Lu VT An. Mpt so dgc diim ca bdn cua tiing Tho NhT Ky
MOT S6 DAC DIEM CO BAN CUA TifiNG T H 6 NHI K t
Ltr VTAn*
r
iing Tho Nhi Ky Id mpt ngon ngu thupe ngO hf Altai, dugc su dung chinh thtic tgi nuac Cpng hoa Thd Nhi Ky v&i khodng hem 70 trifu ngu&i noi Tiing Thd NhiKy CO ddc diim Id mpt ngon ngO chdp dinh, su dung cdc hgu 16 di md rpng tu. sti dung nguyin tdc hoa hpp nguyen dm, dong thai co hf thdng ngO phdp v&i cdc qtiy lugt chgt che vi mgt cti phdp vd hinh thai Bdi viit phdn tich vd ldm rd nhung dgc diim ca bdn ctia tiing Thd NhT Ky.lakMa: tiing Thd Nhl Ky, hf ngdn ngtt Altai, ngdn ngCt chip dinh, hda hpp nguyfin im, tiip vIngO (hju td)
Tiing Thd NhT Ky (TOrkiye Tilrkfesi) li mdt ngdn ngii diin hinh ciia nhdm ngdn ng& Turk (Turkic) thudc hf ngdn ngii Altai** Nd la ngdn ngO; chinh thirc ciia Cdng hda Thd NhT Ky vdi hem 70 trifu ngudi ndi. Bfin cgnh dd cdn cd cdng ddng khoang 6 trifu ngudi nhgp cu Thd NhT Ky sinh sdng rii ric tgi cic nudc Tiy Au (chii yiu li Hi Lan, Dire, Ao...) sir dyng nd nhu tiing m? de. Dya theo khio sit ciia Ethnologue, ngoii Cpng hda Thd NhT Ky, hifn tgi nhflng ngudi ndi tiing Thd NhT Ky cdn sinh sdng tgi 34 qudc gia khic nhau.
•HVCH., D»i hpc Sakarya, C§ng hda Thd NhT Ky.
•• SOkrO HalQk Akalin (2010), "TOrk Dili: Dflnya Dili (Turkic Language: World Language)", Afilim TUrkfe Ders Kitabi I, Diset Yaymlan, i. 6
Ciing vdi xu thi hpi nhjp toin ciu, tieng Thd NhT Ky dang dupc giing dgy tgi nhiiu qudc gia trfin thi gidi. Bp mdn Thd NhT Ky hpc (Ttirkoloji) vdi vifc nghifin ciiu vi giing dgy ngdn ngii, vin hda Thd NhT Ky cung dupc thinh ljp d 28 qudc gia'.
Hogt dpng niy cdn dupc thuc diy bdi Vifn Yunus Emre thdng qua ca quan dgi difn ciia vifn nay d 35 qudc gia trfin thi gidil
Trii qua nhiiu giai dogn Ijch sii khic nhau, tiing Thd NhT Ky cung di trai qua nhifiu biin ddi vi mit ciu tnic vi vin ty.
Tir nim 1928, bing vifc ip dyng bing chfl
§Ukrtl HalQk Akalin (2010), "TQrk Dili: DQnya Dili (Turkic Language: World Language)", A(ilim Tiirkfe Ders Kitabi I, Diset Yaymlan, s. 12.
http://www.yee.org.tr/tr/yunusenireenstitusu (truy c|p lln cu6i ngiy 09/08/2016)
Nghiai ciiu An E)p vi Chau A. Sd 11 - 2016 cai Latin nhu mpt hf quy chuin mdi cho
ngdn ngir, thay thi cac bing chir cii da cd tii truOT dd nhu Gokturk, Uygur vi Arap, tiing Thd NhT Ky bit diu dupc hifn dgi hda. "Vatandof Turkge konuf (Cdng din ndi tifing Thd) dupc diing lim khiu hifu thuc diy tiin trinh ndi tren. Nhiing die difim cua tiing Thd NhT Ky dupc thi hifn d mpt sd ndi dung ca bin:
1. Tieng Tho Nhi Ky la m$t ngon ngir thupe loai hinh chip dinh (niem kit)
Dya theo ciu tnic va chiirc ning mi cic ngdn ngii dupc phin chia thinh cic logi hinh khic nhau. Trong dd gdm cd nhdm R ngdn ngii don Ijp vi nhdm ngdn ngii khdng don % . Nhdm ngdn ngir khdng dom Ijp lgi dupc chia thinh cic logi hinh c h ^ dinh (nifim kit), chuyin dgng (hda kit) vi da tdng hpp (hdn nhjp)^ Tiing Thd NhT Ky thupe logi hinh ngdn ngO chip dinh (cilng vdi tiing Nhjt, tiing Hin vi tiing Mdng Co). DJc trung niy dupc thi hifn d vifc tiing Thd Nhl Ky sii dyng rpng rii cic tiip vT ngii tire hju td (sonek) di ciu tgo tit vi biiu thj cic mdi quan hf ngdn ngii. Di diln ta hinh dpng hojc sy vifc, trong khi tiing Anh (nhdm ngdn ngii hda kit) phii sir dyng mpt sd lupng tir nhit dinh thi tiing Thd NhT Ky cd thfi chi dimg duy nhit mpt tir bao gdm chinh td vi phin md rpng li hgu td. Vi dy di dien ti hinh dpng bgn se cd thi din, tiing Anh diing cym tir>ott will be able to come thi lieng Thd NhT Ky chi dimg duy nhit tir gelebileceksin. Trong dd, gel- li dpng tir chi hinh dpng din giu: vai trd li
chinh td, sau do li cic hau td -ebil (cd thi), -ecek (se), -sin (bgn) dupc thfim vao. Chinh dgc difim niy mi cic nhi ngdn ngii hpc gpi tiing Thd NhT Ky la ngdn ngii chip dinh (nifim kit)*. Tiing Thd Nhl Ky li mpt ngdn ngu cua hiu td. Jean Deny (1879 1963) nhi Thd NhT Ky hpc ngudi Phip dua ra nhin xet vi viec hpc tiing Thd NhT Ky nhu sau: "-Jurk^eyi ogrenmek ekleri dgrenmektir" (Hpc tiing Thd la hpc vi cic hau td)'. Hgu td trong tiing Thd Nhl Ky ciing nhu cac ngdn ngir chip dinh khic chi bifiu thi mpt y nghTa ngu phip, vi mpt y nghTa ngtt phip chi dupc difin ti bing mpt hju td (quan hf 1 - 1)* Vi dy: ev (ngdi nhi) - evler (nhung ngdi nhi) - evde (d nhi, -de li cich chi vj tn*) - evlerde (d nhflng ngdi nhi). Nhung mdi giira chinh td vi hju td trong tiing Thd NhT Ky cung khdng qui chit chg. Chinh td vln cd thi dimg dpe ljp di tgo thinh tit cd nghia. Ching hgn arkada? (ngudi bgn) vdi arkada§lar (nhflng ngudi bgn, cd hju td -lar chi sd nhiiu).
Tuy nhifin, neu tir cing dupc md rpng bing nhiiu hju td thi nghTa ciia tit cing dupc thfi hifn rS ring, tudng minh. Do vjy, tit trong tiing Thd thudng cd dd dii tuang ddi ldn. Tit cd dp dii ldn nhit trong tiing Thd NhT Ky thudmg dupc nhic din gdm 43 ki ty (hari), mjc dii tit dii nhit biit dupc
' Nguyin Thien G i ^ (chu bi«n 1998), Ddn ludn Ngon ngir hgc, Nxb. Giio dvK, trJ98-305.
Asuman gelen Pollard - David Pollard (1996), Teach Yourself: Turkish A complete course for beginner Contemporary Books, The McGraw-Hill Companies'
f.7. ^ •
Mdiinet Hengimen (2002), TOrkfe Temel Dilbilgisi
Engin Yaym Evi, s. 275. ' ' Nguyin Thi^n Gi4p (chu bifin 1998), Ddn ludn Ngdn
nga hoc, Nxb. Gi4o dye, tr.298-305.
21
Lu VT An. Mpt s6 dgc diim ca bdn cua tiing Thd NhTKy
hifn nay lgi li mpt tit khic cd dfin 70 ki ty Iim hai nhdm ca bin: nhdm nguyfin am (harf).
2. Tieng Tho Nhi Ky sir dyng quy luat nguyen am hoa hpp
Tifing Thd NhT Ky cd tit ci 8 nguyfin im vi 21 phy im. 8 nguyen am "A", "I",
"O", "U", "E", "F, "6", "U" dupc chia
diy (art - kalm) "a", "i", "o". "u" vi nhdm nguyfin am mdng (6n - ince) "e", "i", "6",
"u". Nd dupc thi hifn qua bing sau diy:
Art-Kahn On-tnce
Thdng (Eliiz) Rpng
(Geni^
a e
Hfp (Bar)
I
i
Tron (Yuvarlak) Rpng
(Geni§)
0
5
Hfp(Dar)
u
a
Cic nguyfin im trong tiing Thd NM K.</
dupc lifin kit rit chJt chfi bing quy lujt nguyfin am hda hpp (flnlQ uyumu). Do dJc diim chip dinh nfin hju td khi thfim vio phii chiira nguyen im hda hpp vdi nguyen im tjn Cling diing trudc nd. Trong dd cd hai nhdm hda hpp ciia nguyfin im e vi hda hpp cua nguyfin im i. d nhdm nguyfin im e, theo sau nguyfin im e phii li cic nguyfin
im e, 1, d, tl; sau nguyfin am a phii li cic nguyfin im a, i, o, u. d nhdm nguyfin im i, theo sau nguyfin am i phii li cic nguyfin im e, i; theo sau nguyfin im i phii li cic nguyfin im a, i; theo sau nguyfin im fl phii li cic nguyfin im 0, U; theo sau nguyfin im u phii li cic nguyfin im o, u. Cy thi cd thi xem d bing sau:
Nhom nguyen dm thdng
a,i e, 1 a , i e, I
Nhdm nguyen dm Iron a,u e,0 a,u
e,a
21 phy im trong tiing Thd NhT Ky nhdm phy am cimg (sert hay fitUmsOz) gdi cung dupc phan logi lim hai nhdm ca bin: 8 phy im p, 9, t, k, h, 5, f, s vi nhdm phy
im mim (yumu?ak hay 6tumlu) gdm 13 phy am b, c, d, g, | , j , 1, m, n, r, v, y, z.
Ding chii y cd phy im | khdng bao gid li am tifit dimg diu trong bit cii tii nio cua tiing Thd NhT Ky.
Phy im trong tiing Thd NhT Ky cung cd mdt vii quy lujt biin ddi nhit djnh. Cy thfi, nfiu cic tit tan ciing li phy im p, p, t, k thi khi them hju td nhit djnh phii ddi cic phy im niy thinh cic phy im tucmg iing gpi li iinsiiz yumu^amasi. Vi dy: p thinh b nhu kitap kitabi, p thinh c nhu agap a|aci, t thinh d nhu yurt - yurdu, k thinh | nhu 9ocuk - pocugu. Bfin cgnh dd, niu tit cd phy am tjn ciing li k nhung trudc phy am k la phy am n thi ddi nk thanh g, nhu renk - rengi. Ngoii ra, mdt sd tit vyng cd ngudn gdc nudc ngoii nhu Arab ching hgn, khi them hju td thi cin phii gip ddi phy im tin cimg gpi Ii unsUz ikizlefmesi nhu hak - hakki, su- - sim, hai - halli'.
Trong tiing Thd NhT Ky, mdt nguyen im cd thi tgo thinh mpt vin nhung mdt phy im Igi khdng thi tgo thinh mpt vin.
Thdng thudng vin dupc tgo bdi mpt nguyen im kit hpp vdi mpt vii phy im.
vin trong tiing Thd NhT Ky dupc tgo thinh bdi it nhit mpt tiing, nhiiu nhit Ii tii bdn tiing, vi dy o, bu, ilsttl, kirk. Nd ciing dupc chia lam hai logi: van cd im tiit md (apik hece) va vin cd im tiit ddng (kapali hece).
Trong do van cd im tiit md li nhflng vin ket thiic vdi nguyfin am nhu o, bu, iyi, kStu, araba, cdn vin cd am tiit ddng Ii nhflng
I
' Margarete I. Ersen Rasch - Erdogan Onasi (2015), Yabanci dU olarak TOrkfe Dilbilgisi, Papatya YayincilikEgitim,s.l7.
Nghifin ciiu An E)p vi Chau A. Sd 11 - 2o|
vin kit thiic vdi phu am nhu dij, ust, Tiu-k, kiric, ogretmen.
3. Tieng Th6 Nhi Ky la mpt ngon ngfl- voi hf thong cac quy luat ro ring, chJt che ve cau true ngu- phap
TTtu nhdt, vi mat aiphdp hpc (sozdizmi hay sentaks),
Cii phip tiing Thd NhT Ky cd bdn thinh td ca bin la vj ngfl (yiiklem), chii ngu (6zne), tin ngu (nesne) vi bd ngfl (tumlep). Trong sd dd quan trpng nhit li vj ngfl vi chii ngfl. Vj ngfl ludn diing d cudi ciu, cd thi li dpng tit (fiil hay eylem) tgo thinh ciu dpng tit (fiil ciimlesi), vi dy: Ben geliyorum (Tdi dang din), trong do ben li chii ngfl cdn geliyorum Ii vj ngfl dpng tit, cd thi li danh tit (isim hay ad) tgo thinh ciu danh tit (isim cumlesi), vi dy: O dgrenci (Nd Ii sinh vien), trong dd o li chii ngfl, ogrenci li vj ngfl danh tit. Vj ngfl ciing cd thi Ii tinh tit (sifat) nhu: Sen palifkansm (Bgn chim chi), dgi tit (adil hay zamir), trgng tit (belirtep hay zarf) hojc gidi tit (ilgep hay edat).
Chii ngfl cd thi li danh tit (isim), dgi tit (adil), tinh tit phy thupe (sifat tamlamasi), bit djnh cich (eylemlik) hojc thin tit (Onlem), chi ngudi (ki?i), ddng vjt (hayvan), thyc vjt (bitki), dd vjt (nesne) vi khii nifm trim tupng (soyut kavram). Di xic djnh chu ngfl trong ciu, ngudi ta thudng djt ciu hdi: Kim? (Ai?) hay Ne"' (Ciigi?).
Tan ngfl trong ciu tiing Thd NhT Ky diing gifla chii ngfl vi vj ngfl. Nd dupc chia Iim hai logi li tan ngfl chi djnh (belirtili
23
LuVi An. Mpt s6 ddc diim ca bdn cua tiing Thd NhTKy nesne): -i, -i, -u, -fl vi tin ngu bit dinh
(belirtisiz nesne). Dk xac djnh tin ngft chi djnh trong cau, ngudi ta thudng dat ciu hdi:
Kimi? hay Neyi?
Bd ngfl giii vai trd bd nghTa cho dpng tit, do dd nd chi xuit hifn trong cau dpng tit.
Nd dupc chia lim ba logi li: bd ngu giin tiip (dolayh tumlepleri), bd ngft gidi tit (ilgej tiimlepleri) vi bd ngft trgng tit (belulep tiimlepleri). Trong dd, bd ngft giin tiip lgi gdm ba cich ca bin: dft cich (yfinelme durumu, cdn gpi li datif) -a/-e, phuang vj cich (kalma durumu hay bulunma durumu, cdn gpi li lokatif) -da/- de vi ly cich (pikma durumu hay uzaklajma durumu, cdn gpi li ablatio dan/-den. Di xic djnh dft cich (datiO, ngudi ta thudng djt ciu hdi Nereye? (Tdi diu), Kime? (Tdi ai?), Neye? (Tdi cii gi?), Kapa? (Tdi bao nhifiu?). Di xic djnh phuong vj cich (lokatiQ, ngudi ta djt ciu hdi Nerede? (0 diu?), Kimde? (6 ai?), Ne zaman? (Khi nio?). Cdn dk xic djnh Iy cich ngudi ta djt ciu hdi Nereden? (Tit diu?) Kimden? (Tit ai?), Neden?... Bd ngfl gidi tit thudng dupc sit dyng trong tiing Th6 NhT Ky li ile, viit tit Ii -la/-Ie (vdi, bing bdi), gibi (nhu), kadar (Ifin tdi), ipin (dinh cho, di mi). Bd ngft trgng tu dung di bd nghTa vi mjt thdi gian (ne zaman?, khi nio?), dja diim (nerede? nereye? d diu?, tdi diu?), cich thiic hay tinh trgng (nasil?
nhu thi nio?) vi sd Iupng (ne kadar? bao nhifiu?).
Cii phip mjc djnh ciia tiing Thd NhT Ky li: chu ngit + tin ngii' + vj ngft. Vi dy:
Ben Tiirkiye-yi severim (Tdi yeu nudc Thd
NhT Ky), trong dd ben li chii ngft, Tiirkiye'yi la tin ngft chi djnh cdn severim Ii vi ngft dpng tit. Tuy nhien nd cCmg dupc phi cich d mpt vii trudng hpp cy thi, nhu trong giao tiip hing ngiy hojc trong vin hpc, im nhgc. Vi dy: Bana gel (Lgi bfin tdi) li ciu tnic tin ngft + vj ngft cd thi ddi thinh Gel bana tiic vj ngft + tin ngft. Dieu niy chiing td tiing Thd tuy li mpt ng6n ngft cd cic quy lujt chJt chfi song ciing co sy biin ddi tuomg ddi linh hogt.
Thu hai, vi mgt hinh thdi hpc (bipimbilim hay morfoloji),
Hinh thii ciia tiing Thd NhT Ky dupc the hifn qua phuang thiic ciu tgo vi quy tic biin hinh cua tir.
Vi phucmg thuc cdu tgo eda tu, do li ngdn ngft chip dinh nfin tu trong tiing Thd NhT Ky dupc tgo thinh bdi cic hju td. Cic hju td dupc thfim vio theo quy tic tu trii sang (saga dogni)*, ching hgn: Avnipa - Avnipali - Avrupahyim. Cdn ciu dupc md rdng theo quy tic tft phii sang (sola dogni), vi dy: Vietnamli figrencilerie bulujtum Tiirkiye'de okuyan Vietnamli dgrencilerle bulu?tum. Mjc dil tu trong tiing Thd Nhl Ky dupc tgo bdi cic hju td nhung cung cd mpt trudng hpp tit dupc tgo bdi tiep diu ngft tiic tiin td. Dd li tinh tu cue cdp (pekijtimie sifatlan) dupc tgo nfin bdi vifc thfim tiin td chua mpt trong bdn im tiit "m", "p", "r"
hojc "s"' Vi dy: beyaz (uing) - bewbeyaz (tring tinh), temiz (sgch) tertemiz (tinh
'Mehmet Hengirmen (2002), TOrkfe Temel Dilbilgisi.
Engm Yaym Evi, s.XVIII.
Mehmet Hengirmen (2002). TOrkfe Temel Dilbilgisi.
Engin Yaym Evi, s.l34.
Nghifin ciiu An Dp vi Chiu A. Sd 11 - 2016 khiet), dogni (diing) - dojdogni (chinh xic).
Nd cung Ii tiin td duy nhit dupc biit din trong tiing Thd NhT Ky.
Vi quy tdc biin hinh ctia lu, tiing Thd NhT Ky cd tit ci 8 tu logi khic nhau: danh tu (ad hay isim), dpng tu (eylem hay fiil), tinh tu (sifat), trgng tu (belirtep hay zarf), gidi tir (ilge9 hay edat), dgi tu (adil hay zanir), thin tu (Onlem) vi lifin tft (baglap)".
Bang vifc them tiip vT ngft tuc hiu td, mpt sd tu logi (chu yiu li danh tir va dpng tu) cd thi biin ddi chuc ning vdn cd, tgo thinh tu loai vdi chuc ning mdi. Ching hgn nhu hju td theo sau danh tu tgo thinh danh tu md|^i dy: TUrk - Tflrkpe (Thd - tiing Thd), W^m Wt^Iik (cudn sich - kf sich)); hgu
td theo sau danh tit tgo thinh dpng tu mdi (ya§ - yajamak (tudi - sdng), su - sulamak (nudc - tudi)); hju td theo sau ddng tu tgo thinh dpng tit mdi, gdm nhdm bdn logi ddng tu: dpng tu tuang ho (ijtej eylem), dpng tu phdn thdn (dOnujIfl eylem), dpng tu bi dpng (edilgen eylem) vi dpng tu truyin khiin (ettirgen eylem). Hgu td theo sau gdc dpng tu tgo tl^mh danh tft (vi dy:
i9mek - ipeeek (udng - thirc udng), yemek - yiyecek (in thuc in)). Hju td thep sau ddng tu tgo thinh phdn tu (ortap hay sifat- eylem), trong tiing Thd NhT Kj^ dupc sit dyng vdi chiic ning cua tinh tft, gdm hipn tgi phdn tu, tuong lai phdn tu vi qua khu phdn tu. Ngoii ra cdn cd hju td theo sau dpng tu tgo thinh ddng tu tiin hanh cich (ulap hay bag-eylem), cd chirc ning ciia
pho tu (tuc trgng tu phy thudc). Com pho tu lien kit (baglama ulaplan), pho tie chi diiu kiin (durum ulaplan), pho tu chi th&i gian (zaman ulaplan) vi pho tu chi nguyen nhdn (sebep ulaplan).
Nhin chung, hiu hit cac diim ngft phap quan trpng trong tiing Thd NhT Ky diu cd cic quy lugt rfi ring vi chJt chg. Vi vjy vifc tiip can di hpc ngdn ngft niy khdng phii la qui khd khin.
4. DJc dilm tir virng cua tieng Thd NhiKy
Hiu hit danh tu trong tiing Thd NhT Ky khdng cd phan logi gidng (dilbilgisel cinsi), hic trung linh (yansiz). Chi mpt vii trudng hpp, vdn Ii tu mupn tiing nudc ngoii cd sy phin bift gidng dye (eril) vi gidng cii (dijil), vi dy kral kralipe (nhi vua - nft hoing), prens - prense (hoing tu - cdng chua)..., vi rit it tu vyng dupc phin logi gidng mpt cich ty nhifin (dogal cins) nhu anne. - baba (mp - cha), kadin - erkek (phy nft - din dng), kiz - oglan (con gii - con trai), bayan - bay (quy bi - quy dng).
Ngoii cic tnrdng hpp trfin, di phin bift gidng cho cic tu vyng trung tinh, ngudi ta them tft chi giong vio dd, vi dy: arkada§
(bgn) thinh kiz arkada? erkek arkada?
(bgn nft-bgn nam)",
Gidng nhu nhiiu ngdn ngft khic, tiing Thd Nhl Ky cung cd hifn tudng tft ddng im (ejsesli) vi tu ddng nghTa (ejanlamh).
Vi dy: yflz Ii mpt tft ddng am vua cd nghTa
"• Ankara Oniversitesi T O M E R , Yeni Hitit Yabancilar " Margarete I Ersen Rasch FrH-,»,„ o _ , , « . , , Ifin Turkft Ders Kitabi I Temel, TOrkce ve Yabanci Y^hnn^ii , J ^ \ ' ^'^^ Oimi (2015), DilAra^veUyguIamaMerk;?^;?,^*"" yl^ZLtrnt:^!. "^^' ""'"''' "'''^^
25
'^
Lu VT /Vn. Mpt s6 dgc diim cobdn eda tiing Tho NhTKy Ii mjt viia cd nghia li sd 100; el cung Ii
mdt tft ddng im vfta cd nghla li tay vvta cd nghla Ii ngiriri ngoii. Cdn cac tft ddng nghia cd thi liy vi dy nhir sene = yil cimg cd nghTa Ii nim, medeniyet = uygarhk (vin minh), fakir = yoksul (ngheo), fiil = eylem (dpng tft), kelime = sfizcflk (tft vyng).
Tiing Thd NhT Ky cdn cd mpt hf thdng cic tft tupng thanh (ses taklidi hay yansimali sSzpOkler) phin inh cic im thanh nghe thiy dupc trong ty nhifin vdi phuang thftc liy rit dJc tnmg. Vi dy: civil civil (liu Io), pitir pitir (gidn gidn) hojc ISp Ifip, gflmbflr gOmbflr, mini mini, $inl $inl, zangir zangir'^ v.v..
Trong tiing Thd NhT Ky, bfin cgnh tft vyng gdc Thd cdn cd mdt sd lupng ding ki tft vay mupn gdc nudc ngoii, nhu tu mupn gdc Arab, Ba Tu vi chiu Au. Theo thdng kfi ciia Hdi ngdn ngft Thd NhT Ky (Tflrk Dili Kurumu) thi tiing Thd NhT Ky cd 6516 tft mupn Arab (Arappa), 1375 tft mupn gdc Ba Tu (Farspa). Cimg vdi qui trinh hdi nhjp toin ciu, ngiy nay trong tiing Thd NhT KJf ciing cd mdt sd lupng ding ki tft vyng gdc Au, nhiiu nhit li vay mupn tft tiing Phip (Fransizca) 5540 tft, ki din Ii tiing Y (Italyanca) 607 tft, tiing Anh (tngilizce) 518 tft, tiing La Mi (Rumca) 448 tft, tiing Due (/Umanca) 105 tft, v..v, thjm chl li vay mupn tu gdc A nhu tiing Nhjt (J^jonca) 13 tu, tiing Hin Qudc (Korece) 1 tft". Nd phin inh thyc te ve sy
" Mehmet Hengirmen (2002), TOrkfe Temel Dilbilgisi, Engin Yaym Evi, s.86.
" TQrk Dil Kurumu (2011), Tokfe SOzlOk, TOik Dili Kurumu Yaymlan, s.2674.
giao thoa vi tiip bien ngdn ngft cua din tdc Thd qua cic thdi kl Ijch su khic nhau, ki tit khi dan tdc niy thien di tft ddng sang tiy nhiiu thi ki trudc. Tuy nhifin, khi vay mupn cic tft vyng goc nudc ngoii, ngudi Thd da biin ddi chung mpt cich linh hogt, tgo nen sy tuong thich vdi dJc trung ngdn ngft ciia rifing hp. Dd li biin ddi im vi dung trp tft. Vf dy: diva (gdc Ba Tu) biin ddi im thanh duvar (buc tudng), haste (gdc Ba Tu) -> hasta (bfnh), zeytun (gdc /Vrab) -
> zeytin (d liu), license (gdc Phip) -> lisans (cft nhan), lycfie (gdc Phip) -> Use (trung hpc phd thdng), pantalon (gdc Y) ->
pantolon (quin tiy)...''' Trp tft thudng dupc dimg chil yiu Ii trp ddng tft etmek hojc olmak kit hpp vdi cic tft vdn li danh tu gdc Arab hojc Ba Tft di tgo thinh ddng tft cd nghia, vf dy: seyir (gdc Arab) + etmek thinh seyretmek (nhin xem), kejif (gdc Arab) + etmek = kejfetmek (khim phi), sahib (gdc Arab) + olmak = sahip olmak (sd hftu).
Thdng qua cic dJc diim di phin tich nfiu trfin, cd thi thiy ring tiing Thd NhT Ki vira thi hifn cic yiu td cin bin ciia hf ngdn ngft Altai, gidng nhu cic ngdn ngft cung nhdm dupc biit din. Bfin cgnh dd, bing vifc tiip xiic vdi nhiiu nin vin hda Idn trong khu vye nhu Aiah, Ba Tu, Bizans vi chiu Au, tiing Thd NhT Ky cung di cd sy giao thoa tiip biin vi cic mjt vin ty vi tft vyng. Ndi cich khic, nd chfnh li sy inh xg ddi sdng vin hda, ngdn ngft cila
'* Mehmet Hengirmen (2002), TOrkfe Temel Dilbilgisi, Engin Yaym Evi, s.90.
din tpc Thd qua cic thdi ki ljch su khic nhau. Cimg vdi xu thi hpi nhjp khu vye v i toin cau, tiing Thd NhT Ky cung dang din trd thinh mpt ngdn ngft vdi vj thi v i tim inh hudng ding k i trong khu vye.
Tii lifu tham khao
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2. Asuman (^elen Pollard - David Pollard (1996), Teach Yourself Turkish A complete course for beginner. Contemporary Books, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Chicago.
3. §ukra Haluk Akalin (2010), "TUrk Dili:
Nghifin ciiu An E)p v i Chiu A. Sd 11 - 2016 Diinya Dili (Turkic Language: Worid Language)", Afilim Titrkge Ders Kitabi 1, Diset Yaymlan, Izmir.
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5. Mehmet Hengirmen (2002), Titrkge Temel Dilbilgisi, Engin Yaym Evi, Ankara.
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