And then banks, one of the subjects involved in providing microcredit, and of course microfinance institutions. One of the critical issues here is represented by the low level of financial and insurance literacy among micro-entrepreneurs.
Microleasing: introduction and Capacity Building project issues
According to the above figures, there appears to be a strong preference for the use of leasing also by micro-enterprises, which represent the largest part of the SME universe. This type of risk is usually covered by the title to the property of the goods, which remains with the rental company for the entire duration of the contract and is only transferred to the lessee if and when the latter decides to exercise the redemption option. .
Microinsurance: a solution just for the
- Introduction
- Microinsurance: definition, literature and regulatory profiles
- Microinsurance: subjects involved Provision of microinsurance
- Demand for microinsurance
- Microinsurance: products and distribution channels
- Microinsurance in the developed countries
- Some conclusions on microinsurance
The common characteristic of such experiences is represented by the provision of specific insurance policies designed for and adapted to the needs and requirements of the target customers - consisting of both low-income individuals and legal entities - who do not have access to the "conventional" insurance not. market. This can be argued as one of the reasons for the non-development of a separate set of rules for microinsurance in many jurisdictions. The microinsurance activity itself should therefore fall within the competence of the relevant domestic insurance supervisor." 19.
According to the regulatory norms or investment rules of the risk carrier. Source: Authors' commentary on McCord and Churchill (2005), p. Based on the above considerations, the following paragraphs attempt to offer a description of the most important features of microinsurance and their possible forms if they were to be used in "developed" countries. Clearly, only Tier 1 providers are suitable for providing microinsurance products/services in more advanced socio-economic systems, as they are subject to specific regulatory provisions that do not apply to the other two categories.
Pure risk is the possibility that an adverse event of any nature will occur in the future which, if it occurs, could result in damage. In practice, however, several markets are characterized by challenges and barriers that limit access to insurance, especially for the most vulnerable, including low-income populations and small businesses (IAIS, 2010, p. 10). Given the typical profile of excluded subjects in developing countries, the question is now reversed as to who falls into that category in those countries that have more advanced economic and financial systems.
Like all types of insurance, microinsurance policyholders make regular premium payments in proportion to the probability and cost of the risk involved. Here it is clear that microinsurance solutions should be implemented in the economies of the developed countries, theoretically all of the above.
Social housing: introduction and the Capacity Building project issues
New developments of housing policies in the European Union
However, although aware of the existence of the above obstacles, the authors believe that interrupting a trend that has already started and moving backwards would definitely lead to giving up all the undeniable "social". Furthermore, cuts to housing benefits and social services, increased taxation of social housing providers and the sale of parts of the national social housing stock have all contributed to the fragmentation and weakening of housing schemes aimed at promoting fair housing. , equal and social, for many countries their weight is minimal. The financial crisis and the ongoing and recurring property bubbles have further tightened the conditions to enter the housing market, hitting the middle class hard, especially in those European countries, such as Italy, where the number of buildings government-owned residential and social housing is low and conversely there is a high proportion (over 70 percent) of first home owners.
An increase in the number of forced evictions 22 and the persistent reluctance of the local banks to act in a socially responsible manner to provide financial support to growing sectors of society for their housing needs are currently putting pressure on struggling governments to find adequate and, mostly, long-lasting solutions to the issue. The European Parliament therefore calls on all member states to take action through its resolution and increase the consistency and integration of financial instruments used in the past and develop new financial instruments to tackle this serious situation. In this perspective, the aforementioned law encourages tenants, owners and their most representative associations to actively participate in the definition of housing strategies, and asks for their involvement in the decision-making process.
In general, the consistency of social housing, i.e. housing dedicated to the weaker segments of the population, can be measured by looking at the percentage of social rental housing owned and managed by the state in total rental housing. 25 Also, there is little doubt that the new policies emerging from the economic crisis are characterized by a strong use of public resources for social housing. Instead, they show a preference for programs and interventions where public actors take on the role of enabler, promoter and partner of public-private partnerships and their last resort supporter.
Social housing and housing microfinance
In these cases, most interventions tend to focus specifically on the energy efficiency of buildings and/or houses, as it is one of the main factors that increase costs. In light of the above, there is no doubt that social housing is a useful tool, although not the only one, to address the above issues and to include that group of interventions that go by the name of housing policy. In fact, in light of the ongoing economic crisis and a consolidated trend where state and local government administrations are constantly reducing social housing measures, 32 the issue of social housing cannot be effectively addressed and resolved only through long-term use. and expansive instruments.
It seems possible to carry out these interventions successfully also in urban and metropolitan areas, based on a clear definition of the goals in terms of social inclusion of the beneficiaries. The pilot project launched through the Capacity Building Project, implemented in Italy by the National Microcredit Authority, proposed a reconfiguration of the existing tools for housing microfinance. 44 In addition, there are a number of technical partners who train operators and provide sufficient technological expertise, such as various architectural associations, Table 4.4 Operational proposal of the Capacity Building Project.
Coverage of costs resulting from damage caused by tenants – Coverage of defaulted monthly installments. Security deposit advance for renting new apartments to avoid eviction and/or advance payment of the first month's rent. Security deposit advance for renting new apartments to avoid eviction and/or prepayment of the first monthly rents.
Possible developments within the programming period 2014–2020: the Italian case
As far as the financial operators are concerned, the project involves commercial banks and the network of microcredit operators that have already been involved in previous activities aimed at developing microcredit programs to support enterprises. This platform is being discussed and investigated in order to activate pilot projects within the programming period 2014–2020 as soon as possible. It is clear that the platform developed by the Capacity Building project fits this scenario consistently and creatively, as it aims to support and implement schemes and measures through the resources provided by the EU Structural Funds.
It should also be noted that these instruments can be combined with local synergies and the interventions offered under the National Operational Program for Metropolitan Cities, which has, among other things, the implementation of urban renewal measures aimed at facilitating the social inclusion of residents . Regional governments and metropolitan municipalities can play a relevant role in creating financial instrumentation tools and use their growing expertise to combine experiences and skills to fully assess housing needs and requirements, identify the range of beneficiaries and eligibility criteria. These will be some of the areas that will be addressed under the capacity building project.
Housing microcredit: the French case
- Introduction
- Context of the experimentation General overview of personal microcredit in France
- Main characteristics of housing microcredit Target group
- A shared-value approach Expected impacts
- Lessons learned: first insights An important demand
The latter are often left out of public energy efficiency programs, even though they represent a large part of the population. One of the most important issues to be evaluated through this experiment is the actual loss ratio of this type of microcredit. The sustainability of the microcredit model for energy poverty relies on a multistakeholder approach, where each actor contributes according to the potential benefit that can be obtained.
The results of the workshop were published by the Italian National Agency for Microcredit (www. microcreditoitalia.org/capacitybuilding). In terms of increased job opportunities resulting from the recovery of the social housing market. Dwellings that are built, sold or rented according to the principles of the free market do not therefore fall under the category of social housing.
For a more articulate discussion of the meaning and general characteristics of social housing in Europe, see Cechodhas (2011), Housing Europe review 2012. The Italian legislation (Ministerial Decree on Infrastructures, 22 April 2008) provided a comprehensive and detailed definition of the term : "Definition of social housing construction with a view to exemption from notification requirements for state aid, cf. art. no. Social housing is a key element of the residential housing system, which is constituted by the total housing services aimed at the fulfillment of primary needs; Section 3.
Both in the form of undivided property (with the presence of tenants) and in the organization of individual property divided between members of cooperatives that provide social housing. Federcasa, Federabitazione-Confcooperative and Legacoop Abitanti are members of CECODHAS Housing Europe - the European Federation of Public, Cooperative and Social Housing.
The Capacity Building Surveys
Results and Reflections
