Mgt so' van de can ban cua giao due dao difc cr trirbfng hgc

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TINH TRUNG THlTC CUA THAY VA TRO:

Mgt so' van de can ban

cua giao due dao difc cr trirbfng hgc

ThS. DO QUA TruSng phong QLKH&HTQT-TrUcing DH PhCI Yen

T 6 M TAT:

Giao due dao diic khong the doc lap vdi giao due tn tui, cung nhU giao dijc tri tue khong thd tich khdi giao di^c dao ddc. Trong ph^m vi bai viet nay chung toi chi neu d bdn van de nhU: Giao due dao va ddc; Giao dpc dao diic tinh trung thpc cua ngUdi thay; Giao due d^o ddc tinh trung thuc cua ngUdi hpc; va giio due tinh ciim.

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iao dye dgo ddc khong the dpc lap vdi giao dye tri tue, cung nhu giao due trf tue khong the tach kh6i giao due dao ddc. Nhung su tu dudng dao ddc khong chi d mot mon hgc ma ta dat cho cai ten la

"mon dao dUe- men giao due eong dart', ma trong ta't Cei cac mon hpc, tat ca cac hogt dong cua nha trudng, va nhat la ci nhan each, thai do cua thay va tro. Co khi nao ehung ta tu hoi: Vi sao con em ta gioi toan ma ddi song kinh te, xa hpi ve nhieu mat Igi the hien mpt cung each lam an khong he biet tfnh loan, ehang han nhu chuyen mla, dudng, tieu, dieu, dudng day dien chang chit., thi ro VI sao tre em ta cd tinh than ky lugt cao ma ddi sdng cpng dong cua ngudi ldn trong xa hdi tai bieu lp mgt y thCic ky luat thap kem khong the ehap nhan dupc, xa hgi con xo bo. that gia iSn Ipn, ky cUdng phep nudc khong dugc ton Irpng''.., Vi sao tre em dupc day bao phai that tha, trung thi/c ma xa hpi ngudi ldn cd qua nhieu gian dd'i, tham nhOng, buon lau tran lan trd thanh qud'c nan, khdng bie't bao nhieu cupe hgp nhung van chua giSi quyet dupc? CU moi buoi sang chung tdi nghe dai VTV1, phan tin IUe giao thong, phai noi la dn Ignh cS ngudi, tai ngn giao thong, tien phat vi phgm luat l§ giao thdng qua Idn, moi trudng xa hgi nhu vay thi lam sao giao dpc tdt dupc!

The cho nen, th^t la mpt dieu sai l^m Idn lao, neu ta chf tap trung vao vi^c cSi tien chUdng trlnh, n$i dung cSc mdn hpc. phuong phap dgy hpc ma khdng quan tSm d^n toan the mdi trudng hpe dUdng vh vipc r6n luy$n nhan each eiJa ngudi th^y, hay ndi xa hon nOa, neu chua b i t tay ngay vao vi§c cSi tign mdi trudng xa h§i, mfli trUdng eac trudng hpc trong dd quan trpng nhSt la mdi trUdng

eae trudng sU phgm, la "id dao tao nhdng con ngUdi d^o tao con ngudl'. Trong phgm vi bai viet nay chdng tdi chi neu 6 bdn van de nhu: Giao dye dgo va ddc; Giao dye dao ddc tinh trung thuc cCia ngudi thay; giao due dgo dilc tinh trung thyc cCia ngudi hgc; va giao due linh cSm, Giao diJc dao va H^z

Ndi de'n giao dye dao ddc, cd khi ngudi ta chi chil y den dgo ma quen dUe, hoac ngudc lai, eht chil y difc m^

quen dao. D i u sao myc lieu cudi cung ctja giao dye d^o ddc van la cai dUc cCia ngudi hpc. Ddi sdng dgo dulc cua con ngudi cung co nhdng cap bge eua nd, va co t h l ngiifli ta ehl ddng Igi d mde do nao dd ma thoi. 06 the tgm chia ba cap dp dao ddc nhu sau: 6 cap thap nhat do la tinh hdp phap hay hdp vdi eac quy tac do xa hpi quy djnh. VI dy nhu dd la su ngoan ngoan, tuan theo mpi doi hfii cila xa hgi,du mudn hay khong mudn, dCi h i l u hay chua hi^u.

Giao dye dao ddc b cap bae nay chu yeu la sy t j p luy§n thoi quen ma 6 phuong Tay ngudi ta gpi la dressage, c6n 6 phuong Dong gpl la "Hpc n/H/W/^pcW. 6 m0t cap b$c cao hon nda do la thd dgo ddc suy nghT, day la giai dogn eon ngudl nSm vQng dUpc cdc quy lu$t cOa \\} nhiSn va xfl h$i, h i l u biet dupc c^c chuan mi/c cila hanh dflng hflp l!?, biet ph€ phan thS ndo la dilng, the nao la sal. 6 mi2cd0 nay con ngudi cd t h ^ ndi rSt gifli, gidi thieh rSt hay, khuyfin bao rat cht ly, nhung chua b i l n cdc suy nghT thanh hfinh dflng. Dd la giai dogn ma cac nha cdc nha giao dgc phiftfng Tay gpi l a g i a i d o g n e i i a d g o d U c s u y nghT hay Khdng Tfl gpi la "Tn IhiSn m0nh'. 6 mde dfl cao nhj(t cung la myc ti§u cudi cCing cila giao dye dgo ddc la tu luy$n ddc tinh

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va tinh cSm. Bfl la gtai dogn ma con ngudi bi^n cae suy nghT hpp ly hpp tinh cilia minh thanh hanh dflng, hay xa hon nOa no trd thanh mdt trigt ly sdng cho ban than ciJa minh. dd la mflt h f thdng nhdng gia tn ma doi tUpng ciJa nd la toan the nhijtng gi con ngUdi da dUde biet va co the bilt, Khing TiJr gpi la giai dogn "Tung tim sd due bat da cu". nghTa la ddc tfnh cua eon ngudi mot khi da toan tinh iam viae gi thi ch? chieu theo vj chua t l d trong Idng mlnh, nfl mudn sao thdi vSy, khdng bao gid vUpt khufln kho. dd la thd giao due dao ddc tu trj cao nhat. T h l nhung, ddc nao cung phai tuy theo dao ma dao thl co rat nhilu thU dao nhu 6 gia dinh cd dao lam eha, dao lam con,-, 6 trudng hpc cfl dao iam th^y. dao iam trd; trong nghi nghiep c6 dao ddc n g h i nghidp- Ndi ehung, efl dao cOa ngudi lanh dao {ngudi cha, ngudi thay, flng chu.) va daocOa ngudi bj lanh dgo (ngudi con, hpc trfl. ngudi iam cflng...}, trong dd dao cCia ngudi lanh dgo la quan trpng nhgt va quyet djnh tat cS. NhU vay, nhflng dde tinh doi hdi d eon ngudi theo dgo la rat da dgng va vo ciing phdc tgp, NhUng dU cfl theo dao nao. chung ta cung giao due cho Uk ddc tfnh tdn trpng con ngudt, long nhan ai, ngufli iam chO ban than mlnh, lam ehCi dat nude mlnh hdn la thd quyen uy va sp hai. Can phaidaical tam trf cCia minh b vi^c tdng ngay, tdng bude hoan thien va giQ gin nhan each, khflng vl cufle muu sinh cua minh ma iam hgi dong nghiflp va iam khd con em hay hpe trd cua mlnh va to!

nghTdu efl phSi hy sinh than minh d l gid dupc nhan each cOa nha giao th! cung nen lam

Gido d^c d^o diirc tinh trung thM'c cua ngi/di tha'y:

Hlu nhu khflng cfl mpt bal hpe nao ma khflng bao gfim yflu cau trong dfl phan kien thdc, ky nang, tinh cam va tam ly dflng co„ phat trien giao dye cua ngudi hpc, cOng nhu khdng cfl mflt giao vign nao co t h l quan niem rSng nhi§m vy cCia mlnh la ehi ren luyen k i l n thdc, chO nghTa, chd khflng phSi la dao tgo con ngudi Nhung muon dao tgo con ngudi, trudc he't ngudi thay phSi chdng to mlnh la con ngufli vdtday du y nghTa eua no, bdi vi, ngudi thiy giao la nhij'ng ngudi chuyen chd eac gia tri ma ly tufing cfla ehiing r i t dfl lay Noi each khac, giSng dgy la sy cflng hudng, su tUdng tac gida t h i y va trfl. Tdng ldi nfli cfla thay la su mdi mpe ngudi hpc phai suy nghT nhu mlnh, Nhung ngudi thay giao thudng chl chu trgng den tie dflng mpt c h i l u , tdc la Snh hudng cua dieu mlnh giing dgy ma ft khi d l y d i n tac dflng ngupc Igi la ngufll hpcsuynghTnhuthe n a o v l minh, Dieu nay mdi la ye'u to' quan trpng nhlt vl hiflu qua cfla viflc giao due khflng phai chl fl nfli dung hay phuang phap giSng dgy ma chlnh d thai dfl cua ngudi hpc doi vdi ngudl dgy, Chflng tfli nghT f&ng, du chuong trlnh va phuong phap day hgc co tdt miy Chang nQa ma ngudi t h i y khflng cd chQ tam ddi vdi ngh^ nghiflp cQng nhu trong sy tigp xdc vdi con ngudi thl lit ca d i u trd thanh vfl nghTa.

Trong ITnh vgc giao dye dgo 6\Sc. thai dfl quan trpng nhlt la c l n phSl xay dgng d ngudi hpc la Iflng tin tUdng v l sg thflng cSm, Dda tr6 d i n truflng da cfl sSn n i l m tin, nhung v l sau, nhOng kinh nghiflm cua chung 6 truflng npc, a ldp hpc nhilu khi iam m i t dl d i n d i n sg tin tudng 4y, Thilu sg tin tuflng d ngudl t h i y , ngudl hpc sfl cfim Ihly nhOng d i l u gidng dgy la xa Ig. khflng thgc t l , vfl bd.

Nhu Khdng TCf da ndi "Ngon bdt trung tin, hinh bat ddc kinh'. Nhu vay ehi efl su trung thgc cfla ngudi thay trong Idi nfli va viec lam mdi tao dupe Iflng tin tudng va thong cam. Neu khdng, giao due dao ddc chf la su ap dat tU ben ngoai ban than cfla dda t r i TU do giao dye trfl thanh di trj va ngufli hpc bat dau hpe tap them thai dfl thfl d, Ignh nhat, neu khdng not den thai dp thu ghet. thdch thdc hay chdng ddi

Gido due d^o dlJc tmh trung thi/c cua ngi/iri hgc Du sao di nda, cfl mgt so dde tinh ban than lam can ban eho mgi dUe tfnh khac, va eo the eho mpi thU dao ma ta CO the ren luyen d con ngudi td tudi thd au eho den tudi trudng thanh 6 day cac nha giao due gpi la nhu'ng ddc ti'nh can ban, bdi vi mpi thU dgo dUc khac deu tuy thuflc vao chung. Khi chung ta den bat cd ngfli trUdng nao, nhat la fl trudng tieu hpe, ehung ta deu nhan thay nam dieu Bae Hd dgy dupc dat d vi tri dgp nhat fl trong nha trudng, trong Idp hgc, dieu thd nam Bac day "Khiem tdn, that tha, dung cam". 6 day. ehung tfli mudn d l cap den hai dde tfnh can b i n cho mpi thd dgo va ddc do la llnh trung thUc va long ean dam. Tfnh trung thyc la dde tfnh ldn nha't cua tri thdc, con tinh can dam la ddc tinh ldn nhat cue y chf. Thgt ra hai ddc tfnh nay khong khac nhau la bao nhleu vi xet cho cung tfnh trung thyc la sg can dam cua trf tug, va Iflng can dam cung la sy trung thgc cfla y chf. Tfnh trung thpc la dde tfnh can thiet nhal 6 con ngudi vl n4u ta khong trung thpc vdi chfnh ban than mtnh thl khong the nao trung thgc dupc vfli mpi ngudi trong xa hoi. No von co san cua mpi dda tre nhu da dupc chdng minh qua eau tyc ngu' quen thupc: "fla dudng hoi gii. ve nha hdi tre". The nhung, khi dda tre rdi nha de den trudng hpe thl cfl khi thd giao dye di tri d nha trUdng iam chung mat di cai ddc tfnh cSn ban l y . Khi chung tfli den mflt sd trudng mam non, qua dg gid,chung tflt phat hi§n 6 cae trudng co mpl diem chung la khi cfl giao hfli, nhat thiet tat ca eae chau deu gid tay phai, tay trai dat dUfli khuyu tay phai, ehua can chu y nfli dung Idi phat bieu, cU lo gio tay cho dOng va du co vfli vang khi chpt nghT ra dieu gl hay de noi thl cijng khflng dupc phep qu^n each giP tay! Va dT nhien ldi phat bleu cung dung mau Diem ehung ay CO phSi la sy chf dao cua nganh hgc hay khflng'' Ngay trong nhdng buoi le quan trpng nhat nhU Le khai giang, Le tdng ket nam hoe deu eo phan phat b i l u cua eae ehau, cac bai phat bieu do la sy chuan bi cua giao vien (gdm giao vien chu nhigm, td trufing chuyfln mfln va cua ban giam higu), cac chau dpc lau lau, nhung ro rang eac chau khong hieu gi he't, khflng hieu minh da dpe dieu gl vl bai Viet dd khflng phai la bai vilt cfla cac em, khflng phai la tieng noi eua eac em_Va Iflc bay gifl b i t d i u nSy sinh nhdng thoi xau lam ngan chan sy phat triln blnh Jhuflng cfla chflng, dfl la sy ddi tra va tinh hfln nhat. Sy ddi tra la hanh dflng Ida k l khac b l n g each che g i i u cai ma mlnh cd thgc va thay the cho nd bing cai ma ngufli khac mudn de tranh cho mlnh sg trdng phgt hay dupe sy khen thudng. Nfl la sg keo dai thai dfl l l y cai tfli I l m trung tam "egocentrismcf'ciia tudi tho l u v l ngSn c h j n sg phat tridn cfla thai dfl l l y x l hfli iam trung tam

"sociocentrism^'mt trd bSt dau nh$n thdc tU tudi thd l u cho d i n tudi trudng thdnh. M§t khlc, tfnh hfln nhlt 11

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thai do thieu tg tin, la sg bat lUc, khflng dam ty khang djnh chinh mlnh. khdng dam vupt qua sg dau ddn, kho sd Cung gidng nhu sy doi tra, nd ngan cdn sy phat t r i l n nhan each dang bat dau nay nd d dUa tre; nfl bpc Id sy yeu dudi cfla tam hdn va the xac, khien cho eon ngudi khflng du can dam de chong Igi dp Igc cfla nhDng anh hudng xau. Cho ndn, ngudi ta ndi rang tfnh ddi tra va sg hen nhat la bUdc dau d i n de'n sy sa dpa, sg truy Igc va tinh dge ae. Vi vay, ehung toi nghT rang bien phap cfl tinh each ehien lupc de ngan ngda tfli ac cfla dda tre la nha truflng can phSi ren luypn tfnh trung thyc va Iflng can dam nhu Idi Bae day ". that Ihi, dung dm" bang each khuyen khfeh ehflng nfli len nhQng suy nghT thuc sg cua minh, lay hpe sinh lam trung tam de giao due, thay vi no nfli nhu vet nhCng gl ngUfli khae thfeh nghe. Tat nhien.

nhQng sai iam cfla chung phdi dupc sCfa chij'a, nhung trudc het can iam cho chung tin rang bpe 16 sp that ve ban than minh thi tot hdn la danh Ida ke khac vdl cai ma minh khong cfl, hay khong suy nghT, mflt Ifll thu nhan chan thye khong iam giam di nhan each cfla mlnh ma trai lai nang cao nfl len va xda sgch mgi tdi Ifli, Giao due tinh cam

Tuy nhien, giao due dUc tinh chua phai la ta't ca, bdi vi nhdng ddc tfnh can ban ndi tren chi mdi la nhQng ddc tinh cua ban than. Theo C.Mac "Con ngUdi li mdi tdng hoa eua eac moi quan he xa hoi', nhu vgy , giao dye dgo ddc la qua trlnh xa hfli hoa eon ngudi, nhung qua trlnh xa hfli hfla ay mudn ed hiflu quS thl nhQng gia trj xa hgi phdi dupe con ngudi chap nhan va mong mudn tren can ban ly tfnh va tinh cdm (co tinh, co ly). Ai cung ro rang rang tinh cam chi phat trien dupe tuy theo cac dieu kien cfla moi truflng sinh sdng, cho nen qua trlnh xa hfli hda phai dUpc t i l n hanh theo sy phat trien binh thudng cua eon ngudi chd khong the vol va, ga'p gap dupc, Mfli trudng sinh sfl'ng dau tien cua dda tre la gia dinh, tiep theo do la trudng hpc, sau dd la xa hpi. Cho nen, trlnh ty eua giao dge tinh edm phai khfli sg tU tinh cam gia dinh, tien de'n tinh cdm vdi ban be, vdi thay giao, cd giao qua cac quy tac hpc tap, trd choi va quy t i c cflng viec, sau do mdi nay nd va phat trien tinh cam chinh trj trong dd efl tinh yeu dat nude va nghTa vy cong dan. The nhUng, giao dye dao dUc cflng dan cQng chua dfl vi nd vUpt ra khoi pham vi cfla van hoa va van minh cfla nhan logi, Ngoai nhQng quy tac, lugt le, chuan myc qufl'c gia, cfln nhQng quy tae, chuan myc va lugt le qufl'c te, Vi vay, yeu dat nudc la dieuean thilt. can ban, nhung neu chf nhuvgy, eon ngudi ehf mdi thoat ra dupc eai gpi la "egocentrism^' cua ca nhan d thdi ky au trTde chuyen sang mpt thd "egocenlrism^' tren mflt phgm vi ldn hpn la qufl'c gia, dan tpc, Gidng nhu giao dye trf tufl, giao dye dgo ddc cung phdi tien hanh tuan tg theo giai dogn. Moi giai dogn d i u cfl gia tri rieng cua no, nhung quan trpng hdn nQa, nd la sy chuan bi cho glal dogn ke tiep. Gia dinh va truflng hpc la nhQng eon duflng dan tdi n g h i nghiflp, den qude gia, dan tflc; n g h i nghiflp va qudc gla dan tflc la nhQng con dudng dan den nhan logi ndi ehung. Ne'u giao dye gan eho mpt gia tri tuyflt ddi vao mpt trong cae hinh thai xa hfli trung gian nao dfl ma xao iang hinh thai khac thl g i l o dgc van chga

• dgt myc dfch cfla nfl va n h i l u khi ddo ngupc Igi cai thang

gia trj. Dd eung la mpt trong cac nguyen nhan khien cho giao dye dgo ddc trd thanh mdt thd giao dye dj trj. Day la thU giao dye ap dat tU ben n g o i i , qua xa Ig, qua cao sieu, vupt len tren nhan thQc va cam xUc cfla dda t r i , Nfi dgt tren can ban uy quyen va sg sp hai, N l u no cd phin nao tac dgng thi tdc dyng ay chl the hien trong dodn ky eho sg vda Idng, vUa mat ngudi khae, cfln neu no tdn tgi kha lau dai thi chf dUpc the hidn dudi dgng ma ta gpi la

"d^o dd'c g/a". Thd dao dQc gia nay nhieu khi lgi cdn nguy hai hdn la sg thieu dgo dUc, C h i c chan chung ta khflng bao gid muon trflng th^y thd dgo ddc ay 6 b i t cd con ngudi nao, bat cd Ida tuoi nao nhat la 6 trUdng hgc.

Tdm lgi, giao dge dgo dQc d truflng hpc, trudc h i t la giao dye nhQng ddc tfnh can bdn cfla con ngUdi, do ta thgt tha, dung edm, biet vd dam tg minh di tlm l l y kiln thdc, khdm pha lay chan ly. ChUng tfli nghT do chfnh Id dieu ma chdng ta tha thiet mong 6 Idp tre cfla ehflng ta, mpt Idp tre that sg Idnh mgnh ve tinh than va trf tufl, co bdn ITnh vQng c h i c , d l y tg tin, that sg dge lap va tg do trong chfnh mlnh nhu vay, thi cd the hoan toan tin chdc ci tUdng lai tUdi sang cfla dan tflc. Cho nfln ngudi xUa khflng phai Id khong cfl ly khi dUa ra ba ddc tfnh Id:

"Nhan, Tri, Dungf', ba chQ khdng the tdch rdi nhau dupc, trong dd "Dung"ia cai dung cua nhan each va cung la cai dung cfla tri tue.

TAI LIEU THAM K H A O

1) Dang Qufl'c Bao (2004), Giao due Viet Nam hudngtdi tuong lai van de vi giai phap, Nxb.. Chinh tri quflc gia Ha Nfli

2) Hoang Tyy va nhieu tac gia (2006), Khoa hgcgiio dijc, <S tim dien mao mdi, Nxb.. Tr§,

3) DUPng Thieu Tdng (2003), Suy nghi ve giao dvclmySn thdng vi hien dai, Nxb.. Tre,

4) Trudng Dai hpc Ha TTnh (2012), Kyygu hpi thio khoa hgc.

5/2012.

5) Trudng Bgi hpc Qudng Nam (2012), Ky ySu hgi thio khoa hpc, 7/2012.

ABSTRACT

Moral education cannot be separated from intellec- tual education, as well as the fact that Intellectual education cannot be separated from moral education.

Within the scope of this article, we would like to mention and discuss the four issues of moral education on the teacher's honesty, education of ths professional skills and moral, education of the learner's honesty;

and emotional education.