NGHIEN COU-TRAO OOlJ
, MOT S 6 V ^ D ! PHAP li VA THDC T i }
v l VDNG NHAN DANG PHONG K H 6 N G T D O N G IHAT Q 1 J 6 C l i
NGUYEN TH! H6NG Y^N*
TRANLEDUY**
Tdm tdt: Bdi viit tap trung nghien cuu vi quy dfnh ciia ludt qudc te lien quan din mgc dich thiet lap vd bdn chdt phdp li cua vung nhgn dgng phdng khdng trong lugt qudc te, ciing nhu moi quan h4 giira vdng nhdn dgng phdng khdng vdi cdc viing thdng bdo bay theo quy dfnh cua Td chirc hdng khdng ddn dung qudc ti (ICAO); ddng thdi, bdi viet di vdo phdn tich vd binh lugn vi thyc tien thiet lgp cdc vung nhdn dgng phong khdng (Air Defense Identification Zone- viet tdt la ADIZ) cda mgt so quoc gia nhu My. Nhgt Bdn, Hdn Qudc, Trung Qudc... tirdd riit ra nhirng nhdn xit quan trgng ve cdc yiu cdu cdn thiet cho vi^c thiet lap mgt viing ADIZ trin thuc ti.
Tii- khod: An todn bay; Cong udc Chicago ndm 1944; hdng khong ddn dung qudc ti; nhgn dgng phong khong; vdng thong bdo bay.
Abstract: The paper focuses on researching international legal rules relating to the purposes to establish Air Defense Identification Zones (ADIZs), and the legal nature ofADlZs as well as the relationship between the Air Defense Identification Zones and the Flight Information Regions in accordance with the rules of the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO); also, the paper analyses and comments on the practice of establishing the ADIZs of some countries such as the US, Japan, South Korea, China and etc and based on that outcome it draws some important comments on neccessary requirements for establishing an ADIZ in practice.
Keywords: Flight safety; the 1944 Chicago Convention; international civil aviation; air defense indentification: flight information region.
1. Viing nhan dang phong khong trong luat quoc t^
1.1. Khdi niem "vung thdng bdo bay" vd
"viing nhgn dgng phdng khdng" trong hogt dong hdng khdng ddn dung qudc ti
1.11. Vung thdng bao bay
Theo quy dinh cua Cdng udc Chicago nam 1944 ve hdng khdng ddn dung, vung trdi dugc chia thdnh hai khu vuc do la khdng phan qude gia va khdng phan qudc td. Trong do: 1) Khdng phan qudc gia Id viing trdi ndm phia tren lanh thd quoc gia bao gdm ca vung
trdi tren cdc viing bien thudc chu quyen ciia qudc gia dd, tai dd qudc gia bdn dudi thuc hien chu quyen day du va ridng biet d6i vdi boat ddng bay cua mpi logi phuong den; 2) Khdng phan quoc te la vimg trdi ndm phia trdn cac khu vuc ngodi lanh thd va lanh hdi ciia cac qudc gia, tai dd phuang tidn bay ciia tat cd cac qudc gia se thuc bidn quyen tir do
* Thac sT luat hpc. giang viSn Truong Dai hoc Lu§t Hd Ngi
** Hoc vien tai Khoa lu^l, Dai hpc Meiboume. Oc
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hdng khong. Vide didu hdnh vd quan Ii cdc hogt dpng hdng khdng dan dung trong khuon ICAO dugc thyc hien theo nguydn tdc nay.
Vhng thdng bdo bay (Flight Information Region - FIR) la vung trdi dugc thiet lap nhdm muc dich tgo thugn lgi cho cdc hogt dpng bay va qudn li hdng khdng; qudc gia dugc giao quydn quan li vd khai thdc FIR cd trach nhidm cung cip cdc dich vu cdn thidt dd didu hanh hogt ddng hdng khdng dan dung qudc td.^'' Theo quy dinh cua ICAO va dugc cdc nude thanh vidn npi ludt hod trong quy tdc dieu hanh khdng luu cua minh, trong cdc FIR do minh quan li, cac quoc gia cd trdch nhiem cung cap cac dich vu bao gom:
dich vu khdng luu; dich vu thdng tin din dudng, gidm sat; dich vu khi tugng; dich vu thdng bao tin tuc hdng khdng vd dich vu tim kidm ciiu nan.'^^ Dong thdi, cac phuong tien bay khi bay vao FIR cd nghia vu thdng bdo kd hogch bay va bay theo diing kd hoach bay da thdng bdo cho qudc gia didu hanh FIR.'^'
Ranh gidi cac FIR se dugc xac dinh trdn CO sd thoa thuan giiia cac qudc gia lien quan tai Hdi nghi khdng van khu vuc (RAN) va sau dd dugc Hdi ddng ICAO phd chudn.
Vide phan chia cac FIR dugc tien hdnh theo cdc tidu cbf rieng de thuan tidn cho vide dieu hdnh khdng luu ciia qudc gia bdn dudi va khdng phu thudc vdo yen td lanh thd qudc gia. Vi vdy, mac dii ve cdu trdc, tat ca cdc FIR se phdi bao gdm viing trdi phia tren lanh thd cua qudc gia bdn dudi nhung trdn thyc td, viec phdn chia cdc FIR vd trao quyen dieu hanh FIR se xdy ra cdc trudng hgp sau ddy:
- FIR chi bao gdm todn b0 vting trdi phia trdn lanh thd ciia qudc gia bdn dudi nhu FIR Vientiane (Lao quan h'), FIR Phnompenh (Campuchia qudn 10- - .''*'
- FIR bao gdm todn bd vhng trdi phia trdn lanh thd ciia qu6c gia bdn dudi vd mpt phhx cda khdng phan qudc td lidn k^ nhu FIR Hd Npi (Viet Nam qudn li), FIR Fukuoka (Nhgt Ban quan li), FIR Singapore (Singapore qudn If). • •
- Qu6c gia bdn dudi khdng dugc ICAO trao quydn dieu hdnh kbdng luu tgi cac FIR trong viing trdi phfa trdn lanh thd qudc gia dd nhu trudng hgp FIR Hd Chf Minh trong giai doan 1975 - 2006. FIR Hd Chi Minh (FIR Sai G6n) dugc thidt lap ndm 1959 vd dugc di^u chinh vao nam 1963, do Chfnh quydn Sdi Gdn qudn h'. Ndm 1975, trudc dnh hinb chinh quydn Sai Gdn sdp sup dd, dk dam bao boat ddng khdng luu drong khu vuc, Hpi ddng ICAO da chia FIR Sai Gdn thanh 3 vtmg trdch nhipm tgm thdi (AOR) va giao cho Hong Kong, Thdi Lan vd Singapore qudn ll. Sau qud trinh ddm phdn vdi cdc nude trong khu vuc, ddc bidt Id vdi Trung Quoc, ngay 08/12/1994, ICAO trao lgi cho Viet Nam quyen dieu banh phan phfa Nam FIR Ho Chf Minh (kdo dai til vT myen 17 xudng tdi 07 vT dd Bde, chieu rpng tir bien gidi Viet - Ldo, Viet - Campuchia ra tdi 114 dp kinh tuydn Ddng). Ngay 31/5/2006, ICAO thdng bao chia phdn phfa Bde FIR Hd Cbf Minh thanh bai phdn Id FIR Hd Chi Minh (Viet Nam quan 10*** va FIR Tam A (FIR Sanya - Trung Qudc quan If).
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1.1.2. Vung nhan dang phdng khdng Viing nhgn dang phdng khdng (Air Defense Identification Zone viet tdt la ADIZ) la vimg ndm ngoai khdng phan duong nhien cua mpt qudc gia va do qudc gia do tu dat ra vi muc dich an ninh qudc gia. Vung ndy xuat hien lan ddu tidn vao nam 1950, xuat phat tir tuydn bd don phuong ciia Hoa Ky cho viec xac lap mpt khu vuc nhdm ddm bdo an ninh cua qudc gia trudc boat dpng cua cac tau bay nude ngoai. Cho den nay da co khodng hon 20 qudc gia*^' tuydn bd thidt lap cdc ADIZ nhu: My, Nga, Canada, Nhgt Ban, Hdn Qudc, Anh, An Dp.. .''* Hien nay, dinh nghia rd rang nhat vd ADIZ mdi chi dupe ghi nhgn tai Phu luc XV Cong udc Chicago nam 1944 ve hang khdng dan dung; theo do ADIZ dugc xdc dinh "Id khu vyc ddc biit dugc thiet lap trin khdng vdi kich thudc c\i thi, tgi dd cdc phuang tiin bay dugc yiu cdu tudn thit ede thu tuc dgc bi?t ve nhdn dgng vd bdo edo ngodi cdc quy dinh liin quan din dich vw hdng khdng (Air traffic services-ATS)".^'
Ve cau tnic, tat cd cdc ADIZ dugc cac qudc gia thidt lap trdn khdng phan qudc td, tiep lien vdi khong phan ciia cac qudc gia do. Chfnh vi vay, ADIZ chac chdn se chdng lan vdi FIR do qudc gia thidt lap quan \i vd trong mpt sd trudng hpp, ADIZ cd thd chdng lan vdi FIR do qudc gia khac quan Ii nhu trudng hpp ADIZ cua Trung Qudc tai bidn Hoa Ddng chdng Idn Idn cac FIR: Thugng Hai (Trung Qudc), Incheon (Han Qudc), Fukuoka (Nhdt Ban), Taipei (Dai Loan).
Ve ban chat, ADIZ la khu vuc dugc Idjf ra de giup cac quoc gia cd thdi gian nhan dgng trudc khi cdc phuong tidn bay ndy tien vao kbdng phan cua quoc gia dd vd chuan bi cdc bien phap phdng vd trong trudng hpp can thiet.* ' Vdi muc dfch dd, cdc qudc gia thiet lap ADIZ thudng dat ra cdc quy dinh ve phuong thiic nhan dgng phdng khdng bupc cdc phuang tidn bay nude ngodi phdi tudn thu khi bay vao ADIZ do minh thiet lap.
Thuc te Id, khdng co quy dinh chung nao cho vide xay dyng cac quy djnh ve nhgn dang phdng khdng ma moi qudc gia, xuat phat tir tinh cdp thidt hoac muc dfch thiet lap A D E CO thd ban bdnh cdc quy dinb ciing nhu miic dp ydu cau vd nhdn dang phdng khdng khac nhau ddi vdi cac phuong tien bay khi tien vao ADIZ cua minh. Tuy nhidn, ve ban chat, ADIZ CO thd dugc chia thanh hai loai sau:
1) ADIZ yeu cau tat ca cdc phuong tien bay phai tuan thii thit tuc nhgn dgng phdng khdng khi bay vdo, bat ke phuong tien do cd
^ dinh bay vao khdng phan cua quoc gia thidt lap hay khdng. ADIZ ciia Canada va ADIZ do Trung Qudc thiet lap tgi bien Hoa Ddng dang dp dung thu tuc nhgn 'dgng theo phuang thiic nay.
2) ADIZ chi ydu cdu cac phuong ti?n bay cd y dinh bay vao khdng phan cua quoc gia thidt lap tuan thit cdc quy dinh nhan dgng phdng khdng.
1.2. Co s&phdp li cua viec thiit lap ADIZ Trdn thyc td, luat qudc td chua c6 quy dinh cu the ldm co sd phdp li chfnh thuc cho vide thidt lap cdc ADIZ, trij quy dinh vd dinh nghia ADIZ dugc ndu tai Phu lye XV Cdng
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I NGHIEN CL/U - TRAO DOI
udc Chicago ndm 1944. Tuy nhidn, Phu luc nay cung chi dimg lgi d vide ghi nhdn vd dinh nghia cita ADIZ chir khdng cd bdt ki quy dinh nao cu thd hoa vide cho phdp hay cam cdc qudc gia thidt lap cac vung ADIZ.
Thuc tidn thidt Idp ADIZ ciia cdc qudc gia cho thay, cdc ADIZ dugc thidt lgp hodn todn trdn CO sd tuyen bd dan phuong ciia cdc qudc gia khi nhdn thdy cdn thidt kidm sodt nhihig nguy ca gay bgi c6 the xudt hidn tir cac phuong tien bay dan dyng nude ngodi.
Chinh vi vdy, vide danh gia tinh phii hgp hay khdng cua cac ADIZ chu yeu s6 dugc xem xet tren co sd danh gia ban chdt phdp li cua timg khu vuc ADIZ dugc thilt Idp.
Theo quy dinh tai Dieu 11 Cdng udc Chicago ndm 1944, cdc phuang tien bay khi bay vao, xuat phat tir va bay trong lanh thd cua cdc qudc gia phdi tudn thu cac quy dinh ciia qudc gia do vd viec bay vao, xuat phat tir lanh thd nude do cua cac phuang tidn tham gia hogt ddng hang khdng qudc td bode cdc quy dinh lidn quan den boat ddng cua cdc phuong tidn bay ndy trong lanh thd cua qudc gia do.'^"' Noi cdeh khdc, Cong udc Chicago cho phep cdc qudc gia co quydn ban hdnh cac quy dinh phu hgp vdi Cdng udc dd qudn If hogt ddng cua cdc phuong tipn bay trong lanh thd cita minh. Do do, ADIZ vd thu tyc nhan dgng phdng khong trong ADIZ, vdi tu each Id cdng cu giiip cac qudc gia kiem soat vd nhdn dgng cac phuong tidn bay cd y dinh bay vao hodc dang bay vdo lanh thd cua minh, co the dugc coi la mdt trong nhiing quy dinh ma qu6c gia co thd tham chieu lidn quan ddn quydn thidt Idp ADIZ. Trong
trudng hgp ndy, mdc du cdc ADIZ dugc cdc qudc gia thidt lap trdn kbdng phan quoc td nhung ndu quy dinh vd nhgn dang phdng khong trong ADIZ chi dp dyng ddi vdi cdc phuang tien bay cd f dinh bay vdo hodc dang bay vdo khdng phan qudc gia thi cdc qudc gia c6 the vien dan Dieu II nhu la ca sd phdp Ii cho viec thiet lap vd dp dyng ADIZ.
Ngugc lai, trong trudng hgp quoc gia thidt Idp ADIZ va ap dyng cac quy tdc nhan dang phong khdng trong ADIZ dd \ai mdy bay nude ngodi nhung khdng c6 ^ djnh bay vao khdng phan cua minh thl qudc gia dd khdng the vien dan quy dinh ciia Didu 11 lam CO sd phap If cho viec ban hdnh cdc quy tac nhgn dgng phong khdng ciia minh. Bdi vi, Di^u 11 chi trao cho qudc gia quyln dugc kiem soat doi vdi cdc phuang tien bay khi phuong tien do "vdo, xudt phdt tir hogc bay qua khdng phdn qude gia cua minh " ndn ndu cdc phuong tien bay khdng thuc hien hdnh vi nay hoac cd y dinh thyc hien banh vi nay, cac quoc gia khdng the sii dung Dieu 11 de ap dgt them nghia vy cho cac phuong tidn bay khdng cd ^ dinh bay vao khong phan quoc gia cua minh. Ddc biet, trong trudng hgp ADIZ ciia mdt qudc gia chdng lan vdi FIR ciia mpt qudc gia khdc, mdy bay nude ngoai se phdi ddng thdi thyc hien cdc thu tyc dugc quy dinh trong FIR vd ADIZ. Dieu nay cd ve khdng phii hgp vdi ludt hang khdng qu6c te ndu phuong tien bay d6 khdng c6 y dinh bay vao lanh thd cua qudc gia thiet lap ADIZ.
6 gdc dp khac, quyen ty do hang khdng cung dupe ghi nhan ciing vdi sy phdt tridn ciia luat bien quoc te. Bon Cdng udc Genevo
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NGHIEN CL(U-TRAO 001
nam 1958 dupe coi la budc phdt tridn dang ghi nhgn ddu tidn ciia qud trinh phdp dien hod ludt bien quoc te. Theo quy dinh cua cac Cdng udc nay, ngogi trir thdm lye dia, vung bien ciia cac qudc gia dugc chia thanh 4 viing chfnh bao gdm: Ndi thuy, lanh hai, vung tiep gidp lanh bai va bien qudc te.
Trong khi npi thuy va lanh hai dugc xac dinh la cdc viing bidn thudc chu quydn cua qudc gia ven bidn va chu quydn ndy dugc md rpng den vung trdi phia tren vd ddy bien, long dat dudi ddy bien,'^'' tdt cd cdc vung bien cdn lai, ca cdc phuang tien bay deu cd quyen tu do boat dpng tai viing trdi phfa tren cac viing bien nay.*'^' Cong udc Lugt bien ndm 1982 (UNCLOS) bd sung vting d|ic quyen kinh te vd trao cho qudc gia ven bien quydn chii quydn vd quydn tai phan trong viing bien ndy nhung quydn ty do hang khdng tgi viing trdi phia trdn van dugc tdn trpng va duy tri.
Ap dung vao trudng hgp cdc ADIZ, vi ADIZ dugc thiet lap tai khdng phan qudc te, tlie la vting trdi phia trdn vung dgc quydn kinh te cua mpt hay mpt sd qudc gia va cd the bao gdm ca viing trdi phfa trdn bidn qudc td theo quy dinh ciia UNCLOS, do do theo quy dinh tai Didu 58 va Didu 87 UNCLOS, cdc phuong tien bay se dupe hudng quyen tu do hang khdng tgi viing trdi phfa trdn vung dgc quyen kinh td va bien qudc te trdn co sd cac dieu kien cua Cdng udc va cdc nguyen tdc khdc cua ludt qudc te.*'^^ Thudt ngu "cdc nguyen ldc khdc cua lugt qu6c te" d day cd thd dupe hieu Id bao gdm ca cdc quy dinh ve hogt ddng hang khdng dan dung trong khudn khd Cong udc Chicago ndm 1944 vd ICAO.
Tuy nhidn, vide trao ddi thdng tin hdng khdng, trong dd cd ca vipe nhan dgng phuong tidn bay da dugc tien hdnh trong cac FIR. Vi vay, vide cac qudc gia don phuang thiet lap ADIZ va ydu cau cdc phuang tidn bay thyc hi$n thdm cdc quy tdc nhgn dgng trong ADIZ dudng nhu la sy dp dat va tao them cac nghia vu cho cdc phuang tidn bay. Dieu nay se ft nhidu gdy ra nhiing trd ngai cho cdc phuong tien bay khi thyc hidn cac hogt dOng hdng khdng thdng thudng. C6 the thay ro nhat didu ndy khi mpt ADEZ ciia mOt nude dugc thiet Idp chong lan Idn FIR do mdt nude khdc qudn h' (nhu trudng hgp ciia ADIZ do Trung Qudc thidt Idp tai bidn Hoa Ddng) thi mdy bay dan dyng, trong trudng hgp nay, phdi dong thdi tiln hdnh trao ddi thdng tin hdng khdng vdi cd hai qudc gia Id qudc gia qudn Ii FIR va qudc gia thidt lap ADIZ. Didu nay la khong hgp If, ddc bidt la khi may bay dan dung do khdng cd y dinh bay vdo khdng phan cita qudc gia thidt lap ADIZ. Trong trudng hgp ndy, viec thidt lap ADIZ co did bi coi la vi phgm phdp ludt qudc td.
Co quan diem cho rang vide thidt 1^
ADIZ CO thd dya tren ca sd hpc thuyet ve
"nguyen tdc phdng ngira" (precautionary principle) thudng dugc dp dung U-ong lugt mdi trudng quoc te; theo do, vipe thieu cac bang chiing khoa hpc vd thyc tien khdng ldm dnh hudng den quyen ciia cdc qudc gia thuc hipn cac hdnh ddng nhdm ngan ngiia cdc heiu qud bat lgi trudc khi nd didn ra. Nguydn tdc ndy diudng dugc dp dyng trong cdc trudng hgp lidn quan den nhiing tac dpng tir hdnh vi cua con ngudi len mdi trudng va siic khoe.
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Trong cdc trudng hgp dd, hgu qud cua hdnh vi thudng kbdng thd tidn lieu dugc.'"^*
Mpt sd quan didm khdc lai cho rdng cdc 'qudc gia cd the vien dan true tidp den quyen tu ve trong lugt qudc te Idm ca sd phap li cho vide thidt lap cdc viing ADIZ cua minh.''^*
Theo do, Didu 51 Hidn chuong Lien hgp qudc cho phep cdc qudc gia dugc tidn hdnh cac bidn phdp tu vd trong trudng hgp bi mOt qudc gia khac "tdn cdng vu trang".^^^^ Tai phdn quyet vd nhiing hogt ddng quan su va ban qudn su chong lgi Nicaragua giiia My va Nicaragua, Toa an cdng If qudc td da chi ra rang quy tac cam sir dyng vii luc trong quan he qudc te Id mpt jus cogens (ndi cdeh khdc do Id mdt quy phgm mdnh lenh cd tinh bdt budc chung).''^* Nguydn tdc ndy thira nhgn mpt sd trudng hgp ngogi Id dac bidt vd Dieu 51 Hien chuong la mdt trong cdc ngogi Id dd.
Tuy nhidn, neu chieu theo Dieu 51 thi mdt i qudc gia chi dugc thuc hien quydn tu vd theo I dung didu nay khi qudc gia do dang phdi ii chiu hanh vi tan cdng vu trang ciia mpt quoc
gia khac. Trong khi do, hau bdt cdc ADIZ ddu dugc cac qudc gia thdnh lap trong thdi binh, tiic t?i thdi didm thanh Idp ADIZ, cdc qudc gia nay khdng ndm trong tinh trgng bi ti tdn cdng vii trang nhu dy lieu tai Dieu 51.
Han nQa, ADIZ chi Id mydn bd nhdm tgo thugn lgi cho viec phong thu qudc gia hon Id mdt hdnh vi sir dung vii lye tryc tiep dd thyc u hipn quydn ty vd. Ngodi ra, cung can luu y rdng Didu 51 ndi ridng vd cdc quy dinh ciia J Hien chuong ndi chung se chi dugc dp dyng trong quan he giiia cac qudc gia - chii the cita luat qudc te. Vi vdy, Didu 51 khdng thd
trd thdnh co sd phdp li cua vipe thanh lgp ADIZ khi ma viec thanh lap ndy hudiig den vipe ph6ng thit cua qudc gia trudc cdc nguy CO de dpa tii cdc phuang tipn bay dan dyng.
Trong khi dd, ke tir sau su kidn ngdy 11/9/2001, m6i nguy hgi cua chit nghia khung bd da dugc cdc qudc gia ghi nhgn va mdy bay dan dung trd thdnh mpt trong nhiing thii vii khi dugc cdc to chiic khung bo su dyng dd de dga den an ninh ciia nhidu qudc gia. Trong bdi cdnh dd, nguydn tdc ty ve trong lugt tdp qudn qu6c te cd the ddng vai trd co sd phap li cho cac ADIZ. Tac gid ElizabethCuadra da cho '•dng, luat tap qudn qudc td trao cho cdc qu6c gia quyen dugc tidn hdnh cdc bien phap ty ve khi hp nhdn thay nguy co ciia viec se bi qudc gia khdc tdn cdng vii trang trudc khi vide tdn cdng nay thyc su xdy ra trdn thyc td. Nguyen tdc ndy dugc gpi la "ty vd phii dau" (pre- emptive self-defense).*'^' Nguyen tdc ndy ciing dugc chinh quyen ciia Tdng thdng Bush nhdc lgi trong Chidn luge an ninh qudc gia My ndm 2002 khi dd cdp cdc bipn phap ddi phd vdi chu nghTa khiing bd. ^ Nhu vgy, ndu dp dung nguyen tac ndy, ADIZ cd thd coi la bien phap ty vd can thidt trudc nguy co de dpa an ninh qudc gia ddn tir cdc hdnh vi khiing bd bang dudng hang khdng. Tuy nhidn, nguydn tdc "tu ve phu ddu" hien khdng dugc cdng nhan rpng rai tiong lugt qudc te.
Nhu vay, lugt phdp quoc te khdng cd quy dinh cho phep hay cdm thidt lap cac ADIZ, vide xdc dinh tfnh hgp phdp cua cac ADIZ hodn toan dya vao vide ddnh gid cy the tfnh
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NGHIEN CUU - TRAO DOI
chat cua timg ADIZ tren co sd cdc ydu to khdch quan.
2 Thyc tiln thiet lap ADIZ cua mot so quoc gia
2.1. My
My va Lidn Xd Id hai qudc gia dau tidn tren thd gidi thanh lap ADIZ trong thdi .ki Chidn tranh lanh. Nhu phdn tich d tren, nguydn nhan dan den vide thiet Idp ADIZ Id do cac nude nay nhan thay vide trao ddi thdng tin trong FIR khong dit de dam bao cho viec nhgn dien cac mdi de dpa tir phuang tien bay cua nude kia. ADIZ ciia My dupe chia thanh 4 khu vyc chinh bao gdm:*^ ' ADIZ tgi vung tiep gjap lanh hai, ADIZ Alaska, ADIZ Guam va AIDZ Hawaii.'^'' Vide tiiiet lap ADIZ va quy tdc nhgn dgng phong khdng trong ADIZ cita My dugc quy dinh tir Didu 99.1 - 99.49 Chuong 1 Quydn 14 Bp lugt Lien bang My (Code of Federal Regulation).
Theo quy dinh tai Didu 99.1 Bp luat nay,
"tdt ed cdc phuong tiin bay khi bay vdo.
bay trong hodc xudt phdt tic cdc ADIZ ciia My phdi thye hien qud trinh trao ddi ke hogch bay vdi co quan hdng khdng cd thdm quyen hogc dugc ca quan ndy eho phep hogt dgng trong ADIX'P''^'^
2.2. Nhdt Bdn
ADIZ cua Nhat Ban dugc My thiet lap sau Chidn tranh the gidi lan thii H, trong thdi gian nude nay thyc hidn vide quan thac Nhat Bdn vdi cdc quy dinh kidm sodt hogt ddng hang khdng tuong tu nhu cac ADIZ cua My.
Sau khi quydn dieu hdnh khdng phdn dugc chuyen giao lgi cho Nhgt Ban vdo nam 1969, ADIZ ciia nude nay dugc md rdng hai lan vdo cac ndm 1972 vd 2010.'^^*
Thdng 6/1971, My va Nhgt Ban kf H i ^ udc ve vide thu hoi dao Okinawa, ti-ong dd quy dinh Nhgt Ban thu bdi cdc dao Ryuku va Daito. Nhgt Ban giai thich rdng bidn ban dinh kdm Hidp dinh nay da quy dinh Nhdt Ban thu hdi dao Senkaku.*^' Vi vay, ndm 1972, Nhgt Ban da md rpng ADIZ ciia minh bao triim len khu vyc nay, bao gdm ca viing tidi ben trdn ddo Senkaku.'^^*
Thdng 6/2010, Nhgt Ban md rdng ADIZ vd phia Tay, bao triim len viing trdi phia tren dao Yonaguni. Nguydn nhan cua vide Nhgt Ban md rpng ADIZ la do sy phdt tridn cdc dudng bay thuang mgi qua khu vuc nay dong thdi Nhdt Bdn nhdn thay cd nhu cau ddm bao phong khdng ciia cac dao d phfa Tay Nam ttudc Trung Qudc. ADIZ ciia Nhgt Ban sau khi dugc md rdng da chdng Idn Idn FIR Ddi Loan (viing thdng bdo bay dugc ICAO giao cho Dai Loan qudn li). Vi vdy, Dai Loan da ngay lap tiic phdn ddi viec md rpng ndy cua Nhgt Bdn, trong khi do Tmng Qudc khdng cd bat ki tuyen bd phan ddi ndo.'^*^*
Mpt sd nghien ciiu cho rdng, nam 1969, sau khi dugc trao lgi quydn quan If ADIZ tir My, Iyc lugng phdng vd Nhat Ban da ban hanh hudng dan bay trong ADIZ Nhat Bdn, theo dd ydu cau tit cd cdc phuang tipn bay khi bay vdo ADIZ phai tuan thu cdc quy dinh vd nhan dgng phdng khdng, bat ke may bay dd co y dinh bay vao khdng phan Nhat Ban hay khdng.'^'' Tuy nhidn, sau khi Trung Qudc thidt lap ADIZ vao thdng 11/2013, Bp trudng giao thdng Nhat bdn da tra ldi phdng van ciia AFP vd cho bidt Nhat Ban khdng ydu cdu may bay nude ngodi
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thuc hien thu tyc nhgn dgng phong khdng, trir khi may bay nay bay vdo vd hg cdnh trong lanh thd Nhgt Ban.*^^'
2.3. Hdn Qudc
ADIZ cua Han Qudc do My thidt lap vao ndm 1951, trong thdi gian chidn tranh Trieu Tien. ADIZ do Trung Qudc thidt Idp ngay 23/11/2013 bao triim len viing trdi bdn trdn da Socotira (Trung Qudc gpi Id Suyan, Han Qudc gpi Id leodo) mdt bai ngam ndm trong viing dgc quydn kinh td dugc ca Tmng Qudc va Hdn Qudc yeu sdch chu quyen.'^^*
Dap lai hanh ddng ndy, ngay 08/12/2013, Han Qudc da tuydn bo md rdng AIDZ ciia minh thdm 66,480 km^ va chdng Idn len cdc diem phfa Nam ciia FIR do nude ndy quan li.'^°' Mac du giSa ADIZ cua Han Qudc sau khi md rdng va ADIZ cita Trung Qudc trdn bien Hoa Dong tdn tgi mdt viing chdng Idn nhd tgi viing trdi phfa trdn da Socotra nhung Tmng Qudc da khdng co tuydn bo phan doi nao ve viec md rpng ADIZ nay.*^''
Ddi vdi Nhdt Bdn, mac dii hai nude chua dgt dugc ket qua trong ddm phdn giai quydt van de phan chia khu vuc phdng khdng va mpt phan ADIZ ciia Han Quoc sau khi md rdng da chdng lan len ADIZ ciia Nhgt Ban nhung Nhdt Ban da kbdng ra tuydn bd phan ddi ADIZ ciia Han Quoc, ngay 08/12/2014, Ngudi phdt ngdn Bd ngoai giao Nhgt Ban phat bidu: "Chiing tdi khdng nhdn thdy vdn de cap bdch ndo liin quan din ADIZ cua Hdn Qudc".^^^^
2.4. Trung Qudc
Ngay 23/11/2013, Trung Quoc cdng bd ADIZ tgi bidn Hoa Ddng'^^* va Quy tdc vd nhgn dgng phuang tien bay ti-ong ADIZ quy
dinh tdt ca cdc phuang tien bay khi bay trong ADIZ tgi bidn Hoa Ddng phdi cung cdp cac phuang thiic nhgn dang sau:
- Ke hogch bay: Cdc phuang tien bay ti-ong ADIZ tgi bidn Hoa Ddng ndn bao edo kd hogch bay cho Bp ngoai giao hoac Cue bang khdng ddn dyng Trung Quoc.
- Tin hidu nhan dgng radio: Cdc phuong tien bay U-ong ADIZ tgi bidn Hoa Ddng phai duy dl lien lgc radio va tia ldi lap thdi, chfnh xac khi c6 ydu can nhgn dgng tir co quan qudn If ADIZ ho§c cdc co quan dugc uy quydn khdc.
Trao ddi ti'n hidu nhgn dgng: Cac phuang tien bay tiong ADIZ tgi bidn Hoa Ddng, ndu dugc tiang bi radar tiao ddi tin hidu thii cap, ndn giu: cho thiet bi trao ddi tin hieu ndy hogt dpng tiong sudt qua trinh bay qua ADIZ.
- Nhan dang bidu trung: Cac phuong tidn bay trong ADIZ tai bidn Hoa Ddng phai cd cac dau hidu ro rang vd qudc tjch va bidu trung da dugc dang ki theo quy dinh cua cac didu udc qudc td lidn quan.
- Cac phuong tien bay trong ADIZ tgi bidn Hoa Ddng ndn tuan thit hudng dan cita CO quan quan If ADIZ hogc cdc co quan dugc liy quyen. Quan dpi Trung Qudc se tidn hanh cac bidn phdp phong thu khan cdp ddi vdi cdc phuong tidn bay khdng hgp tac trong qua trinh nhdn dgng hodc tir chdi tuan thit theo hudng dan.
- Bp qudc phong Trung Qudc Id co quan quan If ADIZ vd cd trdch nhiem gidi thich Quy tdc nay.
- Quy tdc nay cd hieu luc kd tir 10 gid sang ngay 23/11/2013.'^"*
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Trong hpp bdo ngdy 27/11/2013, khi dugc hoi vd vide lieu Trung Qudc cd thidt lap ADIZ tai Bien Ddng, ngudi phat ngdn Bd ngogi giao Trung Qudc cho biet: "Trung Qudc se thiit lap cae ADIZ khdc vdo th&i diim thich hgp sau khi hodn tdt qud trinh chudn bi".^^^^
Trung Qudc khdng dua ra gidi thfch rd rang ve co sd phap li ciia vide thanh lap ADIZ tgi bidn Hoa Ddng. Trong ngdy 25/11/2013, khi tra ldi cau bdi ve viec cho bidt y kidn ddi vdi tuyen bd phan ddi cua My va Nhdt Bdn, ngudi phat ngdn Bd ngogi giao Tmng Qudc chi tuyen bd chung chung la viec thanh lap ADIZ cua Trung Qudc la phu hgp vdi Hidn chuong Lidn hgp qudc, ludt qudc td va thyc tien qudc te Hen quan.'^^'
Giiia ADIZ cua Trung Qudc va ADIZ ciia Nhgt Ban co su chdng Ian, dgc biet tgi khu vyc dao Senkaku (Didu Ngu) - la ddi lupng U-anh chap chii quyen giua hai nude nay. D6ng thdi, nhu da phdn tich d tren, ADIZ ciia Trung Qudc ciing chdng Idn vdi ADIZ cua Han Qudc sau khi dupe md rdng.
Diem khdc bidt cua ADIZ do Tmng Qudc thiet Idp so vdi hdu hdt cac ADIZ khac tren the gidi la Trung Qudc ydu cau tat ca cdc phuong tien bay, dii cd y dinh bay vao vung tidi phfa trdn lanh thd Trung Qudc hay khdng deu phdi tuan thu quy tac nhan dang phuong tidn bay khi bay qua ADIZ cua nude nay tgi bien Hoa Ddng. Trong sd cdc ADIZ da dugc thiet lap, chi co ADIZ ciia Canada la dp dung cung nguyen tdc nay. Co thdng tin cho rang, cd mdt sd qudc gia khac bao gdm:
Nhat Ban, Australia, Philippines, Myanmar
va Dai Loan dang dp dung quy dinh nhu vdy tiong ADIZ ciia minh.*^'*
Sau khi Trung Qudc cdng bo thdnh lgp ADIZ, cac nude lien quan da bdy to quan didm ciia minh ve vdn dd ndy. My Id nude dua ra tuydn bo sdm nhat, ngdy 23/11/2013, ciing ngdy vgi Trang Qudc cdng bo ADIZ, Bd ngogi giao vd Bp qudc phdng My da ra mydn bd chfnh thiic. Bd trudng qu6c phdng My Chuck Hagel cho rdng "hdnh dgng dan phuang ndy ldm gia tdng nguy ca hieu nhdm vd tinh todn sai ldm" vd tuydn bd hdnh ddng ndy "khdng ldm cdn tro cdc hogt ddng qudn sy ciia My trong khu vyc".^^^^ Trong khi dd, ngoai tmdng My John Kerry Idn dn hdnh ddng cita Trang Qu^c Id xdm phgm quydn tu do hdng khong trong khdng phan qudc te khi dp dyng quy tdc ADIZ ddi vdi cd cdc phuang tidn bay khdng cd ;^ dinh tien vdo vung trdi phfa trdn lanh thd nuac nay.*^^'
Ngay 23/11/2014, dai didn Bd ngogi giao Nhgt Ban da gdp dai dien Dgi sii qudn Trang Qudc tgi Tokyo de phan doi Trang Qudc thidt lap ADIZ. Nhgt Ban cho rdng ADIZ cita Trang Qudc Id hodn todn kbdng the chap nhdn dugc vi bao gom vting trdi phfa tidn lanh thd ciia Nhat Bdn tgi dao Senkaku, hdnh ddng dan phuang cita Trang Quoc Id cyc ki nguy hidm vi cd the dan den nhihig tinh tigng leo thang cang thdng tai dao Senkaku va nhirng su co tai viing trdi cua khu vyc ndy.^""* Thang 12/2013, Nhdt Bdn da yeu cdu ICAO can thiep vdo vide gidi quydt cdc tianh chdp lidn quan den vide Trang Qudc thiet lap ADIZ.*'"' Sau dd, vdo tiidng 3/2014, tai phidn hpp cua Hgi ddng ICAO, Nhat Bdn va
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My da dd trinh Hpi ddng xem xet lipu mdt quoc gia co quydn ra mpnh lenh ho^c cam cdc chuyen bay thuong mgi tai viing trdi ndm ngodi quydn kidm soat khong luu ciia quoc gia do hay khdng*''^* vd viec ADIZ cua Trang Qudc da di ngugc lai nguydn tdc ty do hang khdng theo Didu 87 UNCLOS.''*^'
Han Qudc khdng ra tuydn bd vd viec Trang Qudc thdnh lap ADIZ nhung md rpng ADIZ cita nude nay vdo ngdy 08/12/2014.
Trdn thyc dia, cdc nude ciing co cdc each tiep can khac nhau ddi vdi Quy tdc nhdn dgng phong khdng tgi ADIZ nay:
Ngdy 25/11/2013, My didu dpng hai may bay nem bom B-52 bay qua ADIZ cua Trang Qudc va khong thuc hidn cac thu tuc theo quy dinh tgi Quy tac nhan dgng phdng khdng.*'"' Sau do, Co quan hang khdng dan dung My (FFA) ydu cau cac hang hang khdng My thdng bao vd nhan dgng may bay khi bay trong ADIZ ciia Trang Qudc de trdnh cac su vide khdng mong mudn xay ra khi bay qua khu vuc ndy.*"*^' Tuy nhidn, My cho rang ydu cau nay khdng dugc coi la My cdng nhdn ADIZ cua Trang Qudc. My ydu cdu phi cdng thdng bao ve nhgn dgng mdy bay khi bay qua ADIZ ciia Trang Quoc Id thyc hidn quy dinh cua Trang Qudc ve thdng bao hang khdng (Notice to Airmen - NOTAM). NOTAM Id mpt tiiuat ngii dugc ludt hang khdng quoc td ghi nhan tgi Phy luc XV Cdng udc Chicago nam 1944. Theo dd, CO quan quan Ii khdng luu cua mpt qudc gia thdng tin cho phi cdng vd vide "thiit Idp, vi cdc diiu kien hogc ve cdc thay ddi trong vi^c tao thugn lgi cho hogt dgng hdng
khdng cung nhu cdc dfch vy, thu tyc hdng khdng vd cdc cdnh bdo nguy hiim din hogt dgng ndy".'"^'
Vd phia Nhat Ban, ben cgnh vipe phan ddi Trang Qudc thidt Idp ADIZ tgi bidn Hoa Ddng, Chfnh phu Nhat Ban ydu cdu cdc mdy bay thuong mgi ciia nude ndy khdng man thii quy dinh ve nhan dgng phdng khdng ciia Trang Qudc. Cdc may bay cua Nhgt Ban khdng dugc nop ke hoach bay cho co quan cd tham quydn Trung Qu6c cung nhu khdng thyc hien cdc ydu cau nhan dgng khac khi cdc mdy bay ndy bay U-ong ADIZ nhimg kbdng CO J dinh bay vdo khdng phdn qu6c gia ciia Trang Quoc.**'' Ngay sau khi Trang Qudc tuydn bd thidt lap ADIZ, hai hang hdng khdng Idn cua Nhgt Ban la Japan Aulines vd All Nippon Airways da thyc hidn theo ddng quy tdc nhan dang trong ADIZ cda Trang Qudc. Tuy nhidn, cac hang nay sau do da phai thyc hidn theo dung yeu cau tir Chfnh phii Nhgt.*"^* Vd phfa Hdn Qu6c, Chfnh phu nude ndy ciing da yeu cdu hai hang hdng khdng cua hp la Korean Air va Asiana Airlines chi tudn theo cac quy dinh nhgn dang phong khong trong ADIZ do Trang Qudc thiet lap khi may bay dan dyng cita hp bay qua ADIZ dd vdo khdng p h ^ thupc chu quyen cua Trang Qudc*
3. Nhan xet chung ve ADIZ Viec thidt lap cdc ADIZ Id hdnh vi don phuong cita cdc quoc gia vdi myc dich tao ra khoang thdi gian vd khdng gian can thiet de nhdn dien cdc phuong tidn bay trade khi chiing tidn vdo khdng phdn quoc gia. Trong mpt s6 tradng hgp, ngodi muc dich dam bao
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an ninh cac quoc thiet lap ADIZ cdn nhdm khdng dinh chu quydn va viec quan If thyc td vung tidi phia tren cdc viing lanh thd hoac vting bien dang tranh chdp.
Ve CO sd phdp li, ludt qudc te khdng cam vd Cling khdng quy dinh cy thd vd hanh vi nay ciia cdc qudc gia ddng thdi thyc td cho thay vide thiet lap cac ADIZ hau nhu ciing khdng vdp phdi sy phdn ddi cita cdc qudc gia khac. Tuy nhien, khdng the phu nhan vide cdc ADIZ dugc thiet lap tren khdng phan qudc td da gdy anh hudng den quyen tu do bang khdng tai cdc khu vyc nay, dgc bidt trong trudng hgp ADIZ cua Tmng Qudc va mdt sd nude khdc khi cac qudc gia nay dp dung Quy tdc nhdn dgng phdng khdng ddi vdi mpi phuong tien bay qua ADIZ, bat chdp viec phuong tidn dd co y dinh bay vao khdng phdn cua hp hay khdng. Van dd trd ndn phiic tgp khi ADIZ ciia quoc gia ndy thiet lap chdng lan Idn ADIZ ciia qudc gia khac hogc dugc thiet lap d cdc khu vyc cd tianh chdp vd chii quyen lanh tho.
Nguyen tdc chung ciia lugt qudc td la cac qudc gia cd quyen bao ve chu quydn va an ninh ddi vdi lanh thd vd khdng phan ciia minh, ddng thdi cd nghTa vu tdn U-png quydn tu do hang khdng qudc td ciing nhu hop tac de bdo vd an toan hang khdng dan dung qudc te. Do dd, mac du li5dt qudc td khong cdm vide thiet lap cdc AIDZ nhung viec xem xet tfnh hgp phdp ciia ADIZ cdn thyc hidn ttdn timg ADIZ cu the vd ddi chidu vdi nguydn tac CO bdn noi tien. Mot ADIZ co the coi la khdng vi phgm cdc quy dinh cita phap lugt qudc te neu nd dugc thiet lap tren co sd tdn
tigng chii quyen, su toan ven lanh tho cua qudc gia khdc; ddng thdi cac ADIZ khdng dugc bao triJm len khu vyc chdng Idn vd chii quyen giiia cdc qudc gia. CJ gdc dp chfnh tri, hdnh vi nay se lam phiic tap thdm cac ttanh chap ve chu quyen giiia cac qu6c gia, dong thdi gay khd khdn cho qud trinh giai quylt tianh chap giiia cac bdn. Ngodi nhihig nguydn tdc chung ndu ttdn, cac ADIZ ciing can dam bdo cdc yen td sau:
1) Cdc ADIZ nay khdng chdng lan Idn FIR do mpt qu6c gia khdc qudn li;
2) Cdc ADIZ khdng dp dat n^Ta vu man thu quy dinh ve nhgn dgng phong khdng Idn cdc may bay khdng cd y dinh bay vao khdng phdn qudc gia cua nude thiet lap ADIZ./.
(l).Xem: C6ng udc Chicago nSm 1944 ve h&ng khong dan dung t^: htlp://www.icao.int/publications/pages/
doc7300.aspx, buy cSp ngay 15/01/2016 (2).Xem: Phy lye II CSng ircrc Chicago nSm 1944 v^
hang kh6ng dSn dyng tgi: http://www.icao.Jnt/safety/a imavigation/nalionalityniarks/annexes_bookleten.pdf, mjy cSp ngiy 15/01/2016.
(3).Xem: Phy lye II C5ng u6c Chicago nSm 1944 v^
h ^ g khSng dSn dyng tgi: http://www.icao.int/safety/
aimavigation/naliotialitymarks/annexes_book!et_en.pdf, truy cap ngiy 15/01/2016.
(4). Xem thgm: International Civil Aviation Ch-ganization (ICAO), General Information of South East Asia FIR, nguon: <http://www.icao.int/APAC/Meetings/2015%
20SEACG22/GENERAL%20INFORMATION%20S outh%20Easl%20Asia%20FIR.pdf, truy cSp ngay 15/01/2016.
(5). Nguon: http://www.icao.int/APAC/Meetings^015
%20SEACG22/GENERAL%201NFORMATION%
20South%20East%20Asia%20HR.pdf. truy cSp ngiy 18/01/2016.
(6).Xem: Yin Zhou. "Background: Air Defense Identification Z o n e s " . Xinhuanet, 2 0 1 3 , nguon:
http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/video/2013-ll/24/
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c_1329 12942.htm, miy c§p ngky 15/01/2016.
(7).Xem: Alex Calvo, "China's Air Defense Identification Zone: Concept. Issues at Stake and Regional Impact", Naval War College Press, Working Paper 1,2013, p. 10.
{8).Xem: ICAO, Phy lye 15 ciia Cang uiSrc v6 hing kh6ng d ^ dyng - c3c dich vu thong tin h&ng khong, ngudn: http://www.icao.int/safety/airnavigation/
nationalitymarks/annexes_booklet_en.pdf (9).Xem: Kimberly Hsu, "Air Defense Identification Zone Intended to Provide China Greater Flexibility to Enforce East China Sea Claims", U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, u-. 1, ngiy 14/01/2014.
(10).Xem them: Dieu 11 C6ng u a c Chicago nSm 1944, tai: hltp://www.icao.int/pubIications/Documents/
7300_orig.pdf.
(ll).Xem them: Dieu 2 C6ng irdc v^ lanh hSi va vting tiep grap lanh hai nSm 1958 tai: http://legal.un.org/
ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/8_l_1958_t erritorial_sea.pdf.
(12).Xem thgm: Di^u 2, Dilu 3 CSng uac vh bien ca n3m 1958 tai: http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/gclos/gclos.html (13).Xem them: Dieu 58, Dieu 87 Cong ir6c cua Lien hpp qu6c ve luat bien nSm 1982 tai: http.V/www.un.
org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/UN CLOS-TOC.htm
(14).Xem them: Ruwantissa Abeyratne, "In search of theoretical Justification for air defence identification zones". International Civil Aviation Organization, Montreal. QC. Canada, 13 September 2011, (15).Xem: Nicholas Grief, Public International Law in the Airspace of the High Seas, Utrecht Studies in Air and Space Law (M. Nijhoff Publishers. 1994) 156.
{16).Xem: Dieu 51 Hien chucmg Lien hop quoc tgi htlp://www.un.org/cn/sections/un-charter/introductory- note/index.html.
(17).Xem: Phin quyet cua Toa i n cSng li qu6c t6 lign quan A6n vu Nicaragua ki^n My tai http://www.icj- cij.org/docket/?sum=367&pl=3&p2=3&case=70&p3
=5. truy cap ngay 18/02/2016.
(18).Xem: Elizabeth Cuadra, "Air Defense Identification Zones: Creeping Jurisdiction in the Airspace", (1978) 18 Virginia Journal of International Law, 485, 502.
(19).Xem: M. Weller, Iraq and the Use of Force in International Law. Oxford University Press, 2010,139.
(20).Xem: Indiana University, virtual disk library, http://webappl.dlib.indiana.edu/virtuaLdisk_library/i ndex.cgi/4300833/nD2415/ATPUBS/ifim/ifim_marc h_1999/chaptl/ifmO10O4.html.
(21).Xem: Alex C a l v o , " C h i n a ' s Air Defense Identification Zone: Concept. Issues at Stake and Regional Impact", Naval War College Press, Working Paper 1,2013, p. 10.
(22).Xem: Cornell University Law School, Legal Information Institute, Code of Federal Regulation - Title 14, Chapter 1, ngu6n: https://www.law.cornell.edu /cfr/text/14/chapter-I.
{23).Xem: Global Research, "US-Japanese Militarism and China's Air-Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ) over Disputed Isleb. Pretext for Another Pacific War?", 2013. nguon: http://www.globalresearch.ca/os-japanese- militarism-and-chinas-air-defense-idenUfication-zone- adiz-over-disputed-islets-pretext-for-another-pacific- war/5360593.
(24).Xem: Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, "The Senkaku Islands", March 2013 t^: http://www.mofa.go.
jp/region/asia-paci/senkaku/pdfs/senkaku_en.pdf, p. 2.
(25).Xem: Kimberly Hsu, sdd, ti. 3.
(26).Xem: Kimberly Hsu, sdd, U-. 3.
(27).Xem: Michael D. Swaine, "Chinese Views and Commentary on the East China Sea Air Defense Identification Zone (ECS ADIZ)". Hoover Institute, 2013, p. 49.
(28).Xem: Tokyo AFP. "Japan govt gets international support on China fly zone", 26 Nov 2013 tai: http://www.
spacewar.com/reports/Japan _govt_gets_intemational_
support_on_China_fly_zone_999,html, (29).Xem: Alex Calvo, sdd, p. 35.
(30).Xem: Alex Calvo, "China's Air Defense Identification Zone: Concept, Issues at Stake and Regional Impact"
tgi: hltps://www.usnwc.e du/Pu blicat ions/Working- Papers/Documents/WP 1 -Cai vo.aspx.
(31).Xem: Kimberly Hsu, sdd, p. 3.
(32).Xem: Demetri Sevatopulo va Simon Mundy, "S Korea Expands Air Defence Zone Amid Rising Tensions".
the Financial Times, 2013. tai: http://www.ft.com/intl/
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c m s / s / 0 / l 4 8 d b c l e - 5 f c 6 - l l e 3 - a 4 c d - 0 0 I 4 4 f e a b d c 0 . html#axzz3U9vXvxRF.
(33).Xem: Ian E. Rinehart and Bart Elias, "China's Air Defense Identification Zone", Report, No R43894, Congressional Research Service, 30 January 2015)21 tgi: http;//www.fas.org/sgp/crs/ row/R43 894.pdf (34).Xem: Xinhuanet, "Announcement of the Aircraft Identification Rules for the East China Sea Air Defense Identification Zone for the P.R.C.", 2013. tgi:
http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2013- ll/23/c_1329l 1634.htm.
(35).Xem: Embassy of China in the Czech Republic,
"Foreign Mmistry Spokesperson Qin Gang's Regular Press Conference on November 27, 2013", 2013, t?i:
http:^www.chinaembassy.cz/cze/fyrth/tl 103242.htm (36).Xem: Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China.
"Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Qin Gang's Remarks on Japan's Representations about China's Establishment of the Air Defense Identification Zone in the East China Sea". Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Qin Gang's Remarks on US Comments on China's Establishment of the Air Defense identification Zone in the East China Sea, 25/11/2013, tai: http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/
mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2535_665405/
tl 1020 57.shtml; http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/ mfa_ eng/
xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2535_665405/tl]020 56.shtml.
(37).Xem: Michael D. Swaine, "Chinese Views and Commentary on the East China Sea Air Defense Identification Zone (ECS ADIZ)", Hoover Institute, 2013, p. 5.
(38).Xem: The US Embassy 'o the Philippines.
"Statement by Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel on the East China Sea Air Defense Identification Zone", 2013, tgi: http://manila.usembassy.gov/statement- secretary-defense-chuck-hagel-east-china-sea-air- defense-identification- zone.html
,(39).Xem: John Kerry. "Statement of the East China Sea Air Defense Identification Zone", The U.S.
Department of State, 2013. tai: http://www.state.
gov/secretary/remarks/2013/11/218013 .htm (40).Xem: Thong cao bao chi cua Bp ngoai giao NhSt Ban ngiy 23/11/2014, tgi: http://www.mofa.go.jp/
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(41).Xem: Ian E. Rinehart e t a l . . "China's Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ)", Congressional Research Service, 2015, p. 39, tgi: https://fas.org/ sgp/crs/row/
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(42).Xem: Ian E. Rinehart et al., "China's Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ)", Congressional Research Service, 2015, p. 39, tai: https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/
R43894.pdf.
(43).Xem: American Society of International Law,
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volume/18/issue/l 7/china%E2%80%99s-declaration- air-defense-identification-zone-east-china-sea.
(44).Xem "China's Air Zone Rouses Regional Fears"
tai http://www.iiss.org/en/publications/strategic%20 comments/sections/2013-a8b5/china~39-s-air-zone- rouses-regional-fears-9a92, truy c§p ngiy 20/01/2016.
(45).Xem: Alex Calvo, "China's Air Defense Identification Zone: Concept, Issues al Stake and Regional Impact", Working Paper No 1, the U-S.
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(46). Xem: Dilu 1.1 Phy lye XV, CSng udc Chicago ve hang khSng dSn dyng n i m 1944 tgi: http://www.
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(47).Xem; Ian E. Rinehart et al., "China's Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ)", Congressional Research Service, 2015, p. 18, tai: https://fas.org/ sgp/crs/row/
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(48).Xem: Alex Calvo, "China's Air Defense Identification Zone: Concept, Issues at Stake and Regional Impact", Working Paper No 1. the U.S. Naval War College, 23 December 2013, tgi: 27<https://www.
usnwc.edu/Publications/Working-Papers/Documents/
WPl-Calvo.aspx>.
(49).Xem: Alex Calvo, "China's Air Defense Identification Zone: Concept, Issues at Stake and Regional Impact", Working Paper No 1, the U.S.
Naval War College, 23 December 2013, tr. 35, tai:
https://www.usnwc.edti/Publications/Working- Papers/Documents/WP 1 -Cai vo.aspx.
TAP CHl LUAT HOC s 6 2/2016
