va nhu cdu cua LDDTTS hgc nghd.
Da dang hda cdc hinh thuc, loai hinh day nghd, md rdng hinh thtrc day nghd theo hgp ddng, lien kdt dao tao, dao tao lai hoae dat hang gitra co sd day nghd vdi doanh nghidp su dyng lao ddng; ddp thig nhu cdu hgc nghd cfla mgi ngudi, dac bidt la lao ddng ngudi DTTS la giai phap hdt sire quan trgng, cdn khuyen nghi eho cde chuang trinh ddo tao nghd ndi chung va hudng ddn ddi tugng la ngudi lao ddng DTTS ndi ridng.
(i) Md hinh day nghd tao vi$c iam tai chd cho lao ddng DTTS gan vdi binh thanh vung nguydn lieu mdi.
Trdn co sd hidu qua kinh te cua cac id^i cay trdng ed kha nang dem lai Igi ich kinh td cao, ddng thai vao d^c didm vd thd nhudng, khi hau thdi tidt va didu kien phdt tridn KTXH, md hinh lya chgn cac dia phuong phfl hgp de hinh thdnh vd phdt tridn vung nguydn lieu mdi (tiirdc ddy chua duge trdng t^i dia phuang), chfl ydu Id cdc cay cdng nghidp dem hidn dang cd gid til kinh te cao ta thi trudng tidu thy san phdm va Id nguyen lieu ddu vdo lau ddi cfla cdc nganh cdng nghidp.
(ii) Ap dung md hinh ddo tao nghe, td chue vide 1dm gan vdi xay dyng lang nghd mdi, "edy nghd" trong khu vyc ddng DTTS sinh sdng.
86
Day la md hinh dugc dp dung cho nhting dia phuong thieu mdng ddt, cd nhidu lao ddng nhxmg thieu vide 1dm vd chinh quydn dia phuong cd nhu cdu hinh thdnh lang nghd mdi. Tham gia khda hgc, cdc hgc vidn khdng chi dugc hgc ly thuydt vdi giao trinh khoa hge ma edn dugc thg gidi vd cde nghe nhan true tidp hudng ddn thuc hanh.
(ii) Md hinh ddo tao nghe, to ehuc vide Idm dd duy tri va phat tridn cac lang nghd. Day la md hinh dugc dp dung eho ede Idng nghe tmyen thd'ng, cdc lang cd nghe dd duy tri va phat tridn edc ldng nghe. Cdc nghd ddo tao dugc lya chon la cac nghd iam cac sdn pham dang cd nhu cau Idn trong nude, xudt khdu va gdn vdi cdc doanh nghidp san xudt kinh doanh hdng thfl cdng my nghd dd dam bdo vide bao Udu sdn phdm eho ngudi hgc. Dd'i tugng duge dao tao la Iao ddng true tidp lam nghd cfla cac lang nghd hoae nhtrng ngudi cd thdi gian ndng nhdn nhieu. Ngudi day va ngudi bidn soan chuong trinh, tai liSu giang day Id nghe nhan, thg gidi cfla cde doanh nghidp, lang nghd, HTX tieu thu cdng m^ nghe, tmng tam ddo tao cfla Hidp hdi lang nghe, gido vidn cac tmdng nghd thfl cdng my nghd.
cac idp ddo tao duge thuc hidn tai dia bdn sinh sdng cfla ngudi Iao ddng DTTS theo hinh thue tmydn nghd, vua hgc vira lam.
3.3 Hoan thidn chinh sach ddi vdi nhung ngudi chuydn sang iam viec dudi hinh thiic 1^ kdt hop ddng lao ddng
Chinh sdeh khuydn khich doanh nghidp kdt hgp dao tao nghe vd su dung ngudi Iao ddng ddn tde thieu sd dugc hgc nghd vdo lam vide tai doanh nghidp: Bd sung, hodn thidn cdc chinh sdeh thu hut, khuydn khich doanh nghidp dau tuvdo vflng dan tdc, midn nfli
vd ho trg doanh nghidp ddo tao vd su dung Iao ddng dia phuong dac bidt ngudi DTTS; gdn hach nhidm cfla CO quan, don vi sii dung lao ddng DTTS trong vide ddo tao, boi dudng ngudi lao ddng
Can cac chuang trinh ddo tao nghe vdi cdc chuong trinh phdt tridn kinh td xa bdi cfla cac dia phuong: Cdn phdi ed su kdt hgp cdc hinh thuc xa hdi hda, tu dd se hinh thanh nhting md hinh day nghe phfi hgp, nhu vide cac co quan nha nude phdi hgp vdi khu vyc kinh te nhd nude td chiic day nghd tai cdc co sd ddo tao cfla cdc Cdng ty, doanh nghidp...; phdi hgp vdi cac td chue chinh tri - xa hdi hay xa hdi - nghd nghidp (ndng dan, cdng doan, phy nu, thanh nien, cyu chidn binh, lidn hiep cdc hdi khoa hgc ky thuat,...) td chue day nghd cd tinh dai tra tai cac dia phuang; phdi hgp vdi UBND huydn/thanh phd to chiic day nghd vdi su tham gia cfla cdc co sd doanh nghiep, cdc dodn thd, hdi nghe nghidp tai dia phuang; phd'i hgp vdi cdc nhdm lang nghe (dan Idt, det thd cdm,...) to chue day cac nghd tmydn thdng....
Tai iieu tham idiao
Chinh phu, De an Phdt tridn kinh td xa hdi vung ddng bao DTTS, MN 2019
Quydt dinh 1052/QD-BLD,TB&XH, ngay 29/7/2019 efla Bd Lao ddng, Thuong binh va Xa hdi
Tdng cyc Thdng ke: VHLSS 2018
Dac diem truyen thong cua chinh sach..
Tiep theo trang 98
ngoai da gdp phan tranh thu didu kidn qude td thuan Igi nhdt dd xay dyng vd bdo vd td qudc, nang cao uy tin va vl the ddt nude thdng qua viec ndm vflng, ehu ddng tao thdi co, tdn cdng gianh thang lgi tung budc, tien idn gianh thang Igi hoan todn. Sach luge dd thd hidn qua viec timg budc gia nhap cdc dien ddn, td chue va thd chd khu vyc va toan cdu nhu ASEAN (1995), ASEM (1996), APEC (1998), WTO (2006), TPP (2015), tiing budc hdi nhap todn dien vdi khu vuc va the gidi./.
Tai iieu ttiam i(iiao
Bao cao Chinh tn efla Ban Chdp hdnh Tmng uong Dang khda X tai Dai hgi dai bidu todn qudc Idn thu XI.
Bd Ngoai giao (2008), Bdc Hd va hoat ddng ngoai giao - Mdt vdi ky nidm ve Bdc, Nxb. Chinh tri qudc gia.
Pham Gia Khidm (2015), Nen ngoai giao toan didn Vidt Nam trong tiidi ky hdi nhdp, Nxb. Chinh til qudc gia, Hd Ndi.
Vfl Duong Huan (2018), Ve chinh sach ddi ngoai va ngoai giao Vidt Nam, Nxb. Chinh tn qudc gia sy that.