SO12(206)-2012 NGON NGOT & o6\ SONG 19
( M G O A I N G Q VOI BAN N G O I
MOT SO KI NANG SU DVNG TU DIEN DE NANG CAO VON TU NGU CUA SINH VIEN KHONG CHUYEN NGU
Some skills in using dictionary to improve the English vocabulary knowledge of non-major student.s
NGUYeNTHEHAl
(ThS, Trudng DH Cong nghiep Tp Ho Chi Minh) Abstract
Vocabulary plays an important role in the process of leaming English as a foreign Language. There is no doubt thai dictionaries help students improve their vocabulary and become lifelong self-leaincrs. The way students expand their vocabulary depends largely on using dictionaries. This paper menlions some skills in using dictionary to help non - English major students to improve their vocabulary knowledge.
1. Mo'dau
Nhifiu nghifin cuu da chi ra rdng von hieu bifit ve tir ngii ddng vai trd quan trpng trong qud trinh hpc tieng (Knight, 1994; Luppescu
& Day, 1993). Hifin nay cd rdt nhifiu cdng cy giup ngudi hpc cd thfi ty hpc ndng cao vdn tir ngtr tifing Anh nhu: lai lieu, sdch bdo, ttr difin. may tinh, phan mfim hpc ttr vyng...
Trong dd, ttr difin dugc xem nhu mdt phan quan trgng khdng thfi thifiu ddi vdi ngudi hpc tifing. Theo mot sd nhd nghifin cuu, ttr difin cd ldc dung giiip ngirdi hpc dfi ddng hon qua trinh hpc ttr vung ciia minh (Hulstijn.1993; Knight, 1994; Summers, 1988). Tuy nliifin, cung cd khong it ngudi hpc cd the dat dugc hifiu qua cao lir vific sd dung tir difin. Bdi vifit nay dfi cap dfin mot sd kT nang sir dung tir dien dfi hang cao vdn tir ngtr tieng Anh cua sinh vifin khong chuyfin ngit.
2. Tam quan t r o n g cua vific sir dyng tir dien
Trong rat nhifiu phuong tien hd trg hgc tap ma sinh vifin cd the tan dung khi hpc
ngogi ngii-, sd dung lir difin dupc xem nhu la mdt lya chpn mang tinh quyet dinh dfi hgc tir chua bifit. Chimg ta dfiu biel rang hdu hfit cdc loai ttr difin dfiu cung cap cho ngudi hgc nhiJng thdng tin quan trpng ve ngii- phap va tir vyng. Nhd cd tir dien ma ngudi hgc khdng nhimg nam dupc cdc quy ludt ngdn ngiJ ma cdn hifiu dupc each van dyng chiing.
Thdng qua cdc vi du minh hpa giup ngudi hpc cdi thifin dupc vdn ttr vyng cua minh.
Difiu ndy la hfit sue quan trgng bdi vi vdi vdn tir vyng phong phu, sinh vifin cd thfi dfi ddng sir dung lieng Anh nhu mdt ngoai ngG thir hai trong giao tifip ciing nhu cho nghfi nghiep ciia minh vfi sau nay.
Tir difin dupc vi nhu mgt chia khda vgn ndng md ra canh cira thanh cong trong hpc lgp ciia sinh vifin. Hpc lir vyng qua tir difin tir lau nay da dupc xem nhu Id yfiu td ddu tifin trong qua trinh tu hgc cua sinh vifin. (Ii trfin ldp sinh vifin hpc tap, tuong tdc, giao tifip vdi nhau su dyng tifing Anh thdng qua hudng ddn, ggi m d cua gido vien. Ddi khi gido vifin cdn tham gia tryc tifip vdi sinh
20
NGON NGQ & Ddi S 6 N G S6 12 (206)-2012 'jP,vifin cimg giai quyfit nhimg \fin dfi hpc lgp cdn tdn lgi. Khi ra khdi ldp hue khdng cd sy giiip dd tryc liep ciia gido \icn. sinh vifin phai vii;n nhd den tir difin dc Ira ciru. Do dd, lir difin con dirge \cni nhu Id niOl ngudi th^y thir hai giiip hp ly hpc ngo;ii ngfl', Moi m^l sinh vifin nfin cd il nhal nipt cuun ttr dien thich hgp dfi tra ciru. Theo Luppescu & Day (1993), tim dugc mdt cuon lir di6n t^t Id thir ddu tifin md sinh \icn hoc ngoai ng& cdn vd la thir ma sinh vifin nfin mang theo chu khdng phai la ciic cuon sacli ngu phdp. Vl vgy. bat cir mdt sinh vifin nao muon hgc gidi ngogi ngit dfiu can Irang bj cho minh mgi bO lir difin thich hgp dfi cd ihc tra lir khi can thiel
3. KT nang su dung tir dien
Nhifiu nghien cim dd chi ra rdng tra ttr difin Id mgt trong nhu'ng chifin luge ma sinh vien hpc ngogi ngii su dung dfi hpc tir vyng.
Theo Knight (1994). su dung tir difin lam cho vice hpc tir ngir ciia sinh vifin dfi ddng hon. Trong nghifin ciru ciia minh, ba da chi ra rdng nhirng sinh vifin vira sir dyng tir difin vira phdn dodn tir qua van cdnh khdng nhtmg hgc dugc nhifiu tir hon sau khi dgc md cdn cd kha nang nhd lir ldu lion. Kfit qud ciia nghien cuu nay trimg hpp vdi nghifin ciai ciia Hulstijn (1993). Tuong lu nhu vdy, theo kfit qud nghifin cuu cua Summers (1988), ttr difin giup sinh vien nang cao vdn tir vyng bdi vi (1) ttr difin Id mdt cdng cu htru hi?u trong \icc phdn tich ngdn ngu. (2) ttr difin giiip sinh vifin hieu chinh xdc sy khdc biijt lir cdc lir luong ly, (3) tir difin giiip cho sinh vien nhd tir thdng qua viec hpc cdc lir trdi nghTa hodc cdc tir ddng nghTa, gdn nghTa.
Jones (1995) cho rdng vific sir dyng tir difin la mdt chifin lupc hpc lir vyng hifiu qua ddi vdi ngudi hgc tifing Anh bdi vi sir dung tir difin giup cho ngirdi hpc phdt huy tinh dpc lap. ty hpc, ty nghifin ciru qua dd ly tgo cho minh thdi quen hgc tap tdt. Thdng thudng khi tra cuu, nhieu sinh vifin ua dirng ttr dien song ngu hon vi trong dd dS cd chu giai cy
the cdc djnh nghia, vi dy bdng tieng m? dfi.
Tuy nhifin, mOt s6 sinh vicn khdc tai ua dung tir di^n don ngO vi cimg mgt liic cd the hgc dugc mdi nhdm lir. eym lir Iroiiii mpt lan tra lir. Trong cdc cu6n ttr di6n don ngi?. lu mdi dugc giai nghTa bdng cac tir luong duong va cd cdc vl dti minh hpa cy thfi do dd khi tfa tit nidi sinh vifin Igi hpc thfim dugc mpi so lugng cdc ttr mdi khdc. Ngodi ra. moi mgt tit cd m^t nhdm tir ho$c cd cac mdi quan h?
khdc giCl-a chimg nhu ttr dong dm, lir dong nghTa. tir trai nghTa...Vipc tra tir dien thudng xuyfin sfi giiip cho sinh vifin cimg cd, da dgng hda von lir vyng ciia minh.
Theo mgt sd nhd nghifin ciru (Baxter.
1980; Stark, 1990), kT ndng su dyng ttr dien khdng nhdng chi Hfin quan dfin viec tra tir can tim ma cdn giiip cho ngudi hpc ngoai ngt? tifit kifim dugc thdi gian vd cd the nang cao vdn tir vyng. ngtt phap. each phdt am, kT ndng vifit, dpc hifiu v.v. Hifin nay cdc nha bien soan tir dien, cac nhd xuat bdn ttr difin da va dang tim cdeh cdi tifin dfi lam sao cho tir difin trd thdnh mpt cdng cy tham khao tifin Igi hifiu qua nhdt ca ve ngi dung ldn hinh thirc. Trong mdi cudn ttr difin. cdc nha bifin sogn ttr difin dfiu dua ra nhung thdng tin cg the ve ngtt phap. tu vyng. each vifit lu, each phdt dm, ngQ: nghTa...Do dd dfi tra cuu tir difin mpt each hieu qua. sinh vien can phdi cd kifin thuc can thiet vc cau true vd ngi dung cua mpt bp tir difin.
Trong qua trinh hpc tifing Anh. su dung tir dien la kT ndng kba quan trpng. nhung co nhifiu ngudi cho rdng vific sir dyng ttr difin la binh thudng, thgm chi la qua de dang. Mpi sd khac cho rdng su dyng ttr difin ldm cho sinh vifin trd nen ludi hon hogc mdt himg thil, sao lang vigc hpc. Nhifiu sinh vifin chi nghT don gidn la diing tir difin de tra tir cfin tim. Vi thfi khi phai dtmg ttr difin dfi tra ti>.
nhitng sinh vifin nay chi chu y dfin viec tipi ttr dd d dau ma thdi. Cdeh sir dyng ttr dien nhu vgy trong nhieu trudng hgp s6 dan den vi?c hilu sai nghTa ciia tir vd khdng phat
so 12 (206)-2012 NGON NGUT & DOI SONG 21
Irifin dugc kT ndng sir dyng ttr difin. Theo cdc nha nghifin ciru, dfi tra ciru nhanh vd cd hi?u qua. sinh vien cdn cd mpt sd kT ndng tra ciru nhu sau.
3 1. Ldm quen vdi trgt lu lie iheo bang chie cdi ABC
Mpt trong nhung each xae dinh nhanh vj tri ciia lir can lim trong ttr dien Id lim thdng tin ve edch vifil cua tir (vifit hoa, vifit tdt.
cham cdu....) vd Idn theo trat ty tir theo bdng chft cai ABC. khi da xdc dinh dupc vi tri ciia tir can tim, difiu quan irpng tifip theo Id cdn phdi phan dodn nhanh lir nao dirng trudc. lir ndo dirng sau mpt tir khac. Neu nhOriig ki ty ddu ciia hai ttr gidng nhau. cluing ta can phdi xem xet dfin ki lu tiep ihco dfi cd the lim dirge dimg lir cdn tim. Ngoai ra can phai chu y den mdt sd tir cd chu cdi bdt dau la dm cam nhu: g (gnome), h (hour), k (know), p (psychology)...
3.2. Sic dung cdc tic hudng ddn Cdeh nhanh nhdt dfi tang toe dp tra tir trong tir difin la sir dyng cdc ttr hudng ddn. O trfin dau cung cua moi trang tir difin dfiu cd nigl ttr (hodc d gdc bfin trai hodc d gdc bfin phdi) dugc in dam hoi to hon so vdi cdc tir trong trang. Nhung ttr nay cd thfi giup sinh vifin nhanh chdng tim ra tir cdn lim trong ttr difin. Vi dy: khi mudn tra ttr 'hind', sinh vifin chi cdn md trang nhin theo lir ^binary'' in dam d goe phai trfin cting ciia trang dd Id cd the tim ngay dugc tu minh cdn.
3.3. Hieu cdc tie viit tdt vd cdc ki hieu Khi tra tir difin, difiu quan trgng Id sinh vien phai bifil dugc dgng thirc lir loai ciia tir cdn tim nhu: danh tir. dgng tir. trang ttr.,.rdi lim thdng tin ve ngii' phdp ciia tir: dgng thuc cua ddng ttr, danh tir sd nhifiu. danh tir sd it, gidi tir.... Trong ttr difin, nhung tir nhu vgy dfiu cd ki hieu rifing nhu:
abbr. abbreviation adj adjective adv. adverb conj. conjunction del determiner
prep. preposition pron. pronoun V. verb
Ddi vdi cdc logi ki hi?u \'c ttr logi danh lir, can chii y dfin cdc ki hieu nhu:|C]. | l l | . [singular], [plural]. f)dy Id cac ki hi?u ddnh cho danh tir, danh tir dfim dugc, danh lir khdng dem dugc. danh tir so it. danh lir sd nhifiu.... Vi dy;
noodle n |plural]
earring n [ often plural]
fortnight n [usually, singular]
Ddi vdi ddng ttr. nhiing ki hifiu nhu [1|.
[T] chi ra rdng nhiing ddng tir nay la ndi dgng lir hodc ngoai ddng tir.
run V [1]
meet v [T]
3.4. Xdc dinh vi tri ciia cdc cum lie. thanh Trong tifing Anh, cac tir rdt hifim khi dimg mdt minh md chimg thudng dung trong cum ttr vd dugc xdp xfip Iheo trgt ty bang chu cdi ABC sau ttr khda. Vi ihfi khi tra cum tir chiing ta nen xdc dinh tir khda trudc rdi tim ttr tiep theo dya vdo bdng chfl' cai ABC qua dd, tim thdng tin vfi cac lir lien quan.
ngudn gdc cua tir, ttr phai sinh. ddng nghTa.
trdi nghTa, ttr tuong ty...
VD tir-blood' blood bank blood clot blood count bloodfluke
Cdn cdc thdnh ngir thudng cd vi In' d cudi danh myc tir ciia cac lir khtia va thudng dugc boi den bdng ki hieu IDM.
3.5. Phdn biet cdc tie giong nhau vc chic viel
Trong tir difin cd rdt nhieu ttr giong nhau vfi chfl vifit nhung lgi khac nhau ve nghTa.
ngudn gdc va ddi khi cd ve each phat dm.
Sinh vifin cdn phdi chu y phan bifit theo ttr logi tim thdng tin vfi nghTa ciia tir: ttr ddng
22 NGON NGUT & D d l s 6 N G S612(206)-201^'
ngliTa. trai ngliTa. da nghTa. kha ndng kfit hgp. thanh ngi'r... \fi each phai am cua tir: dm lifil. trgng am. phdn bi^t giira Anh Anh - Anh MT. phdi dm cua cac tir giong nhau ve dang chCl:... Vi ciini: mot lir giong nhau nhirng nghTa dgng lir khac vdi nghTa danh tir.
each phdt am cua dgng tir khdc vdi each phdt am cua danh tir. Vi dy: lir 'iccoid"
record n /"rckD:d/: hd so. ki iyc...
record v/ri'kD:d/: ghi chep. thu bdng...
3.6. I lieu dugc each dimg cua cdc phg to (lien td hgu to)
Kifin thdc ngfl phap. diJc bigt Id kien thirc vfi cau lao lir licng Anh, rat quan trpng ddi vdi vice su dyng tir difin. Vi dy. nfiu bifit dugc ngliTa ciia lifin td "un-" am chi sy trdi nghTa thi khi tra tir "unhappy", chiing ta khong cdn phdi Ira ngliTa cua lir "unhappy"
ma chi can lim den lir gdc id happy' qua dd tifit kifim dupc thdi gian Ira tu' difin. Do dd, sinh vifin phai nam vtnig dugc cdu lao Itr lifing Anh. cdeh su dung tifin Id. hgu td.
Trong tifing Anh, hdu nhu cac lien td dfiu dupc sir dyng dfi thay ddi nghTa ma khdng cdn phdi thay ddi logi tir. Vi dy: happy——>
unhappy: possible—> impossible: regiilar- -> irregular....Nguac lgi. hdu td lgi thudng dupc dimg dfi tao thdnh cdc ttr loai khdc nhau. Vi du nhu rat nhifiu linh lir cd thfi trd thdnh trgng ttr bang each them dudi -ly vdo sau: careful —> carefully: beautiful'—>
beautifully; bad—^ badly Vi vgy khi gap tu mdi difiu ddu tifin la phai logi bd cac phy Id trudc khi tra tir.
Mdt khi da ndm vung each Ihuc tra ttr difin hprp li, sinh vifin se dfi ddng sir dyng tir difin md khdng gap nhifiu khd khdn. Hulstijn (1993) xdc nhan rdng. tan sudt sir dyng ttr difin ciia sinh vien cdng nhifiu Ihi vdn ttr ngQ:
cua hp cdng dugc ciing cd.
4. Ket luan
Tir difin ttr ldu nay dd dugc xem nhy mdt cdng cy hgc l§p tir vyng rat hOru (ch cl sinh vifin trong qud trinh hgc lifing. Khi h^
ttr vyng qua lir difin khdng nimng sinh vi^
ndng cao von lir vyng ctia minh ma cdn phi huy linh dpc l^p. ty hpc. ty nghifin curu qt dd tgo cho minh thdi quen ty hgc tot. VI va;
kT ndng su dyng tir difin can dugc tieh hg vdo trong chuong trinh hgc lap vd dirg hudng d3n. gidng dgy trfin Idp nhdm giii eho sinh vifin cd ihdi quen tra ciru vd co thirc ly hgc. ty nghifin curu khi hpc tilng.
Tdi li$u Iham khao 1. Baxter. 1 . (1980), The dictionary an vocabulary behaviour: A single word or handfun TESOL Quarterly. 14. 325- 336.
2. Hornby. A. wS. (2000). Oxfor advanced learner '.v dictionary (fl ed, Oxford. Oxford University Press.
3. Hulstijn. J.H. (1993). Whendoforeig language readers look up the meaning i unfamiliar words? The influence of task at) variables. The Modern Language Journal.i5 139-147.
4. Jones, F. (1995). Learning an die lexicon: A leach your.self ca.se study. Secon Language Research. 11 (2). 95- I I I . ^ ^
5. Knight. S. (1994), Dictionary M while reading: The effects on compreftt^k and vocabulary acifuisition for .sludentsj different verbal abilities. The Moder Language Journal. 78. 285- 299.
6. Luppescu, S.. & Day. R. R. (1993 Reading dictionaries und vocabulary learniin Language leaming. 43(2). 263-287.
7. Stark, M. P. (1990). D/c//wii workbooks: a critical evaluation of dictionA workbooks for ihe foreign language leant University of Exeter Press.
8. Summers, D. (1988). The roles i dictionaries in language learning. In R. Carti
& M. McCarthy (eds.). Vocabulary ffij language teaching. London: Longman, if 125.
(Ban Bi6n tfip nhfln bdi ngfly 12-11-20J