MOT SO NET BIEN DOI NGHI LE CU*6l XIN CUA NGl/dl E DE 6 DAK LAK
HA T H I M A I "
T6m tdt: Nghi li cUdi xin truyin tkong cua ngUdi E Bi Id mdt hinh thitc giao keo rdng bu^c, gdn ftit ddi vg chong, tit do hinh tfidnh liin minh gia dinh, dong fig. Trong truyin tftdng, nghi li cUdi xin gdm bin budc: iM Hoi cfwng (Nao kuh); U Tkod thugn (kndm); Li Ggi chong (Yao ung) vd Li Lgi mat (Sii kndm). Hien nay, do tdc ddng cua nhieu yiu t^bin trong vd ben ngodi nen diin trink nghi li ndy dd cd nhieu biih ddi. Bdi vi^t tim hieu mdt sd'net biin doi nghi lecUdi xin cua TigUdi E Di hiin nay dBdk Ldk.
Td khda: Nghi li cUdi xin; E Bi; Bdk Ldk; truyin thdng; biin ddi.
Abstract: The traditional wedding ceremony of ethnic Ede is a form of contract tfiat unites the married couple, creating a family alliance. Traditional wedding ritual includes 4 steps: asking for tfie acceptance ofthe husband-to-be (Nao huh), making a deal (knam); calling the husband (Ydo ung) and visiting parents' afier tfie wedding (Sii kndm). However, wedding ritual of ethnic Ede these days has changed due to a number of reasons. This article discussed tkese changes.
Keywords: Wedding ritual; ethnic Ede; Dak Lak; tradition; change.
Ngdy nkdn bdi: 16/7/2016; Ng&y sUa b&i: 15/8/2016;Ngdy duyit ddng bdi: 15/10/2016.
1. N g h i Ifi cUdi x i n t r u y e n thd'ng cfia ngUfii E Dfi
Nghi l i eUdi xin eua ngudi E De (Xgo ung md) a n h hudng dfim net cua che dd mfiu hfi, dd la tfip tuc eon gfii (h hdi chong va ngUdi c h i n g cU t r u bfin nhfi vd. 0 ngUdi E De, hfin nhfin cM cd Meu lUe kM da tien hfinh d l y du cac ngM l l , t h u tuc ma tfp quan dfi quy dinh. Theo t r u y e n thd'ng, le eudi cua ngUdi E Dfi dUdc tien h a n h t u i n t u theo bfih budc:
Li Hoi chong (Nao huh)
Theo phong tuc mfiu he E Dfi, kM ngudi con gai tim dUde ngUdi eon t r a i Ung y thi ndi eho bo rae bilt. Bo' me cd gfii nhd ngUdi mm (pdbuh kdng) dUa chifi'c vdng bfing ddng d l md d i u cho vific giao tMfip vdi nhfi trai. KM chfing t r a i dd dong y thi n h a gai sang n h a t r a i to ehfie le trao vdng (pd mtruh kdng). Thdng thudng, nhfi gai chi efi ngUdi mdi (h hdi chong cho con gai khi biet chfie chfin chang t r a i va eha me chfing t r a i se d i n g y. Cd nMeu each d l b i l t dUdc
y cua cfic chfing trai, t n i d n g hdp ddi trai gai quen n h a u ehUa bao vdi eha me hai bfin tM nhfi gfii se nhd nhiMg ngUdi ban cua chang t r a i t h a m dd y kie'n cfia gia finh ngudi con tarai. Neu ehang t r a i khfing d i n g y thi l i hdi p h a i diMg lai. Trao vdng eau hdn dUde thUc Mfin trong ngM l i hoi chong. Day la ngM l i quan tipng, bfit budc t h e Men sU edng n h f n cfia t h i n Iinh, gia dmh, cdng d i n g cho dfii t r a i gai dUdc td' chfie dam cUdi.
TrUde tien, ed gfii efing dng radi va ngudi anh, e m t r a i eua me cd gai, cdn gpi lfi ddm dii m a n g theo l i hdi gdm mdt ehe rUdu, rapt vdng d i n g tdi nhfi tiai. KM ddm del den nha, hp h a n g vfi gia dinh ehang t r a i se t f p t r u n g lai bfin b^c. Nfi'u gia dinh nhfi t r a i da chfi'p t h u a n tM mfit tiong so cac ddm dei se cam cMee vdng dong hdi y k i l n chfing trai. TrUdng hdp chang trai
<*• ThS, NCS Khoa Dftn tdc hpc vft Nhfin hpc, Hpc vign Khoa hpc xft hoi. Email: [email protected].
[ [ ] NHAN LQC KHOA HOC XA HOI stf 1-2017
HATHIMAI chua d i n g y tM nhfi t r a i se nhd den cfic
thfinh vifin trong gia dinh thuyet phuc, tfic dfing cho chfing t r a i c h i p t h u f n . Chang tiai dfing y tM ciing vdi cfi gfii chara tay vao cMec vdng ding, eM«; vdng se dUde dUa cho ddm dei n h a trai, ddm dei nhfin vdng vfi deo vfio tay ehfiu trai. D i n g thdi nhfi trai eimg trao cho bfin n h a gai cMec vdng de Iam tin eho vific (hnh Udc. Hp coi dd nhU ldi giao Ude hdn thfi, ed sU chtMg gifim cfia t h i n lmh, ed sii cfing n h f n eua cdng d i n g vfi sU thdhg nhfit cua efip uyfin Udng. Trong buli l i tiao vdng, dam dei nhfi gfii sfi b a n vdi hp hfing nhfi t r a i eu t h e v l thdi gian, cM pM t l chfie hdn l i nhfit lfi v l d l sinh l i mfi nhfi gai nop eho nhfi t r a i theo phong tuc tdc ngudi vfi ( h l u Mfn kinh t l ddi ben gia (hnh.
Sau kM trao vdng, nhfi t r a i c h u l n hi mfit chd rUdu, radt eon ga d l lara l i eung trinh bfio gia tifin vfi t l chfie bfia edm rUdu mdi nhfi gfii. Neu ddi b e n da trao vdng h e n udc vdi n h a u , hp tU nguyen t r a o gfii t i n h yfiu vfi thfin xfie cho n h a u . Quan hfi n a m nfi trUde hdn nhfin khong bi cfi'm doan h a y bi luft tuc Ifin an t u y nMfin phai k m dao, hi mft. Nl'u cfip tiai gai nfio khfing cd sii d i n g y cua gia dinh mfi My n h a u tM khdng dUdc luft tuc thfia nhfin vfi vSip phai sU g h I t bd eua gia dinh, ddng hp, t h f m cM bi d u l i r a khdi pham vi budn Ifing.
Sau l l trao vdng, h a i gia (finh dfi ehinh thfie k i t m l i t h o n g gia, tfic h e n minh hdn nhfin dUdc tMet lfip. M i i b e n gia (hnh efi r a mfit ngUdi dd d i u cua gia dinh minh, cdn gpi lfi amiit awa. Tfi day amUt awa khdng cM t h a y mfit gia (finh giup doi tre trong mpi ngM le de thfinh vp thfinh chong mfi trong s u i t cudc ddi edn lai sau nfiy, amUt awa lufin ddng vai trd nhU cha me, khuyfin rfin chfi r l , co dfiu vfi dfin hoa rapi b i t hda gifia h a i gia (finh. Trong cac trUdng hdp ly hdn, n l u khfing cd amiit awa lfim
chiMg tM khdng cd gifi t r i . iM Thda thudn (Kndm)
Thiic chat la ngM Ie de h a i gia dinh gap mfit bfin vific thfich cUdi do nhfi tiai dUa ra.
Ddi vdi cfic gia dinh giau cd, d l thaeh eUdi gom bd, trau, cMei^, che... NhiMg gia dinh binh thudng, t u y theo ma dUa r a d l thfieh cUdi n M l u h a y it, nhUng nhat tMet phai ed mdt ehe rUdu vfi mfit cMIc vdng dong.
Trong t r u y i n thong, n h a t r a i thUdng thfich mpt con trfiu, mfit eon gfi, 10 ghfi nidu, 2 k i l n g dong (hoac vang). Cd nhieu dam hdi phai h o a n lai d i n vfii nfim vi nhfi gfii qufi nghfio, khfing lo du do thfich cUdi.
Doi luc nhfi t r a i thdng cam eho "cUdi tara", n h a gfii t r a nd sau. Theo lfi, cfi gfii se sang d n h a t r a i lfim dau mdt thdi gian nhU de thfi thaeh (tue gfii dfiu trUdc kM cUdi chinh thfie). Thdi gian gfii dfiu, cd gfii phai t h i Mfn dUde lfi ngudi sifing nang, c l n cfi d l chiMg minh tfii dfic cua minh vfi d l den dfip cdng dn nhfi ehdng. "Tuc gOi d&u vdi ndm trade khi cUdi chSng, rUdc ddu vi nhd chong Id thdi gian de bd m§ chdng tha thdeh cd ddu vi tdi vd dac. Tuc gOi ddu ddn ddn biin tfidnh viec nhd gdi bdi thadng cdng lao eha me chdng re dd nudi ta be. De rut ngdn thdi gian gOi ddu, nhd gdi nop cfw nfid trai khodn sinh li thay vdo cdng lao ddng gdp cua cd gdi trong tfldi gian ldm dau nhd efidng'^'^K Cd gai trong thdi gian gfii dau vfin la khfich chfi khdng dUde xem la t h a n h vifin chmh thfie cua gia (finh. Trong mpt sd' tntdng hdp, chfing t r a i khudc tfi hdn thfi, n l u nhU t h a y cd dfiu khong tMch hdp vdi gia (finh thdng qua "ie t r a cfi gfii". TrUdng hdp nhU vay, nhfi t r a i ddi p h a t mdt khoan cM pM, thu&ng lfi rapt chd rUdu va rapt con ldn.
(» Vu Dinh Lpi (1994), Cdc nguyin tdc vd hinh thUc hdn nhdn truyen thdhg d cdc tgc ngUdi Malayd • Pdlynixia TrUcfng Son - Tdy Nguyen, Nxb. Khoa hpc xfthpi, Hft N6i. tr.78.
stf 1-2017 N H A N LQC KHOA HQC XA Htfl Q ]
M6T S6 N^T BIEN D6I NGHI hi ccdi XIN...
Le Ggi chong (Ydo ung)
KM dfi d l thfich cUdi, n h a gai trao cho bfin thdng gia va x m cUdi, tfic lam "Li Gpi chong". Hai amiit awa gfp n h a u bfin ve nhiMg (hlu cam ket radi, d l phdng nhflng vifc khdng l a n h se xay r a kM ddi vd c h i n g tre chung sfi'ng vdi n h a u . Dfi'n khi cUdi, bfin n h a gfii dua sang nhfi t r a i l i vfit (ngdn pnu) theo dung thoa t h u f n cua hM gia dinh, kfira theo khdng the t h i l u cMic vdng ding. Neu nhfi gai ngheo tM cM nop mdt p h a n ngan pnu, p h i n edn lai h a i vd chong cfing lfim nop dan sau. ,^
L i Cudi (kpih ung md fiay ddk ung md - lfi mdt budc trong l i gpi chong) DUde (hin r a bfit cfi thdi gian nfio tiong nfim raa khdng cd sU kieng cfl nfio, tuy nMfin phfi bien nhat lfi sau rafia rfiy (khoang tfi thang 12 d i n thfing 3 dUdng lich). Ngfiy dau tifin l l cUdi dUde tien h a n h d n h a trai, gpi lfi Ie
"rUde re" (tu han) ve. Doan rUdc le nhfi gfii mang theo mfit con gfi lupc, mdt gdi edm, t i t ca dupe bpc trong mpt cMfic khfin dang lfin mdi bd' me va ddm dei nhfi t r a i fin d l xm phfip dUdc nidc r l v l nhfi gfii. KM ve bfin nhfi vd, neu ed voi ehfi r l dupe cudi voi, khdng ed tM phai (fi bp. Mdt top t h a n h mfin se ddn dudng dfim cUdi, tfi nUdc vao ehfi re, thay ldi ehfic phuc ddi ban tre.
P h a n chmh cfia dam cUdi dUdc t l chfie d n h a gai. N h a gai c h u l n bi sfin cae khoan rUdu, thit vfi sinh l i . KM dam rUde r l ve d l h nhfi vd, t h a n h mfin trong budn tfp trung lai (ifinh cMfing, trd'ng chfie mfing.
Bude vfio nhfi gfii, chfing r l phai rfia ehfin b i n g bfit nUdc l i . Khi chfi va khaeh yfin vi, dai difn hai gia d m h vfi dng mfii hpp lai bfin canh cac c h l nidu, xem xdt lai vife thiic Mfn eae quy tfic cUdi hdi. Ngudi raoi hdi lai y kieh chfing t r a i mfit l l n nfia xem cd t h a y doi gi khfing sau dd radi lfira l i cfing t l tifin. Mfit ddm dei Ifiy mfiu con vfit hieh smh bdi len chfin dfii vd c h i n g mdi
cUdi. Cfip t a n hdn dfing trUde dng mdi vfi hai ben eha me hfia cam k i t sdhg vdi nhau d i n trpn ddi. Sau dd Ddm dei n h a gai vfi t r a i t i l n hfinh cac ngM l i tU<3ng t n i n g cho sU chfing k i l n cua t h i n linh vfi toan t h i budn lfing.
Mpt ngM thfie r i t quan trpng trong dfim cUdi cua ngUdi E De la le t l td hdng, t r i n h bfio t l tifin h a y cdn gpi lfi l l cung vg chong (kpih ung md). L i kpih ung md (hin r a nhfim t h d i ^ bfio vdi cfic vi t h i n , t l tifin b i l t cfip tiai gfii da thda thufin sd'ng vdi nhau; c l u mong t h i n h n h phfi hf eho vd c h i n g sfie khde, cfing vifc lam fin thufin ldi. D i n g thdi, ngM l i ngfiy cfing bo eho bufin lfing tfi n a y h a i ngudi ehinh thfie la vd ching. Trong Ii, t h i y cimg hdi cfip vd chdng: "anh ehi se trao chudi cUdm vong dong cho nhau, cua ngUdi kia trao cho ngudi ndy, cua ngiidi ndy trao cfio ngiM kia, cua anh trao cfio chi, cua chi trao cfw anh. Tr&u khdng ai ep thOng, trai gdi khdng ai ep duyin. Niu fiai ngadi Ung nhau mudn ldy nfiau thi vbng ca ddt trin chieu, ta hg, fig se cdm ldy khdng mot ai cdm trao tay cho hg"^\
K i t thuc ngM l i , fing mfii tuyfin bfi':
"taxUa din nay niidc vdn mdt ngudn, nui vdn mgt dinh... fiai hg dd dongy, hai chdu dd Ung ldu nhau. Niu ai di d&u gap ai liia phinh thi pfidi chiu pfigt mdt con trdu vd nam che rUOu cho phia bin kia..."^^\ Cfp vp c h i n g t r e efing h a i bfin gia dinh chfiiig k i l n dng mdi lfim l l h e n rainh gifia hai gia (hnh, hai ddng ho. Sau ngM thfie nfiy, khfich du l l n lUdt di qua tnldc mfit hai vd ching ehfic tung vfi tfii^ qua. Trong dam
"'' T r l n v a n Binh (2004), Vdn hoa cdc ddn tdc Tdy Nguyin, thUc trgng vd nhOng vdn di dgt ra. Nxb.
Chinh tri qudc gia, Hft Npi. Tr.130.
'^ Vu K n h Lpi (1994), Cdc nguyin tdc vd hinh thdSc hdn nhdn truyin thong d cdc tdc ngUdi Matayd - Pdlynixia Tri^mg San - Tdy Nguyin, Nxb. Khoa hoc xahSi, Hft N6i. tr.130.
£ Q NHAN LQC KHOA HQC XA Htfl stf 1-2017
HATHIMAI cudi, dfin lang vfi hp h a n g kfio den dU tifc
vfi chiic miMg ddi vd chong h a n h phfic. Hp mang theo ca gao, rU<3u d l gdp vui ciing n h a gai. Tiec v m mfing thudng keo dfii hai hay ba ngfiy tfiy theo gia canh nhfi gai. KM thit h i t , rUdu n h a t mpi ngUdi mdi r a v l .
Li Lgi mdt (Sii Kndm) hay vi thdm (wit chua) lfi budc eudi cfing, k i t thfie nghi l i eUdi hdi.
Thdng t h u d i ^ , sau I i cUdi nfim ngfiy hay ba ngfiy, h a i vd c h i n g v l nhfi bo me chong lfim le lai m f t . KM trd v l , cha me dua cho con t r a i cfic d l d u n g ea nhfin vfi cae ndng cu san x u l t (wdng kgaY*^. Wang kga gdm cd xfi gac, cai riu, kho, ao, day lfi nhfing tfii san duy nha^t thude sd hfiu ngudi dfin dng t r o n g chfi' dd mfiu hf. Gia (hnh ngUdi vd khong dUde p h e p sd hflu hay cMem doat. KM ngudi c h i n g e h l t , wdng kga se dUdc t r a v l cho gia dinh eua a n h ta.
NgUdi chau (fxmudn) theo l u f t tuc m l u hf se thfia h u d n g gia s a n cfia ngUdi cfiu vfi thay cfiu lay vd gda cua cfiu. Sau l l lai mfit, h a i vd chong chinh thfie chung sd'ng, dfii vdng dong - dUdc eoi nhU ky vft, nhU nhiMg ldi cam ket thfiy ehung dUde lUu gifi sudt ddi, k M chet chdn theo hofic trao lai cho eon chau Ifim di v f t qu;^.
2. M o t s o n e t b i ^ n d o i v e n g h i Ifi cUdi x i n c u a ngUfii E Dfi h i e n n a y
Hien nay, dUdi tac dfing cua n h i l u y l u td' khfich q u a n vfi chu quan, nghi l l cUdi xin cfia dong bfio fi Dfi vfin t r a i qua bfi'n budc t u y nMfin da cd sU bi^n d l i nhsft; dinh trong tofin bd d i i n t r i n h . Q u a t r i n h di cU I Elt cua cac tdc ngudi vfio Tfiy Nguyen, tac dfing cua ton giao, cd chl^ q u a n Iy cua Nhfi nudc vfi sU b i l n doi ndi tai cua tdc ngUdi lfi nhiMg y l u td^ tfic dpng den sU bifih ddi cfia cac ngM le cUdi x m d tdc ngUdi nfiy.
vi cdc bade tiin fidnh nghi li Hifn nay, cac ngM thfie ed b a n v i n dUde t i l n h a n h theo cfic quy dinh eua lufit
tue, tfic lfi nhfi gfii di hdi chong vfi phai t r a cho nhfi t r a i mdt s i khoan nhU: vfit thach cUdi (trau, bd, rUdu); cfic Mfn vfit d u a eho me chfii^ t r a i tirong ngfiy le hdi chong, nhfim t r a cfing cha me nufii dUdng chang t r a i (chfin dfit, bfit, vdng ding...). NhUng t i t ea eae hifn vfit eua l i eUdi Mfn nay d i u dupc quy r a t h a n h vfing hay tiln. Sd' tiln, vfing dUdc dinh bao nMfiu lfi phu t h u f c vfio kfi't qua thUdng lUdng gifia h a i ben gia (hnh vfi tfiy t h u f c vfio tiMg vung, (heu kifn kinh te cua cfic efip dfii. Ngay ea chile vdng d i n g lfi b i l u tUpng bieu trUng cho sU d i n g y h e n k i t , cung dUde t h a y t h i bfing t i l n , thudng Ifi 10 ngfin ding. Thay eho vife cham vao vdng dong nhU trong t r u y i n thC&ig, gid dfiy hp cham vfio td tiln.
B i l u tUdng g i n k i t hdn n h a n dUde t h a y tfi chile vdng sang td t i l n 10 ngfin, tfi mdt vfit mang t i n h chat bieu tUdng, tUdng t r U i ^ cho sU hfin k i t , cho sU ehfing giam eua t h i n linh vfi mpi ngUdi v l sU k i t hdp gifia h a i con ngUdi eiing di tdi hdn nhfin c h u y i n sang mfit td tien cd the dUde c h u y i n d l i tfi tay ngUdi nfiy sang ngUdi khac, chfie nfing t u y tUdng d i n g nhUng y nghia khfing cdn nhU xUa. Cac cap vd c h i n g khdng sfi dung cMic vdng n h u vfit de chiMg td minh da k i t hdn mfi hp c h u y i n sang sfi d u n g nhfin, thudng lfi n h i n vfing, dUde deo vao ngdn ap fit cua raoi ngUdi.
Cfic budc ed b a n cua hdn n h a n t r u y i n thfi'ng dUde gfip lai thfinh mfit, khfing cdn r a c h rdi nhU trUdc. Su r u t gpn cac bUde viia tifit kifm v l mfit thdi gian vfia tilt kifm v l mfit cM pM. H l u h i t cac dam cUdi sau khi dien r a cfic bUde theo phong tuc t r u y i n thd'ng deu to ehfic tifc dfii khaeh gid'ng n h u tiec cUdi cua ngUdi Vift, tfi vifc
'*' d m^t stf vfing, ngudi £ Dg gpi l l 1^ mftt lft wit ma wdng kga (vd llfy d^ng cu san xuSt).
stf 1-2017 N H A H LQC KHOA HQC XA HQI Q
MOT S 6 NET BIEN D 6 I NGHI L^ CU6l XIN.., mdi khfieh, t h i l p mdi, t i l p khfich vfi cac ngM thfie trong l i cUdi. CM pM cfia l i cUdi do ca hai bfin gia dmh cfing cM tra. Trong dfim cUdi hp khdng cdn h a t n h U i ^ bfii h a t eua ngUdi E Dfi mfi t h a y vao dd lfi efie bai hfit ve t i n h yeu dfii lfia cua ngudi Vift, trang phue eua cfi dfiu ehfi re ngUdi E Dfi eung khfing khfic gi ngUdi Vift. D i l u dfic bift thudng t h i y d cac dam cudi la ngUdi gidi tMfiu trong tifc dfii khach thudng ndi bfing hai thfi tieng (tilng Vifit trUde va t i l n g E Dfi sau). D i n g thdi, dam eUdi dupc t l chfie 3 nhfi t r a i nhUng ngUdi t a vfin sfi dung t i m b i l n la "Vu Quy", qua dd ed the thay, tuy t l chfie theo phUcJng thfie cua ngUdi Viet nhUng vfin ed mdt sd' net mang dfing d i p cua ehe dp mfiu h e . Trong nhiMg ngfiy cd dfim cUdi, budn lang vd cung nfio nMfit, gifi tre, t r a i gai d i u fin mac dep...
Lfi cUdi eua ngUdi E De tuy da cd n M l u bien doi ve hinh thfie nhUng vfin lfi ngfiy hdi ldn cfia cdng d i n g .
Ddi vdi ngUdi E De theo Kitd giad; kM hai ngUdi dang yeu n h a u va cd y dinh t i l n tdi hdn nhan, ddi b a n t r e se thong bao vdi (him sinh hoat tdn gifio nguyfn vpng cua raMh. Neu nhU dfii b a n t r e vfi gia dinh khfing dinh va t h u f n long de cap t r a i gfii tien tdi hdn nhfin tM dai difn d i l m nhdm (Muc sU hofe Quan nhifm, Chfi'p sii) se tien hfinh c l u nguyfn cho ddi t r e . Le dinh hdn, le eUdi dUdc dien r a theo nghi thfie tfin gifio. Muc sU se cfin dfin h a i ngudi chung sfi'ng hda t h u f n vdi n h a u , yfiu n h a u va cfing n h a u widt qua khd khfin. Sau khi thUe Men xong eae bUde theo nghi thfie truyfi'n thd'ng va ngM thfie tdn giao, gia (finh n h a t r a i se thiie hifn dam eUdi gifi'ng n h u dam cUdi cfia ngUdi Viet. Qua trinh hdn nhfin hifn n a y cua ngUdi E Dfi theo Kitfi gifio gIra cfic budc: l i eUdi phong tuc t r u y i n thdhg + ngM thfie ton giao -I- dfim cUdi hinh thfie radi.
Vi li vdt, chi phi cfw ddm cUdi Cfic khoan l i v f t de t r a cdng nufii dudng eua eha me ehfing tiai dUdc quy doi r a t i l n trfi cMIc chfin dft (vft tUdn^ trUng eho edng ngudi me diu eon trfin lung lfic cdn bd). Nhfliig gia d m h ed con gfii thudng phai ed khoang tfi 10 trifu den 20 trifiu d i n g tM mdi cudi dUdc ehing eho con, nhUng n l u khdng ed du t i l n tM vfin to ehfic dam eUdi. Trong tnidng hdp nfiy, gia (hnh nhfi gfii se nop mdt p h i n so tien thfich eUdi, edn mdt p h i n nfia se t r a kM dfi (hlu kifn. Sau k M hofin t a t mpi thfi tuc le cUdi, ddi vd chong, bd' m§ vfi ddng hp hai bfin se ky vfio rafit td g i l y la "Biin hdn thugn tinh hdn nfi&n". Day lfi t h u tuc m a n g t m h chfiit cam k i t chu y l u lfi v l p h i n lfi v f t vfi b i i thudng khi cd trUdng hdp ly hfin, thUdng lfi b i i thUdng gfip ddi sfi' l i vft. Dfim cudi cfia ngudi E Dfi Mfn nay thUdng chi (hen r a trong mpt ngfiy, bao g l m ea nhfing ngM thfie t r u y i n tho'ng va nhfing ngM thfie radi.
Trudng hdp cae cfip ddi theo Kitfi gifio, gia (finh chang t r a i dat r a l i vfit qufi cao h a y nhfi gfii vfi nhfi t r a i mfiu thufin do le vfit tM dai difn ( h i m nhdm ndi chang trai sinh hoat dao sfi lfim nhifm vu tU vfih, khuyfin giai. NgUdi E Dfi theo dao Tm Lfinh cfic l i v f t dfim cUdi dUde giam t h i l u n h i l u so vdi trUdc. Trong sufit qua trinh dien r a hfin le, Chfia trdi se chfing giam, khfing cdn lfi cac vi t h a n linh nhU t r o i ^ t r u y i n thd'ng. Cac l i cimg Mfi'n sinh trong l i cUdi Men n a y khdng cdn xuat Mfin.
3 . M o t so' n g u y e n nhfin b i ^ n d o i n g h i Ifi cUfii x i n c u a ngUfii E Dfi
Sugiao lUu, tiip biin van fwa Sau nfim 1975, N h a nUdc cd chmh sfieh dUa dan lfin vfing kinh t l mdi, eimg vdi do la lan sdng di cU tU do tfi cac t m h pMa Bfic vfi ven b i l n mien T r u n g lfin Tfiy Nguyfin tiong h a i thfip ky cucS eua t h e 1 ^ XX, da
£ ^ N H A N LQC KHOA HOC XA HQI stf 1-2017
HATHIMAI lam cho dfin sd^ cua tofin t i n h Dfik Lfik
t a n g n h a n h . Do vfiy, ddi sfi'ng eua d i n g bfio dfin tfie tMeu so' tai c h i deu chju a n h hudng n h a t dinh tfi bp phfin eU dfin mdi d i n nfiy. Trong qufi t r i n h cU trfi xen kfi, cae tdc ngudi edng cU trfin (Jia b a n d i u cd sU giao thoa vfin hda, M n h t h a n h nhiMg yeu td^ v a n hda mdi cua tfic ngUdi, bien doi vfin hda tpc ngudi. Trong dd cd nhiMg bieh d l i v l hdn nhfin, gia dinh.
Phong tuc hfin nhfin cua ngUdi E Dfi Mfn nay khfing cdn lUu gifl n M l u b a n sfie txuyin thdhg cua vfin h d a tdc ngUdi, nd thifin nMeu ve t m h chat m u a b a n trao doi vft chat, t h i Mfin d mfit l i vfit vfi "gifi tri"
eua chfing tiai. Tinh ehfit hfin nhfin t h a y d l i lfim eho gidi t r e khd k e t hon hdn, d l ed t h i Ifiy c h i n g ngUdi con gfii phai cd it nhfi't tfi 10 - 20 t r i f u dong. NhiMg gia (finh khfing cd (filu kien k i n h tfi' se khd ldng lfi'y dupe c h i n g cho con gfii. Gidi t r e Men nay ed xu hudng tMeh lfim d a m cUdi theo nghi thfie tdn giao hoac theo ngM thfie cua ngUdi Vift. Cd t h i ndi, dfim cUdi theo truye'n tho'ng dang la mfit gfinh nfing ve kinh te dcS vdi nhiMg dfii t r e . Hdn nfla, vifc x u l t Men cac hinh thfie k i t hdn radi:
hdn n h a n ngoai tdc, hfin n h a n gifia tdc ngudi E De vdi cac tdc ngudi theo c h l dp phu hfi, hfin n h a n khfic tdn giao... cfing tao nen nhiMg bifih doi t r o n g nghi l i cUdi xin cfia ngUdi E Dfi Mfn nay.
Tdc dgng cua tdn gido
TrUde dfiy, ngUdi E Dfi song g i n nhU bift Ifp vdi t h i gidi bfin ngoai, hp theo t m ngUdng da t h i n vfi cd q u a n nifim "van v f t hfiu linh". Mpi sU vft, Mfn tUdng tU nMfin d i u cd t h i n (yang), cd hon. Vdi hp, y m f m ve yang khfi md h i , n h u n g lfi Mc lUdng sifiu nMfin khfing M l u n i i , dfing sp. Tfi kM t m theo Chua, cfic cap doi va gia (finh cho r i n g h a i con ngUdi g i n ket vdi n h a u phai cd sU chfing k i l n cua Chfia, chiu nhiMg Idi
rfin day tfi Kinh Thfinh. Tnidng hdp nhU tnidng d i l m n h d m dao Tm Lfinh d Budn Ea K m a t lfi Ong Y-Chfil E Ban, fing giai thieh viec ddng bao khfing cdn t h a t M i t vdi dam eUdi truyen thd'ng lfi do "Dl&i Chua Trdi tgo ra Adam trUdc, sau dd thdy Adam budn chdn mdi tgo ra Eva, do v&y ddn bd phdi theo ddn dng"^^. D i l u nfiy mfiu thufin vdi nhiMg y thfie t r u y i n thd'ng cfia dong bao ve ehe dp mfiu hf kM mfi dfin fing phai theo p h u nfi.
Cdc chinh sdch cua Ddng vd Nfid ni^
Lufit hdn nhfin vfi gia (hnh quy dinh nhflng nguyen tfic can b a n cua hdn nhfin trong dd cd cfic nguyfin t i e nhU: hdn n h a n t u nguyfin, t i l n bp, mfit vd mfit ching, vd ehdng binh dfing. Nhfing nguyfin t i e dd da tiing budc xda bd nhiMg tfin tieh lac hfiu cua c h l dd hdn nhfin phong kiln, chong a n h hudng nhfiiig tieu cUc cua c h l dd hdn nhfin dudi c h l dfi cu. Xay diing hdn nhfin radi t r e n cd sd t u nguyfin vd chong binh d i n g , h a n h phuc va ben viMg.
TrUdc dfiy, ngudi E De thudng k i t hdn trong dp tuoi khoang tfi 14 - 16 nhUng Mfn nay kM L u f t Hdn n h a n dupe p h i bien trong cdng d i n g tM y thfie d i n g bfio dUdc n a n g eao, dfi tuoi k i t hdn dUdc tfing lfin tfi 18 tuoi. Ben canh dd tM trong L u f t Hfin nhfin va Gia (hnh efi'ra k i t hfin vdi ngUdi ed hp tiong phara vi ba ddi. Trong khi dd, dong bfio E De cd hinh thfie k i t hdn dUde Ua chudng la k i t hdn a n h chi em hp ehdo - con ed eon cfu. Hinh thfie k i t hdn n a y theo ngUdi E Dfi lfi de cho cua cai khdng thfit thofit r a ngofii vfi ngUdi con t r a i kM v l n h a vd tM khdng gfp trd ngai.
Tuy nMfin, h i n h thfie ket hdn nfiy lfi hdn nhfin cfn huyfit, khfing dam bao sfie khde eho t h e h e tiep theo.
^ Nguyen Tbi I ^ i ^ (2013), Bfto cfto khoa hoc, Phong tuc hdn nhdn cua ngUiA E Bi - truyen ihang vd biSt ddi, Vi^n Khoa hpc xa hpi vung Tfty Nguyen, Dftk Lftk, tr.69.
stf 1-2017 NHAH LQC KHOA HQC XA Htfl Q
MOT SO NET BIEN D 6 I NGHI l l C U 6 l XIN..
Ngofii ra, vife fip d u n g cfic chu trUdng vfi chinh sach cua Dang vfi N h a nUdc doi vdi ddng bao d a n tfic tMeu sd^ trong vai thfip m e n trd lai dfiy dfi cho t h i y radt sU thay doi r a t ldn trong nhfin thfie xa hdi, gia dinh va ca n h a n , dfic bifit lfi Hnh vuc kinh te - xa hfii. NhiMg nhfin to' nay trUe tifi'p hofic gian tiep tfie dfing d i n sii b i l n doi nghi le cUdi x m cua ngUdi E Dfi trong nhiMg thfip m e n vfia qua.
4. K e t l u f n v a b a n l u a n
Qua ngMfin cfiu, tim M l u v l ngM le cUdi xm cua ngUdi E Dfi, bUde d i u chung tdi dUa r a mfit sd' nhfin dinh sau:
Phong tuc cUdi xM cfia ngUdi E Dfi p h a n finh c h l dfi xa hdi mfiu hf d i l n hinh d Tfiy Nguyen, t h i Mfin qua vai trd eua ngUdi phu nfi va gia dinh nhfi gfii dUde d l cao xuyfin suot qufi t r i n h d i l n r a cac ngM I i eUdi xm.
Cudi hdi lfi dip t h i Men rd tinh edng dong tdc ngudi. Trong t r u y i n thfihg cimg nhu hifin nay, qufi t r i n h dien r a cfic ngM l i d i u cd sU t h a m gia chfing kifih eua hai gia (finh, ddng ho, b a n bfi dfii tiai gai trong vfi ngofii bufin lfing. Cfic thfinh vifin khdng cM t h a m gia dam cudi nMfit tinh, vui ve mfi cdn sfin ldng ddng gdp vfit ehfit eho gia (finh t l chfie dam eUdi.
Hdn nhfin truyen th^ng cua ngudi E Dfi trai qua mdt quy trinh vdi n M l u l i tuc, ngM thfie phfic tap, m i i bUdc trong ngM l i cUdi xm d i u chfia diing n M l u triet ly mang y ngMa giao due d£io dfic khong cM vdi ddi vd chdng tie ma cdn doi vdi ca cpng ding.
NgM le eUdi xin eua ngUdi E De hifin nay da cd n M l u bifi'n doi. Tuy nMen, dfiy vfin la rapt trong nhflng phUdng thfie lUu gifl va trao t r u y i n cac gifi t r i vfin hda v f t chfi't (trang phuc, I m t h U c . ) vfi vfin hda t i n h t h i n (luft tuc, fim nhae, nghf t h u f t cdng cMfing, cfic t r i thfie d a n gian) cfia tfic ngudi. NhiMg dfic trUng trong hdn n h a n
mang dfe (him t m ngUdng tdn giao, tfim Iy ca nhfin vfi t a m Iy cfing dong cfia ngudi E Dfi, dong thdi lfi sU p h a n cMeu nhiMg (filu kifn lich sfi, kinh t e - xfi hfii vfi giao lUu t i l p xfie vfin hda gifla cfic tdc ngUdi. Cd t h i nhfin thfiy, nhiing b i l n d l i trong nghi l i cudi xm d i ^ u d i E De ngfiy cfing phfi hdp vdi ldi sd'ng vfin hda mdi; p h a n finh qufi t r i n h hda hdp giiia cfic tfic ngUdi khac n h a u v l ngfin ngfl vfin hda nhUng do qufi t r i n h cdng eu giao luu t i l p xfie Ifiu dai trong lich sfi dfi d a n hinh t h a n h nhflng yeu td^ vfin hda chung, bfin canh nhiMg dfie t n i n g rifing (ma vfin hda m i i tpc ngUdi.
Tdm lai, vfin hda truyen t h i n g cua ngudi E Dfi, trong dd cd phong tuc tfip qufin va ngM l i eUdi xm lfi nhfing gia tri dUde binh thfinh tfi lfiu ddi vfi p h a n finh dfc trUng tfic ngUdi. Hdn n h a n cua ngUdi E Dfi d tinh Dfik Lfik Mfin n a y cd nhiMg b i l n doi sau sfie do ehiu su tfie ddng cua n M l u nguyfin nhfin khfic nhau... Tuy nMfin, v l cd ban, t i t ca nhiMg bi^n d l i dd d i u do b a n thfin tpc ngudi t u liia ehpn vfi thich ngM de phu hdp vdi (hlu kifn cude sd'ng mdi Mfn nay.
V l vah d l nfiy, chung tdi cho r i n g c l n tilp tuc cd nhfing ngMen cfiu n h l r a bao t i n vfi phat huy cac gia t r i vfin hoa cua tdc ngUdi E De phuc vu cdng cudc phat trien kinh tl" • xfi hdi trong thdi ky D l i mdi.
TAI L I E U THAM KHAO 1. T r l n Vfin Buih (2004), Vdn hda cdc dan tgc T&y Nguyin, thUc trgng vd nhiitng vSi di dgt ra. Nxb. CMnh tri qufic gia, Ha Ndi.
2. Nguyen Thi L^ng (2013), Bao cao khoa hpc, Pfiong tuc fidn nh&n cua ngiM E Di - truyin thdng vd bien ddi, Vien Khoa hpc xa hfii vfing Tay Nguyfin, Dfik Lfik.
3. Vfl Dinh Ldi (1994), Cdc nguyin tdc vd hinh thac hdn nh&n truyen thdng d cdc toe ngadi Malayd - Pdlynixia Triidng San - T&y Nguyin, Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hfi. H a Nfii.
i g NHAN LQC KHOA HQC XA Htfl stf 1-2017