Mot so noi dung nghien cuu ve van hoa Oc Eo tir ngu6n tu lieu tai Thu vien Khoa hoc xa hoi
Pham Thu Trang'*'
Tdm tat: Vdn hda Oc Eo la mgt nin vdn hoa khdo co cd trinh do phdt trien cao, phdn bd trin mgt khdng gian rgng ldn cda todn viing Nam bg. Ddy Id nin vdn hoa gdn liin vdi lich sii cua vuong qudc Phii Nam, mgt bd phdn cdu thdnh lich sii ddn tgc Viet Nam. Di tich Oc Eo - Ba Thi duac nhiiu nhd khoa hgc khang dinh la mgt cdng thi quan trgng. co moi quan hi rdng rdi vai nhieu qudc gia. Qua khdo sdt ngudn tu lieu quy tgi Thu vien Khoa hgc xd hgi. Vien Thdng tin Khoa hgc xd hgi (thuoc Viin Hdn lam Khoa hgc xd hoi Viet Nam), dgc biet Id cdc tdi lieu do Vien Vien Ddng Bdc cd (E'cole francaise d' Extreme Orient - EFEO) de lgi, bdi viit tap trung lam ro cdc ngi dung: Vdn hda Oc Eo trong vuong quoc Phii Nam; Hogt dgng kinh te cua cu ddn Oc Eo; Vdn de xd hgi, con nguoi, vdn hoa, tdn gido cua Oc Eo Tir khoa: Van hda 6 c Eo, Tay Nam bd, Vuong qudc Phii Nam, Thu vien Khoa bgc xa hgi Abstract: Oc Eo is a highly developed archaeological culture located in a large space of the Southern region. This culture is associated with the history of the Funan Kingdom, an integral part of Vietnamese history. Oc Eo - Ba The Relic has been affirmed by many scholars as an important city port, which used to have broad relations with many countries. Studying valuable documents, especially the EFEO's at the Social Sciences Library, Institute of Social Sciences Information (Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences), this article focuses on clarifying the following aspects: Oc Eo culture of the Funan Kingdom, economic activities ofOc Eo residents, as well as social, people, cultural and religious issues ofOcEo culture.
Key words: Oc Eo Culttue, The Southwest Region, Funan Kingdom, Library of Social Sciences
\. Van hoa 6 c Eo trong vuong quoc 1944 eua Louis Malleret (1944: 75-88) den Phil Nam nay eho thay, van hda 6 c Eo phan bd tren Can cii vao nhieu ngudn tu lieu, dac pham vi rdng ldn thude vung Ddng bang biet Id nhiing ket qua khao ed hgc tir nam sdng Cuu Long va tdn tai tir the ky I cho d i n thi ky IX. Nd cd mdi quan he gan bd ciTc T - ^ k w- -TU- . T^L L - u - chat che vdi vuong qudc Phil Nam, duoc
' ' TS. Tnet h^c, Vien Thong tm Khoa hoc xa hoi, ' . , ' Vien Han lam Khoa hoc xa hoi Viet Nam; Email: ^^nb gid la "glU vai trO tmng tam kinh te
[email protected] van hda quan trgng va la tmng tam mau
"Blot sd not dung... 51 dieh qude t l ldn nhdt cua Phu Nam" (Phan
Huy Le, 2007: 10).
Can eii vdo thu tich cd ciia Trung Qudc va nhieu nguon tu lieu khac, dac biet Id nhiing thanh tyu cua nganh khdo cd hgc, cac nha khoa hgc hien nay deu thdng nhat cho rang vuong qudc Phu Nam tdn tai tir thi ky I d i n thi ky VII.
Quan niem vi nuoc Phii Nam vdi pham vi lanh thd xdc dinh rat khae nhau ciing da la mgt van de gay nhieu tranh luan. Trong kho tu lieu EFEO tai Thu vien Khoa hgc xa hgi, cd nhieu nghien ciiu ciia cac hge gia Phdp ve vdn de ndy.
E. Aymonier (1904: 366) cho rang, Phu Nam Id mgt hi gdc Khmer, Id Prom Penh va lanh thd Phu Nam bao gdm Tchenla (Chan Lap) md rgng ra ea Viet Nam, Thdi Lan va vimg lan can.
P. Pelliot la ngudi dau tien da thu thap va trieh dich nhiing tu lieu lien quan d i n Phu Nam trong thu tieh cd cua Tmng Hoa.
Sau khi trieh dich va chu giai chi tiet cac tu lieu thu tich Tmng Hoa ket hgp vdi eae bia ky cd, phe phan luan diem ciia E. Aymonier khi ddng nhat Phii Nam vdi Tchenla (Chan Lap), P. Pelliot chi ro: Phii Nam va Chan Lap la hai nude thudc hai thdi ky lich su khae nhau, chinh Chan Lap la mgt thugc qudc cua Phii Nam, da xam chiem Phii Nam.
6 n g cho rang ed sy khae biet ve dia ban cu tni, cu dan va ngdn ngii giira Phil Nam va Chan Lap. Chan Lap d phia Bac va Phii Nam d phia Nam tren ha luu sdng Mekong (P. PeUiot, 1903: 302-303). Them nira, R Pelliot ciing the hien nhan thiic kha rd net va dinh vi cy the ve vuong qude Phu Nam:
"Vuong qude Phu Nam cdch phia Tay Lam Ap hon 3.000 dam, ndm frong mgt vinh ldn.
Lanh thd trai ddi 3.000 dam. Cd nhilu thdnh phd, cung dien va nhd d eua ngudi dan" (P.
Pelliot, 1903: 63). Vdi dac dilm nay, theo
tdc gia Phan Huy Le, "vuong qudc Phii Nam trong didi gian nay cd le chii yeu vdn trong pham vi ha luu sdng Mekong" (Phan Huy Le, 2007: 8).
Ve thdi gian tdn tai ciia vuong qude Phil Nam, theo R Pelliot: "Tir t h i ky III din the ky VII, cdc van ban Trung Qude thudng ndi ve Nha nude Hindu nay, day duong nhu la mgt noi khdng the bd qua tren con dudng ndi giiia An Do va Tnmg Qudc. Vao the ky VII, eai ten bien mat ma khdng cd dau vet"
(R Pelliot, 1903: 57-58).
G. Coedes, trong vai thap nien sau, ciing da cd nhiing nghien ciiu ve viing dat nay va da dugc xudt ban thdnh sdch, nhu:
Les civilisations de I'Indochine (Cdc nen van minh Ddng Duong) (1938), A New Inscription from Fu-Nan: Reprinted from Journal of the Greater India Society (Mgt bia ky mdi tir Phii Nam: In lai tir tap chi xahdi An Do) (1937), Quelques precisions sur la fin du Fou-nan (Mgt vai nhan dinh ve su ket thiic eua Phu Nam) (1943); Histoire du Monde, T. 8, Les etats Hindouises d'Indochine et d'Indonesie (Lich su the gidi, T. 8, Cdc nha nude Hindu giao d Ddng Duong va Indonesia) (1948)... G. Coedes cho rang, Phu Nam la phien am theo phdt am ddi Dudng tii b 'iu-ndm cua tieng Khmer cd la bnam, nay la phnom cd nghTa la niii, vua Phii Nam la "vua niii" theo tieng Phan (Sanskrit) \aparvatabhupdla hay cailardja va tieng Khmer la kurung bnam. Ong eho rang, tmng tam cua Phii Nam la ha luu sdng Mekong, nhung lanh thd bao gdm cd Nam Tmng bg, tmng luu sdng Mekong va phan ldn luu vyc sdng Menam, ban dao Ma Lai (G. Coedes, 1948:68).
Bernard Philippe Groslier eho rdng, tmng tam cua Phu Nam la vimg ddt giiia Bassac vd vinh Thai Lan va c6 the bao gdm ca mien Nam Cambodge, sau dd md rgng
52 ThOng tin Khoa hgc xa hOi. s6 7.2012 anh hudng, thilt lap nen thdng tri tren toan
vung ven bien vinh Thai Lan, cd the ea mien Nam Miin Dien (B.R Groslier,1961: 50).
Lich sir khdm phd va nghien cuu van hda 6 c Eo d viing dat Ba The - 6 c Eo bat ddu tir the ky XIX. Qua thye te khao sdt ngudn tu lieu eua cdc nha khoa hgc Phdp de lai va duge luu giii tai Thu vien Khoa hgc xa hgi, chiing tdi nhan thay nghien cim ve van hda 6 c Eo mgt cdch toan dien tir phuong dien khdo cd hgc da dugc Louis Malleret the hien khd day du trong bd Archeologie du delta du Mekong (Khao cd hgc Ddng bang sdng Mekong) 4 tap, vdi cdc ban ve, hinh anh va cdc ngi dung md ta chi tiet ve mgi mat ddi sdng cua cu dan 6 c Eo.
Ve v; tri, trong cdc cong trinh cua minh, Louis Malleret da xac dinh khd chi tiet va cu the rang 6 c Eo nam d vi tri mgt tien cang, cd dudng luu thdng ngi dia bi ngan each bdi nhiing vung bim lay ven bien. Vi tri ciia 6 c Eo ciing theo nguyen tac ehung cua da sd eae edng d Vien Ddng va vinh Thai Lan la cd khoang cdch nhat dinh vdi bd bien.
Tiep dd, L. Malleret da gidi thieu nhiing ket qua khai quat va nhiing nhan dinh mdi nhat cua minh ve di tich 6 c Eo. Theo dng, day la di chi eu tni rat cd, hinh thanh tir mgt tap hgp gd vdi nhiing khdi da ldn ehe phu, nhiing vien gach nam rai rac va nhung dai dia hinh thap trung, ddi khi thanh dudng thdng cd the lien tudng d i n nhiing kenh ddo cd. Pham vi cua di tich 6 c Eo da dugc xae dinh lai, cd dang binh chii nhat, chilu dai 3km, chieu rgng 1,5km, tdng dien tich la 450 hecta. L. Malleret cdn danh gia di tich dd thi 6 c Eo cd tinh chdt nhu mgt Venise d chau A (une maniere de Venise asitique), mgt dd thi "ludng cu" tren nude (amphibie), dyng nha tren cgc bdng vat lieu nhe, theo chieu dai cua nhieu ddng chay tu nhien, nhan tao, eung vdi mgt sd kiln tnic
d i n ddi bdng dd boa cuong va bdng gach ma chi tim thdy mong vd tudng nen dudi cdc gd ddng dd ndt.
Ve kiin true do thi dc Eo, quan sat tii tren mdy bay eho thay, do thi nay nhin cd kinh va cd hinh chu nhat, cd mgt dudng true kenh dao ldn chay ddi 15km ve phia bien. Ddi chieu vdi cac dd thi cd d Nam Ddng Duong nhu Angkor Borei hoac nhu Sambor Prei Kuk (the ky VII ve sau) vdn cd bd eye khdng can ddi, khdng deu dan, thi cd the thay bd cue eua dd thi 6 e Eo rat khde, gan lien vdi truyen thdng thanh thi cd An Do ma tieu bieu Id eac di tich thanh thi tir Mohenjo-Daro cho den Harrapa (L.
Malleret, 1959:201-202).
Cdn ve cdc giai doan phdt trien cua van boa 6 c Eo, neu phan chia thdnh cac thdi ky: giai doan van hda 6 e Eo sdm (tir the ky II TCN. d i n t h i ky 111 SCN.), giai doan van hda 6 c Eo phat trien (tir the ky IV den ddu thi ky VII) thi hi thi ky VII trd di, cae nha nghien ciiu cho rang, dd la giai doan hau 6 e Eo (Dang Van Thing, Ha Thi Suong, 2013: 53).
Sau L. Malleret, cac hgc gia Marcel Piloz, G. Coedes, Paul Bahn tiep tuc nghien ciiu vd cd nhirng danh gid v l di tich 6 c Eo - mgt di chi ndi tieng nhat vao thdi so sii d Ddng Nam A. Cdc dng da xem xet vi tri ciia 6 c Eo tai chau thd sdng Mekong mien Nam Viet Nam vd mdi quan he cua nd vdi nude Phu Nam. Georger Coedes trong bai viit
"Fouilles en Coehinehine, Le site de Go Oc Eo, ancient port du Royaume de Fou- nan" (Nhirng euge khai quat d Nam ky, Vi tri cua Gd 6 e Eo, cdng thi cd ciia vuong qudc Phii Nam) dang y e n tap chi Artibus Asie nam 1947 da ehi ra nhiing dia diem khai quat d Gd 6 c Eo, niii Ba The va nhiing khu vyc phu can vdi tmng tam van minh 6 c Eo. Trong bdi viet nay, dng da gidi thieu
"Sipt so npi dung... 53 cac dd vat dugc tim thay nhu vdng, do
yang siie mat dd cham (khac) bang nhieu chat lieu, cd khac binh va chu. Mgt sd cd vat cd ngudn gdc tii phuong Tay thdi ky La Ma, hoac eudi nha Han... Tir do, dng da ed ket luan dang ehii y rang: "Nhung phdt hien tai Gd 6e Eo giiip hinh thanh mgt quan niem chinh xac hon rat nhieu ve van minh Phu Nam va mdi quan he ciia nd vdi nude ngoai, dac biet la vdi khu vyc Tay Dia Trung Hai... Nhiing phat hien tai day da them mgt mat xich vao chudi eac nhanh budn hdng hay thi trudng giao thucmg qudc tl..." (Georger Coedes, 1947: 193-199).
Vdi nhdn dinh nay, G. Coedes giiip chiing ta hinh dung rd hon ve vi tri, vai trd cua 6c Eo trong quan he giao thuong qudc te, dae biet la vdi phuang Tay - La Ma, dong thdi da cho thay quan he van hda - lich sir giiia 6c Eo va Phii Nam.
D.G.E. Hall trong cdng trinh Lich su Ddng Nam A khang dinh: "6e Eo la mgt tmng tam cdng nghiep va thuong mai; dia diem 6e Eo cd nhung bang chiing rd rang ve nhiing mdi quan he bang bai vdi bd bien eua vinh Xiem, Ma Lai, Indonesia, An Do, vinh Ba Tu va mgt cdch tryc tiep hoac gian tiep vdi ca Dia Tmng Hai. Cang nay nam tai noi ma liic dd da la con dudng bien ldn giiia Tmng Qudc va phuong Tay" (D.G.E.
Hall, 1997:51)
Ciing ddng tinh vdi quan dilm nhu vay, d nude ta, tac gia Phan Huy Le nhan dinh:
"Dd thi cang Ba The - 6c Eo sdm trd thanh tmng tdm mau dich quoe tl ciia Phii Nam va viing Ddng Nam A luc dia. Tmng tam nay khdng nhiing la noi giao dich, mua ban giira Phu Nam vdi nude ngoai ma cdn la dia diem dimg ehan de lay nude va mua sdm luong thyc, thyc pham ciia cac eon thuyin tren hai trinh thuong mai quIc tl"
(Phan Huy Le, 2007: 12). Tac gia Luong Nmh ciing khang dinh: "6c Eo la cang thi qudc te cua vuong qude Phu Nam" va "noi nay ban la ciing da cd be thdng tien te Phii Nam" (Luong Ninh, 2011: 39, 43)
Nhu vay, cd the khang dinh "lich sir Phil Nam cung vdi di san van hda 6c Eo tren vung ddng bang sdng Cim Long la mgt dong chay gdp phan tao thdnh lich sii, van hda Viet Nam md ddng chu luu la van hda Ddng Sem - Van Lang, Au Lac" (Phan Huy Le, 2007: 14). Dii khdng dua ra ddn chimg, nhung Malcom Mae Donal ed ket luan ddng chu y rang: "chu nhan cua van hda Phil Nam la td tien cua nhiing ngudi dan ddng bang Nam bd Viet Nam ngay nay chir khdng phai Kherme" (Dan theo: Luemg Ninh, 1981:37). Khi dd, "nen coi van hda 6c Eo la van hda ciia vuong quoc hay qudc gia Phil Nam, chii khdng nen hieu la van hda Phil Nam khi da yd thdnh de che, nghTa la van hda eiia toan bd de che Phu Nam. Tat nhien la dudi su chi phdi cua Phu Nam, cae thudc qudc ciia de che ciing tiep nhan nhiing anh hudng va du nhap mgt sd san pham ciia nude tdn cbii, nghTa Id ciing mang nhiing yeu td eua van hda Phu Nam, tiic van hda 6c Eo" (Phan Huy Le, 2007: 11).
Cd the ndi, eimg vdi viec phdt hien ra di chi 6c Eo, khdm pha nen van hda 6c Eo - Phil Nam d viing chau thd sdng Cim Long tir sdm, Louis Malleret (1944) ddng thdi ciing la ngudi da dua ra nhilu nhan dinh CO ban, quan trgng hon ea ve di tich va van hda 6c Eo - Phu Nam. Cdng trinh nghien ciru cua dng cho den nay vin dugc ddnh gia la nghien ciiu toan dien, ddy du va cdng phu nhat ve van hda 6c Eo, khd cd nghien eiiu nao cd the vugt qua. Sau nay, vdi nhiing di tich va hien vat mdi dugc phat hien, qua nhilu cugc khai quat khao cd sau nam 1975 cua cdc nha khdo cd hgc
Thfing tin Khoa hpc xa hfii. s6 7.2013 Viet Nam, v l ca ban, cae nhd nghien ciiu
d i u t h i n g nhdt ddnh gia 6 c Eo giii vi tii nhu mgt cdng thi, la trung tam kinh tl-van hda quan trgng eua vuong qudc Phu N a m cung nhu d vung Ddng Nam A, cd quan he giao luu rgng rai vdi cac nude tren the gidi. Phu thudc vao tung giai doan lieh su khac nhau ma 6 c Eo cung dugc cdc nha khoa hgc xem xet, danh gia vdi nhiing vi tri khac nhau.
2. Ve hoat dgng kinh te ciia cu dan Oc Eo Thdng qua cac ngudn tu lieu dugc luu giir tai Thu vien Khoa hgc xa hdi, dac biet la ngudn tu lieu do ngudi Phdp de lai, cd the thdy cu dan van hda 6 c Eo da dat den trinh do van minh khd cao, h-ong dd ndi bat la n i n van hda bien va giao luu, phdt trien thuang mgi giiip cho cdng ddng dan cu noi ddy trd nen giau cd.
Tir nam 1942 d i n nam 1945, Louis Malleret da suu tam dugc 1.311 hien vat vang, khoang 1.120 gram, trong dd cd 1.062 hat ngge va dd quy (L. Malleret, 1963: 3).
Trong bai viet "La succession des paysages humains en Coehinehine occidentale" (Di san, eanh quan, con ngudi d mien Tay Nam ky) ciia Pierre Gourou, sau kbi de cap den dac diem ve mat dia ly eiia 6 c Eo va Phii Nam - la khu vuc viing triing, thudng xuyen hi ngap lut, tac gia ciing cho biet da thu thap dugc 12.000 do vat, trong dd ed nhieu vang. Nhung hien vat nay la bang chiing tryc tiep giiip khang dinh 6 c Eo la thuang cang, cd mdi quan he giao luu rdng rai vdi nhieu nude tren the gidi (P. Gourou, 1950:79-80).
Ben canh ITnh vyc thuong mai khd phdt trien d 6 c Eo - Phu Nam, cac nha nghien eiiu cdn cho biet, nhieu kenh dao dugc xay dyng d day, dilu dd cho thdy thuy lgi rdt phat trien, cac cdng trinh nay khdng chi nham muc dich giao thdng ma cdn de thoat
nude liic thuy trilu len va dan nude trong miia khd han d l tudi tieu cho dong mgng.
Mgt mat, he thdng kenh ddo thuc day ndng nghiep phat triln, mat khac, nd cdn cd vai trd tdi uu nhdm dam bdo thucmg mai dudng thiiy.
v l vdn d l nay, Louis Malleret cho bilt:
"He thdng kenh dao ed t h i bdt ddu dugc dao tir the ky I TCN., dugc xay dyng quy md tuc t h i ky I-III SCN. va m d rdng, kit ndi thanh mgt he thong hoan chinh trong khoang t h i ky IV-VIII SCN." (L. Malleret, 1959).
Tmdc do, qua khdo sat bang may bay, tir nam 1931 d i n nam 1942, Pierre Paris da khdng dinh them vdn d l nay bdng viec phat hien 5 con kenh (P. Paris, 1931). Sau nay, Louis Malleret ciing khdo sat bang may bay vd phat hien them 23 eon kenh khdc. Trong do, quan trgng nhdt va ddi nhat, UOkm, Id con kenh ndi Angkor Borei vdi 6 c Eo den bdn dao Ca Mau.
Du khdng phdt triln manh me nhu thuong mai nhung hogt dgng ndng nghiep eua cu dan 6 e Eo eiing da dugc minh ehiing la dat dugc nhiing ket qua nhat dinh. Doi vdi nghe trdng liia, lan dau tien tai Gidng Cat, L. Malleret phat hien mgt chiec ndi gdm cd, ben trong la nhiing hat thdc gao chay hoan toan. Nhung liic dd, do mau thdc gao nay d tinh trang khdng tdt nen dng khdng chii y va sau dd da bi that lac. Den nam 1944, yong luc tien hanh cugc khai quat khao co hge dau tien d vung 6 e Eo, mgt lan niia ong lai phat hien cac hat thdc gao lan cung vdi xuong trau bd d mgt trong cdc gieng d 6 c Eo (Louis Malleret, 1962: 347).
Paul Pelliot da cd nhung phan tich cu the hon ve cac ho^t ddng kinh te ciia ngudi dan Phu Nam - 6 c Eo vdi boat ddng budn ban, ndng nghiep, tieu thii cdng nhu sau: "Hg cd boat ddng ndng nghiep, hg gieo liia mgt nam thu hoach h-ong ba nam. Ngodi ra, hg thich
Sot sdn6i dung... 55 cham khac dd trang tri va dieu khac. Nhieu
dd dimg de phuc vu an udng 1dm bang bac.
Thue duge thanh todn bang vang, bae, nggc trai, nude hoa" (Paul Pelliot, 1903: 63).
Ben canh nghe trdng liia nude, nhiing vet tieh dugc tim thay trong nghien ciiu ciia L. Malleret cdn minh chiing cho viec cu dan 6c Eo da biet sii dung, khai thdc vd danh bat hai san phuc vy eho nhu eau euge sdng. Nhieu loai vd nhuyen the nhu vd dc, vd hau, vd ngeu thudng dugc dung de lam do yang sue. Mgt sd do trang siic bdng vang cung md phdng hinh con riia hay mgt sd hien vat khac dugc the hien dudi dang con ca ngua va mgt sd loai ca khac,...
3. vdn de xa hoi, con nguoi cua 6c Eo Trong sd cac cdng trinh nghien ciiu cua cae nha khoa hge Phap, P. Pelliot sau khi trieh dich tir Sir ky nha Tan da cd nhirng md td khd chi tiet, cu the ve cac van de xa hdi, con ngudi trong van hda Phu Nam - 6c Eo nhu: tinh each ciia ngudi dan, chu viet, phong tuc tang le, hdn le,...: "Ddn ong deu xau xi va den; tdc eua hg xoan; hg d tran vd di chan dat. Ban chat ciia ngudi dan noi day don gian, va hg khdng trdm cap... Hg cd sdch, cd noi luu tru va nhirng thii khac. Chii viet eua hg gidng vdi chii cita ngudi Hou. Dam tang va bdn le eua hg ldn nhu d Lam Ap (Champa)" (Paul Pelliot, 1903: 63).
Viec xac dinh thanh phdn nhdn chimg ciia cu dan 6c Eo - Phu Nam cdn la van de khoa hge dang dat ra va cac cii lieu cho den nay chua cd nhirng minh chiing rd rang.
Tmdc do, L. Malleret da tim thdy d Tram Phd trong di tich van hda 6c Eo di cdt cua 7 cd thi (L. Malleret,1959: 166-167). Theo kit qua nghien eiiu eua H. Vallois va do Genet Varcin cdng bd, trong so do cd 2 hop sg nguyen ven la sg ngudi Indonesian (Ddn theo: Phan Huy Le, 2007: 12).
Trong khi do, D.G.E. Hall thi cho rang:
"Ngudi Phu Nam thugc chiing tdc Ma Lai'*' vdn edn d tinh trang bd lac vao budi binh minh cua lich su" (D.G.E. Hall, 1997: 51).
Ve ddi sdng xa hdi cua cdc cu dan vao thdi dai 6c Eo, qua cdc ket qua khao cd hgc, theo Vd ST Khdi, tmdc het cd the thay dd la mgt xa hdi phan chia thanh nhieu tdng lop.
Tang leip tren gdm cac lanh chiia, dang cap tang Iii va cd the gdm ea nhiing ngudi giau cd, chii nhan eua eae den ddi, lang tdm va nhiing ngdi md ldn... Tang Idp dudi gdm nhung ngudi dan lao ddng, chia thanh tiing nhdm nganh nghe, tir nhiing ngudi thg deo da, nung gach, lam gdm, lam nghe det, nghe mdc, ddng thuyen, nghe luyen kim, ndu thuy tinh; nhiing nghe nhan tac tugng da, tugng go, nhiing ngudi thg kim hoan, nhung ngudi san bat, ndng dan, va cd the ea nhiing ngudi phieubat... (Vo ST Khdi, 1985: 29-30).
Theo nha nghien ciiu Vii Minh Giang, Phil Nam la mgt qudc gia cd cu dan va truyen thong van hda rieng eua minh, hinh thanh va phat trien tren vimg dat ed vi tri giao thoa nen ed nhieu leip eu dan dan xen. Do dd, edng ddng cu dan nude Phu Nam cung nhu cac qudc gia Ddng Nam A khae deu mang tinh da tgc ngudi. Ngodi cac tdc ngudi da dugc cdc nha khoa hgc khang dinh tbi cdn nhiing nhdm tdc ngudi khac can tiep tuc dugc kham phd (Vii Minh Giang, 2008: 21).
4. vdn de van hoa, tdn giao ciia 6c Eo Thdng qua cae ngudn tu lieu, cdc nha khoa hgc deu thdng nhat nhan dinh rang khu 6c Eo - Ba The la mgt trung tam van hda, tdn gido ldn, quan trgng. Tmng tam tdn gido nay ed dien tich ldn cimg vdi he thdng dudng nude cd dan den cdc khu vuc
*•' Tir chung tpc du:gc dimg 6 day theo nghia rpng nhat.
56 ThOng tin Khoa hge xa hai, sd 7.2011 xung quanh, nhieu kien tnic den xay bang
da, gach hay sy ket hgp giiia dd va gach, kiln tnie nhe, dyng bdng gd cd kich thude ldn, nhilu tugng thd, hinh vat thd, nhieu di vat dep vd quy hilm (Dang Vdn Thdng, Ha Thi Suong, 2013).
Van hda 6c Bo d khu vuc 6c Eo - Ba The ndi rieng va d vung ddng bang ehau thd sdng Cuu Long ndi chung khdng nhiing la nen van hda cd co tang ban dia ma cdn la nin van hda chiu dnh hudng sau sac ciia van minh An Do. Vdi cae dau tich din, bia ky, tugng phat, tugng than Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva, linh vat thd linga, linga-yoni,... da dugc tim thay trong hau hit cdc di tich khu vyc 6c Eo - Ba The da cho thay dieu nay.
Din than Mat Trdi Gd Cay Thi dugc L. Malleret khai quat ldn ddu tien tir ngay 10/2-19/4/1944, dugc md ta: vao thdi ky dd, Gd Cay Thi the hien nhu mgt eai y cao gan 3m, tren dd ed mgc hai cay cd thu. Trudc khi tien hdnh khai quat, tren be mat di tich cd nhieu gach vun. Sau khi khai quat, L. Malleret da md td cau tao ciia kien tnic Gd Cdy Thi (kien tnic A) tren binh dd chung quy md 25 m x 22 m, eao gdn 4 m vd bao gdm 2 bd phan: mgt tien dien va mgt chinh dien ndi vdi nhau bang mgt phan tiep lieu. Trong cugc khai quat ndy, L. Malleret da thyc hien 4 ban ve va 6 biic dnh ve binh do kien tnic, vdi mat cat dia tang cua 3 hd va 2 "gieng" trong phan Chinh dien (L.
Malleret, 1969)
Lmga hien thue dugc tim thdy d Din Cay Trdm, cao 1,73 m, thudc loai ldn nhdt dugc thn thay d ddng bang song Ciiu Long.
Linga bien thyc nay dugc lam bdng da vd dugc coi la rdt cd, cd nien dai duge xac dinh vao the ky I SCN.. Linga hien thyc dugc thd trong ngdi den tmng tam - noi thd than Shiva d Chennittalai thugc lang Travancore d miin
Nam An Do. Nhu vay, nhilu kha ndng Lmg? } hien thye nay la bieu tugng ciia than Shivt , d Din Cay Trdm ngay tir khi mdi xay dung*
dln(L. Malleret, 1959: 380-381). * Thdng qua cac boat ddng dien da, L Malleret da he didng hda va phan tich ral^:
cdng phu cac van bia duge bien dich, cdc tac ; phdm dieu khac tdn gido dugc tiep can dudi ^ gdc dg van hda, nghe thuat, dac biet neu len nhiing phat hien hang loat cd vat nhu tugng than Vishnu ngdi tren Gamda, tugng thdn Brahma vdi ve dep hap din, hrgng *' thdn Surya lien quan den tin ngudng Ve Da, ciing nhu nhilu loai tugng Phat, ddng thdi cdn de cap den nhiing bia da cd khac minh • van cd (L. Malleret, 1959: 371-412). Ddy deu la nhiing bang chimg rat ro rang de ed the khang dinh d vimg niii Ba The da tdn tai mgt trung tam Bd la mdn giao.
5. Ket luan
Nhu vay, qua ngudn tu lieu dugc luu giir tai Thu vien Khoa bgc xa hdi, dac biet la kho tu lieu EFEO, chimg ta da xdc dinh duge 6c Eo la mgt do thi - cdng cd nam yen con dudng thuang mai Ddng - Tay va cd mdi quan he giao luu thuong mai rat rgng. Cdc nghien ciiu deu da lam rd dugc yeu td kinh te, van hda, xa hdi, tdn giao cua vimg dat nay mgt each tuong ddi toan dien va day du. Hy vgng rang kho tu lieu quy nay tai Thu vien se dugc cac nha khoa hgc ngdy eang quan tam va nghien cim ciru sau sac, day du bon niia nham dem lai nhiing hieu biet toan dien va khdch quan hon ve van hda 6c Eo a Tai li^u tham khao
1. E. Aymonier (1904), Le Cambodge, T.3, Ernest Leroux, Paris.
2. G. Coedes (1937), "A New Inscription fi-om Fu-Nan", Reprinted from Journal of the Greater India Society, Calcutta, Vol 4, No 2.
mof56n6idung.. 57 3. G. Coedes (1938), Les civilisations de
I'Indochine, Taupin & Cie, Ha Ngi.
4. G. Coedes (1943), XXXVI, "Quelques precisions sur la fin du Fou-nan", Bulletin de I 'Ecolefrangaise d 'Extreme- Orient, Tome 43, p. 1-8.
5. G. Coedes (1947), "Fouilles en Cochinchine, Le site de Go Oe Eo, ancient port du Royaiune de Fou-nan", Artibus Asie, Vol.10/1, p . 193 - 199.
6. G. Coedes (1948), "Histoue du Monde", T. 8: Les etats Hindouises d'Indochine et d'Indonesie, P. E. De Boceard.
7. Vu Minh Giang (Chu bien, 2008), Lwp-c sii viing ddt Nam bg Viit Nam, Nxb.
The gidi, Ha Ndi.
8. Pierre Gourou (1950), "La succession des paysages humains en Cochinchine occidentale", Annales de Geographic, T 5 9 , N o 3 1 3 .
9. Bernard Philippe Groslier (1961), Indochine. Carrefour des arts, Albin Michel, Paris.
10. D.G.E. Hall (1997), Lich sic Dong Nam A (sdch tham khdo), Biii Thanh Son, Nguyen Thdi Yen Hucmg, Hodng Anh Tuan dieh, Nxb. Chinh hi qudc gia. Ha Ngi.
11. Vd ST Khai (1985), "Nghien cuu vdn hda khao cd 6 e Eo: Mudi nam nhin lai"
Khdo cd hgc (04), tx. 13-32.
12. Phan Huy Le (2007), "Qua di tich van hoa 6 c Eo va thu tich cd thii nhan dien nude Phu Nam", Nghien ciiu lich sic (11), tr. 3-14; 39.
U.Louis Malleret (1944), "Les fouilles d'Oc-eo", Rapport preliminaire. Imp.
F-H Schneider, p. 75-88.
14. Louis Malleret (1959), "L'Archeologie du Delta du Mekong", Tome 1:
L 'Exploration archeologique et les fouilles d'Oc-Eo, EFEO, Paris.
15. Louis Malleret (1960), "L' archeologie du delta du Mekong": T.2: La civilisation materielle d'OC-EO, Text, EFEO, Paris.
16. Louis Malleret (1962), "L'Archeologie du Delta du Mekong", Tome 3 La culture du Fou - Nan; Texte; EFEO, Paris, p. 3.
17. Louis Malleret (1963), "L' archeologie du delta du Mekong", T.4: Le Cistassac.
Texte avec index et Planches, EFEO, Paris.
18. Louis Malleret (1969), Khdo cd hgc ddng bdng sdng Cuu Long, tap 1, Ban dich cua Vien Bao tang Lich sii Viet Nam.
19. Luong Ninh (1981), "Nude Chi Tdn - mgt qudc gia ed d mien tay sdng Hau", Khdo cd hgc (\),tr.36-A^.
20. Luong Ninh (2011), " 6 e Eo - edng thi qude t l cua vuong qude Phii Nam", Khdo cd hgc 0),tx.39-A4.
21.Piene Paris (1931), "Anciens canaux reconnus sur photographies aeriennes dans les provinces de Ta Kev et de Chau-doc", Bulletin de I 'Ecole frangaise d'Extrime-Orient, Tome 31.
22. Paul Pelliot (1903), "Le Fou-nan", Bulletin de I 'Ecolefrangaise d 'Extreme- Orient, Tome 3.
23. Dang Van Thang, Ha Thi Suong (2013), "Trung tam ton giao 6 e Bo - Ba The (An Giang), Khdo cd hgc (01), tr.
35-59.
56 Thfing tin Khoa hgc xa hdi. sd 7.201S xung quanh, nhilu kien tnic den xdy bdng
dd, gach hay sy ket hgp giiia da va gach, kiln tnic nhe, dyng bdng go cd kich thudc ldn, nhilu tugng thd, hinh vat thd, nhilu di vat dep va quy hiem (Dang Van Thang, Ha Thi Suong, 2013).
Van hda 6c Eo d khu vyc 6c Eo - Ba The ndi rieng va d vimg ddng bang chau thd sdng Cuu Long ndi chung khdng nhiing la nin vdn hda cd co tang ban dja ma cdn la nen van hda cbju anh hudng sau sac ciia van minh An Do. Vdi eac dau tieh din, bia ky, tugng phdt, tugng thdn Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva, linh vdt thd linga, linga-yoni,... da dugc tim thay trong hau hit eac di tich khu vuc 6e Eo - Ba The da cho thay dieu nay.
Din thdn Mat Trdi Gd Cay Thi dugc L. Malleret khai quat lan dau tien tir ngdy 10/2-19/4/1944, duge md ta: vao thdi ky do, Gd Cdy Thi the hien nhu mgt cai u cao gan 3m, tren dd cd mgc hai cay cd thu. Tmdc kbi tien hanh khai quat, tren be mat di tich cd nhieu gach vun. Sau khi khai quat, L. Malleret da md ta cdu tao ciia kien tnic Gd Cay Thi (kien true A) tren binh do chung quy md 25 m x 22 m, cao gan 4 m vd bao gdm 2 bd phan: mgt tien dien va mgt chinh dien ndi vdi nhau bang mgt phdn tilp lieu. Trong cugc khai quat nay, L. Malleret da thyc hien 4 ban ve va 6 biic anh vl binh do kien tnie, vdi mat cat dia tang cua 3 ho va 2 "gieng" trong phan Chinh dien (L.
Malleret, 1969)
Lmga hien thyc dugc tim thdy d Din Cay Trdm, cao 1,73 m, thugc loai ldn nhdt dugc tim thay d ddng bang sdng Cuu Long.
Linga hi?n thuc nay dugc lam bdng da vd dugc coi la rat cd, cd nien dai dugc xac dinh vdo the ky I SCN.. Linga hien thuc dugc thd trong ngdi den trung tam - noi thd thdn Shiva d Chennittalai thudc lang Travancore d miin
Nam An Do. Nhu vay, nhilu kha nang Linga hien thyc nay la bieu tugng eua than Shiva d Din Cay Trdm ngay bi khi mdi xay dung din (L. Malleret, 1959: 380-381).
Thdng qua eac boat ddng dien da, L.
Malleret da he thdng hda va phan tich rat cdng phu cac van bia dugc bien dich, cdc tae pham dieu khac tdn gido dugc tiep can dudi gdc do van hda, nghe thuat, dae biet neu len nhiing phat hien hang loat cd vat nhu tugng than Vishnu ngdi yen Gamda, tugng thdn Brahma vdi ve dep hap dan, tugng thdn Surya lien quan den tin nguong Ve Da, cGng nhu nhieu loai tugng Phat, ddng thdi cdn dl cap din nhiing bia da cd khac minh van cd (L. Malleret, 1959: 371-412). Day diu la nhiing bang chiing rat rd rang de cd the khdng dinh d viing nui Ba The da tdn tai mgt tmng tam Ba la mdn gido.
5. Kit luan
Nhu vay, qua ngudn tu lieu dugc luu giu tai Thu vien Khoa hgc xa hdi, dac biet la kho tu lieu EFEO, chiing ta da xdc dinh dugc 6c Eo la mgt dd thi - cang cd nam Uen con dudng thuong mai Ddng - Tay va cd moi quan he giao luu thuang mai rdt rdng. Cdc nghien eiiu deu da lam rd duge yeu td kinh te, van hda, xa hgi, tdn giao ciia vung dat nay mgt each tuong ddi todn dien vd day du. Hy vgng rang kho tu lieu quy nay tai Thu vien se dugc cac nha khoa hgc ngdy cdng quan tam va nghien cuu cuu sau sac, day dii hon niia nhdm dem lai nhung hieu biet toan dien vd khdch quan hon ve van hda 6c Eo a Tai li|u tham khao
1. E. Aymonier (1904), Le Cambodge, T.3, Emest Leroux, Paris.
2. G. Coedes (1937), "A New Inscription from Fu-Nan", Reprinted from Journal of the Greater India Society, Calcutta, Vol 4, No 2.
S o t sa npi dung.. 57 3. G. Coedes (1938), Les civilisations de
I 'Indochine, Taupm &. Cie, Ha Ndi.
4. G. Coedes (1943), XXXVI, "Quelques precisions sur la fin du Fou-nan", Bulletin de I 'Ecolefrangaise d 'Extrime- Orien/, T o m e 4 3 , p . 1-8.
5. G. Coedes (1947), "Fouilles en Cochinchine, Le site de Go Oc Eo, ancient port du Royaume de Fou-nan", Artibus Asie, Vol.10/1, p. 193 - 199.
6. G. Coedes (1948), "Histoire du Monde", T. 8: Les etats Hindouisis d'Indochine et d'Indonisie, P. E. De Boceard.
7. Vu Minh Giang (Chu bien, 2008), Lifp-c sic viing ddt Nam bd Viet Nam, Nxb.
The gidi, Hd Ndi.
8. Pierre Gourou (1950), "La succession des paysages humains en Cochinchine occidentale", Annales de Geographic, T. 59, No 313.
9. Bernard Philippe Groslier (1961), Indochine. Carrefour des arts, Albin Michel, Paris.
10. D.G.E. Hall (1997), Lich su Dong Nam A (sdch tham khdo), Bui Thanh Son, Nguyen Thai Yen Huong, Hoang Anh Tudn dieh, Nxb. Chinh tri qudc gia. Ha Ngi.
11. Vd ST Khai (1985), "Nghien ciiu van hda khao cd 6 e Eo: Mudi ndm nhin lai"
Khdo cd hgc (04), tr. 13-32.
12. Phan Huy Le (2007), "Qua di tich van hda 6 c Eo va thu tich cd thir nhan dien nude Phil Nam", Nghiin cicu lich sic (11), h-. 3-14; 39.
13. Louis Maheret (1944), "Les fouilles d'Oc-eo", Rapport preliminaire. Imp.
R-H Schneider, p. 75-88.
14. Louis Malleret (1959), "L'Archeologie du Delta du Mekong", Tome 1:
L 'Exploration archeologique et les fouilles d'Oc-Eo, EFEO, Paris.
15. Louis Malleret (1960), "L' archeologie du delta du Mekong": T.2: La civilisation materielle d'OC-EO, Text, EFEO, Paris.
16. Louis Malleret (1962), "L'Archeologie du Delta du Mekong", Tome 3 La culture du Fou - Nan; Texte; EFEO, Paris, p. 3.
17. Louis Malleret (1963), "L' archeologie du delta du Mekong", T.4: Le Cisbassac.
Texte avec index et Planches, EFEO, Paris.
18. Louis Malleret (1969), Khdo cd hgc dong bdng sdng Cim Long, tap 1, Bdn dich cua Vien Bdo tang Lich sir Viet Nam.
19. Luong Ninh (1981), "Nude Chi Tdn - mgt qudc gia cd d mien tay sdng Hau", Khdo cd hgc (I), tr. 36-48.
20. Luong Ninh (2011), " 6 e Eo - edng thi qudc te cua vuong qudc Phii Nam", Khdo cdhgc (3), tr. 39-44.
21. Pierre Paris (1931), "Anciens canaux reconnus sur photographies aeriennes dans les provinces de Ta Kev et de Chau-doe", Bulletin de I 'Ecole frangaise d'Extrime-Orient, Tome 31.
22. Paul Pelliot (1903), "Le Fou-nan", Bulletin de I 'Ecolefrangaise d 'Extreme- Orient, Tome 3.
23. Dang Van Thdng, Ha Thi Suemg (2013), "Tmng tam tdn gido 6 c Eo - Ba The (An Giang), Khdo cd hgc (01), y.
35-59.