TAP CHi KHOA HOC TRlTCtNG BAI HOC HONG BVC^S646^9
MOT SO OAC DIEJM THO CAO BA QUAT
Le Thi D u n g '
TOM TAT
Cao Bd Qudt (1809 -1855) - mot nhd tha l&n. mgt Men tugng doe ddo trong van hoc^
trung dgi Viet Nam. Tha dng khdng chi cho thdy mgt nhdn each, mdt bdn ITnh ke sTdang ne trong (qua hinh luang tde gid). md cdn cho thdy nhiiu vdn di mangy nghta xd hgi - tham mTsdu sac. Khong U nhung thong diep tu tha Cao Bd Quat, eho din hom nay van cdn mang tinh th&i su. ddng di cho nguai Men dgi phdi suy ngdm nhieu.^ Bdi viet di sau phan lieh, xdc dinh mot s6 ddc diim ciia tha Cao Bd Qudt mang tinh thdn dy cua nhd tha.
Tix khoa: Cao Bd Qudt. tha, dgc diim tha, ldi lu da cimg.
1. DATVANDE
Cao Ba Quat ndi len nhu mdt ttong nbhng dinh cao cua ban ITnh va tai nang tha.
Ong la ngudi giau khi phach trong ddi ciing nhu ttong tha, la ngu'di cua tri tue anh minh va cam xiic chSt Ipc. Xet ve mat sd lupng tac phSm, cd the xep Cao Ba Quat la mdt "ngdi sao sang nhat" trong sd cac danh gia dudi thdi trung dai. Day la dieu dac biet bdi sau khi dng bi hpa "tru di tam tpc", mpi vdt heh v^ dng deu cd the bi xda nhda, ndi gi den tha. The nhung dudng nhu su sang tao da khdng the bi cai ac viii lap. Dpc gia yeu men tha dng (cd the la nhan dan va cac bac thu'c gia) da bao gan luu giii, truyen Iai. Sang the ki XX, tha van Cao Ba Quat tirng budc dupc suu tap, phien dich, nghien cuu va gidi thieu ngay cang rdng rai ban. Den nay sang tac ciia dng dupc ddng dao ban dpc biet den (chu yeu la tha chil Han, khoang 1000 bai), cd the cbi la mdt phan trong di san van hpc (bang chir Han va cbh Ndm) ma dng de lai. Rat can thiet phai cd nhhng cdng trinh phan tich, xac dinh dac diem tha cua mot nhan each va tai nang dac biet nhu Cao Ba Quat.
2. MOT SO DAC DIEM NOI BAT CUA THO CAO BA QUAT
2.1. Tho Cao Ba Quat - tieng noi ciia mpt ban lmh va khi tiet cao cuong Ngudi duang thdi gpi Cao Ba Quat va Nguyln Van Sieu (ban than cua dng) la "Than Sieu, Thanh Quat". Cao Ba Quat timg xac dinh: "Van nhu con ngudi ciia nd Van thSm hau thi con ngudi ciia nd tram tinh, van dn nhu thi con ngudi cua nd dn hda van cao khiet thi con ngudi cua nd dam ma gian; van himg hdn thi con ngudi cua no cuang ma nhanh; van uyen sau thi eon ngudi cua nd thuan tuy ma dung dan".
Khdng khd de nhan ra net khoang dat, cao khiet, manh me, ran rdi trong tu duv tha Cao Ba Quat. Cao Ba Quat say sua ca ngpi canh tri non sdng dat nudc; ca ngpi Huns Dao Vuang - vi anh himg cuu nudc lam cbo quan Nguyen bat via kinh hdn; ca ngpi hanh dd
NCS Tnrcnig Dai hoc Khoa hgc Xa hoi va Nhdn van - Dgi hoc Quoc gia Hd Npi
TAP CHi KHQA HOC TRirONG 0 ^ 1 HOC HONG BlTC - SO 46.2019
nghia khi cua Chu Van An,... Khi tha manh me, himg ttang nbu khi chdt, tidt thao cua con ngudi dng. Tuy nhien do bi tu day nhidu trong nha hi ttidu Nguydn, ttong tho dng cd tam ttang udt uc, cam gian. Ong Ien an cai gdng nhu la hien nhan cua eai ac, su bdt cdng; eai gdng khdng bd mang y nghia cua cdng ly phan xet:
Gdng ddi!
Gdng ddi!
Mdy biit the ndo dugc aiphdi vd ai Pdi Mdy chi Id cai mdy ldm nhue nguai dai thdi...
Cao Ba Quat udc cai gdng bien thanb cai thang may de dng cuoi con gid va cuoi xda bay di. Ong cung vi minh nhu con hac, con chim hdng bi dau, da bao lau khdng cdn hi vgng. Khi dupc dinh tdi va tam tha, dupc di xudt duong va phuc vu mdt doan ra nudc ngoai, dng cam thay minh dupc chap canh bay giua khdng gian rdng ldn. Ra nudc ngoai, dugc md mang t§m mat, dng thay rd su khac nhau trong Idi sdng cua ngudi phuang Tay so vdi ngudi phuang Ddng.
Vira la nha tha ddng thdi ciing la lanh tu cua phong trao ndng dan khdi nghia (tbu linh cua eudc khdi nghia My Luang), Cao Ba Quat la mdt ngudi cd ban lmh dac biet. Tha van cua dng cGng the bien rat rd cai ban ITnh ay. Cao Ba Quat khdng ao tudng vdi trieu dai nao. Tho cang ve sau cang hao hung, khoang dat. Chia tay vdi ban tren sdng nudc bao la, dng nghT den "ehi ldn mudn dam" {Thanh Tri phiem chdu nam hg), di qua nui Due Thuy udc len dinh niii de hat giri tam Idng vao may nudc (Qua Due Thiiy San)... Ngay ca khi viet ve cac nhan vat lich sii, dng ciing ca ngpi nhiing nlian vat cd ehi khi, cd su nghiep phi thudng {Vinh Phit Ddng Thiin Vuang, vinh Chu Vdn An)... Ong cho rang cupc ddi cd y nghia chi'nh la cupc ddi duac boat ddng sdi ndi, cd cdng hien cho dan cbo nudc, chir khdng phai la tim ldi nhan tan. Cac sang tac ciia ong ludn cbo thay eai sirng shng cao Idfn, vupt len cai thdp le te cua chd dp phong kidn tridu Nguyen nira dau the ki XIX. Cac tac pham cua dng cung thoat han khdi vdng "kiem tda cua Nho giao".
Xuit than la con quan va cung la gia dinh nho hpc, nhung nhiJng rang budc ciia Nho giao khdng "trdi chan" dupc Cao Ba Quat. Ong cd each nhin, each danh gia rieng eua minh vh cupc sdng, kbdng phu thudc hay cimg didm nhin vdi the gidi quan Nho giao. Tdi tie da citng phit la mdt tac phim ndi tidng cua dng, vua cd net gdn ghi vira cd nhihig net khac biet vdi Hdn nho phong vi phu cua Nguyen Cdng Tni. Nguydn Cdng Tru the hien cai ngheo ciia minh ttong Hdn nho phong vt phii cd ve chua chat chju dung (cd the Nguyen Cdng Trir vdn trong vdng "kidm tda" ciia Nho giao). Cao Ba Quat lai khdng nhu vay. Cao Ba Quat thdm thia cai ngheo, kliinh ghet nhiing ke khom iuiig cui gdi hdng cau danh lpi.
Ong cung khdng "tbi vi" vd cai ngheo, cang khdng tin d ttiet Ii tudn hoan hay djnh menh cua Nho giao. Ong hn vao chinh minh, chinh minh hanh ddng dd thay ddi cupc ddi minh:
Bdi phit Duang Hiing dii nghiim td, thi xin ting bdn quy ra den miin Ddng Hdi di ta deo vdng thu kiem quyit xoay bgch de lgi lau ddi.
Cdu vdn Hdn Du ddu thiing chdng thi xin ling citng thdn ra den biin Cdn Ldn di ta gdnh vdc giang san, quyit nem thanh khdm sang cdm td.. [3; tr.219].
TAP CHI KHOA HOCTRU-6NG B ^ H O C H O N G B V C ^ S 6 4 6 2 n 9
Quan niem khoang dat, rdng md, cd phdn ngao nghd nhu the, kbdng the noi a qu niem chinh thdng ciia Nho giao dugc. Ong nhan ra su bidn ddi cua van chuang duong . cang dau xdt han khi bidt ring tinh trang dd la do dudng ldi van chuang md tdi,_do tuc oc gay nen. Y thuc cua mot nha tha kliien ong ban khoan lo ldng, ddng thdi thay ro ttac nhiem ciia minh:
Du&ng lii van chuong m& tdi dd tdn Thdi tuc hgc lgi cdng lich Igc.
Hgng cao thi liing sinh den tot bde, Hgng thdp thi di vdo thap hen nhd mon Than dil Ta biit theo ai?
Ldi keo lgi, ta khdng cdn cdch ndo nua chdng?
(Nam muai vdn tha cupc sdng) Cao Ba Quat nhan thdy ro su gd bd trong quy chd ttudng thi; thay rd sij tai hai cua cai hpc khoa cu. Ong chi ro: "Cai khoa bpc thi cu in sau vao dc ngudi ta da may ttam nam, hdng vang ciia phong nha hdu nhu tdt hdn". Phai la ngudi cd chl khi, ban ITnh cao cudng mdi dam di ngupc Iai didu ma ca xa hdi phong kidn dang theo mdt "ldi mdn", khuon sao cimg nhac.
2.2. Tho- Cao Ba Quat la tiing ndi cua mot tam h6n giau cam thong, nang triu suy tu vg cuoc song, v§ coi nhan sinh va kiep ngudi
Tha Cao Ba Quat ddi dao cam xiic, dam chat suy tu, cam ngbi. Hai mat nay ket hpp hai hda, chat che xuyen sudt ttong tho dng. Ong thudng it khi bd hep cam xuc trong gidi ban cu hie vd ddi tupng phan anh hay mieu ta, ma md rdng, nang cao, tu do lien tudng nhieu hien tupng xa hdi, con ngudi, the gidi nhan sinh... Nhd chii trpng lien tudng, nha tha dat ra biet bao nhieu van de xa hpi hen quan. Bdi Duang phu hdnh dupc viet ttong thdi gian Cao Ba Quat di theo mdt phai doan sang Indonesia (dng phai "lap cdng chupc tpi" - mgt dang cai tao cho nhimg ke dupc trieu dinh tam tha). Khi bat gap nhiing "biic ttanh hanh phtic thu nhd"
ciia ddi vp chdng ngudi phuang Tay "dng nhu tim thay diem ehung nao dd giua mdt ddt nudc xa xdi va dan tgc minh. Ong thay canh quan mdt dem ttang tten bign, bidn lang nhu cupc ddi binh lang cua ngudi phu nh phuang Tay. Ong cam nhan dupc va thd hien mdt each tinh te "man trdng nhu tuyet" ciia ttang phuc ngudi phu nu phuong Tay kia - trang phuc mau trdng la mau rdt hidm doi vdi phu nu Viet Nam thdi xua. Dudi cai nhin ciia Cao Ba Quat, tu thd ngdi cua cd thieu phu, ngdi tua minh vao vai lang quan, ngam trang va nhin cac thuang thuyen (ttong do cd thuyen eua ngLrdi Nam vdi ngpn den sang), day la tu' the ngdi ciia cac cap tinh nhan, nhiJng ddi uyen uang, the hien su tu do yeu ducmg, hj do ttao giri tam hnh hiem cd frong tha van tmyen thdng cua ta. Ciing tu do dng thay cupc sdng vien man suna tiic qua nhimg bieu hien be ngoai cua ngudi phu nii phuang Tay. Chi tiet "hirng hd cdc sira bieng cam tay" the hien cupc sdng ttong no du, sung tiic ve vat chat, vien man vd tinh thdn ciia con ngudi. Bai tha cd 8 ddng, mdi ddng cd 7 chu, nhung lai khdng phai tha thdt neon bat cii, loai tha Dudng luat dang ddi nghiem chinh, ma la thudc the "hdnh". Bai tha cd 2 kl "^
Klid dau lay van trac, kbd sau lay van bang (nhung ttong ban dich, ca 2 khd d6u vdn b§
T ^ P CHI KHOA HOC TRtfCUNG B 4 I HOC HONG BtTC - S 6 46.2019
cSn ehii y khi phan tich bai tho nay, khdng nen tan duong tir ngCi va each hiep vjn d ban dich). Bai Di sau khiic yen ddi anh ngu eiia ong Dd sal hg Bid lai ra ddi sau khi Cao Ba Quat cdng can o Indonesia ve. Tac gia Yen Dai la ngudi cung thdi vdi Cao Ba Quat, di sii d Tnmg Qudc ve de lai tap sach tren. Cao Ba Quat td y cam phuc quyen sach nay, bdi nd la cudn sach cudn hut, thdi thuc manh me. Tuy la ngudi hoc rdng, tinh thdng moi nhe nhung Cao khdng mudn vui dau vao sach vd. Ong mudn ngang dpc tung hoanh trong vu tru bao la, tim kiem kidn thuc ddi sdng thuc tien mdi that dang quy. Khi dgc sach Yen dai, dng ngd ra sire cudn hut cua Yen dai trudc het la tir diem nhin: ngdi Uen "ba thudc vdng" ma nhu thdy nhfing day nui ldn, nhttng con sdng dai, nhu tiep xuc dugc vdi bao hao kiet, thanh hidn.
Quan trgng hon la gia tri thuc tien bdi sach cua Do sat hg Bui la sach vidt vd nhitng didu mat thay tai nghe, vi vay ma nd sinh dgng va hap dan, khac han Ioai sach ndi sudng, nham chan, loai sach van chuang cu tu, van chuang theo ldi thi cu sao mdn. Cao Ba Quat len an loai sach tradng quy, thieu kien thuc thuc tien ma dng van hoc tnrdc day. Nguyen biin bai tho la chu' Han, the tho biiy chit van trac. Ban dich cua Hoang Tao chu yen la 8 chir, cd khi 9 chir hoac 10 chir, nhung nhip dieu trong bai dich nhe nhang, thanh thoat htm. Da sd ddng tha 8 chu deu ngat theo nhip ba am dau vdi nam am cudi. Tho Cao Ba Quat cdng dung kha nhieu diSn tich cd trong su Trung Qudc, dieu nay hoan toan phu hgp vdi viec van tha cd, thudng sii dung nhidu didn tich cd trong kho tang van hda cd. Mdi dien tich, tu nd chua dung mgt ngi dung tham raT nh&t dinh.
2.3. Thff Cao Ba Quat 14 tiing noi ciia mdt tam hdn tho-, mot quan ni6m the- doc dao
Trudc Cao Ba Quat ngudi ta quan niem tho cd nhidu loai va moi loai cd mgt sd tinh ch4t nhdt dinh, dam bao dugc thi tho se hay, bSng khdng thi se dd. Theo Le Quy Ddn, "Ndi v6 viec theo hdu noi dai cac thi dn hda, nhuan nhi va phong phu; ndi vd vice ddng quan, ddn thii thi lanh liing, hung trang. Mieu ta thai tidt, canh vat quy d chd thanh tao, dep de; mieu ta rung nui in dat quy d chd nhan nha, phdng khoang. Td bay y chi cdn phai ttang trong; vieng cd can phai cam khai; tang nhau nen mdm mdng, luu luyen". Nhung Cao Ba Quat khdng cho dd la su khai quat cd tinh chit toan dien, khdng cho dd la nhiing nguyen tgc, cdng thuc ma ngudi cjm but phai tuan theo. Ong dat vdn dd theo ldi tu duy nghe thuat: ve cau, chiJ, van, nhip, dieu, vi cd nhu thd mdi hgp vdi tho, vdi cac thd loai khac nhu cao, phu, chieu, bieu...
Theo dng luat le la cjn thidt, song didu quydt djnh la tu urdng, tinh cam cua ngudi sang tac.
Ong ndi: "Ban ve tho, my phai chu trgng vd quy each, song lam tho thi phai gdc 0 tinh tinh" . Xet "tinh tinh" la gdc cua tho, Cao Ba Quat da dd cap ddn mdt vdn de co ban cua sang tac nghe thuat, dd la su rung cam cua nguoi nghe sT. Nghe si phai mng cam that thi tho mdi cd hdn, cd kha nang ttuyen cam, lan tda.
Dien ddo xudn Idm bat lu tri Tdy H6 chdn cd Ihi Tdy Thi Doanh doanh thuy dgi ha binh hau Khiic khuc qudn yeu thdo luc ihi
(Long xudn nghieng ngd khong lu cdm giii noi
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T ^ P c m KHOA HOC TRUCfNG BAI HOC HONG P l T ^ l ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
Tdy Hd qud thgt Id mot ndng Tdy Thi Mat mdy ddy ddn la khi sdng ldng
Lung ngu&i con gdi udn eo la liic nggn cd xanh)
{Du Tdy Hd bat tuyet - bai 2) _ _ Tha Cao Ba Quat cho thdy nha tha rdt nang ddng, da dang trong van dung cac but phap (tu su, tru tinh, mieu ta,...) va cac bien phap tu tir. Chdng han d bai Phd nam eung xudt giao mdn biet chu de tit, nha tha viet:
Du tir CO qudc Man man huang truang lg Xudt giao thiin vi luong Hdnh sac ddi sa vU Di tu tong ngii hdnh Tuang tity bdt nhdn tnr Kh&i thi nhi nir tinh Yim dien le nhu chu UC ngd tich niin du DT vi phu danh ngd Thir biet huu an chi Vdng sir khdng hdi thu.
Cao Ba Quat da tuan theo quy luat dien bien cua tu tudng va hnh cam, do dd phan anh mdt each chan thuc nhip dieu Ien xudng ciia ddng tinh cam tac gia, va cung do tac gia cd mdt tam hdn phong phu, mdt cam xuc ddi dao.
Tir khi leu chong di thi, den khi budng thanh guam giu.'a chien trudng, Cao Ba Quat ludn dm ap hoai bao vi dan, vi nudc. Tu tudng yeu nudc, thucmg dan la tu tudng chinh tri tien bd, cung la tu tudng sang tao cbii dao trong tha Cao Ba Quat. Hoan toan cd ca sd de khang dinh: Tho Cao Ba Quat "cd ndi dung tu tudng cao, cd tac dung giao due, dgng vien, CO vii manh me ". Cao Ba Quat la ngudi dgc nhieu, di nhieu, trai nghiem nhieu, Iai cd quan niem tha ddc dao, cd nang lyc sang tao ddi dao, tir dd, cd nhieu bai tha ddc dao, hdp d§n...
3. KET LUAN
Tha Cao Ba Quat la mgt hien tugng dgc dao trong tha ca Viet Nam trung dai. Cac sang tac cua Cao Ba Quat cho thay mgt phong each rieng, tai hoa, khdng chdp va sdng suong ma manh me, quyet liet... Dieu dang hee la dng h lam tha Ndm, nhdt la d chane dudng van hpc chij Ndm dan tpc dat den dinh cao vdi hang loat tac phdm dg ddi nhu Chinh phu ngdm, Truyen Hoa tien, Truyen Kiiu... Cang dang tiec han khi Cao Ba Ouat chua giam "lay qudc ngii lam van chucmg" ("lay qudc ngtr lam van chuang ta chua dam vay" - bai tua ciia Cao Ba Quat ve Truyen Hoa tien). Tha dng chng cdn diing nhigu di"^
heh, dien cd, lam cho ngudi dpc khd hieu, phai tra ciiu cdng phu. Tinh lan tda trone tl dng dudng nhu chi gidi ban d gidi "tao nhan, mac khach", gidi hgc thuat. Tuy nhien m"t vai han che ay khdng he lam giam gia tri nhieu mat cua tha Cao Ba Quat. Tir hien tir
TAP CHI KHOA HOC T R g d N G BAI HOC H 6 N G BtTC - SO 46.2019
tha Cao Ba Quat, chung ta tim thiy nhidu bai hgc gia tti vd tu tuong chinh tri, xa hgi, vd quan niem va nghe thuat sang tao thi ca.
T A I L I E U THAM KHAO
[1] Bien Minh Didn (2018), Mgt so vdn di vi tu ludng ly ludn phi binh tir di sdn vdn hoe qud khu ddn tgc. Tap chi Nghien cim van hgc, sd 2.
[2] Nguydn Dang Manh, Bui Duy Tan, Nguyin Nhu Y (2012), Tu- diin tac gid Idc phdm vdn hge Viet Nam, Nxb. Giao due Viet Nam, Ha Ndi.
[3] Nguyen Hiiu San, Dang Thu Thao (chu bien) (2006), Cao Bd Qudt vi tde gid lae phdm, Nxb. Giao due Viet Nam, Ha Ngi.
[4] Nguydn Ba Thanh (2006), Bdn sdc Viet Nam qua giao luu vdn hoe, Nxb. Dai hgc Qudc gia Ha Ngi, Hii Ndi.
[5] Tran Nggc Vuong (chii bien), Vdn hgc Viil Nam the ki X den the ki XIX nhitng vdn de ly ludn lieh sit, Nxb. Dai hgc Qudc gia Ha Ngi, Ha Ndi.
SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF CAO BA QUAT'S POETRY
Le Thi Dung ABSTRACT
Cao Ba Quat (1S09-1S1S) - a great poet, a unique phenomenon in medieval Vietnamese literature. His poetry not only reveals a respectable personality, a respectable scholar (through the image of Ihe author), but also shows many issues of deep social and aesthetic significance. Many messages from Cao Ba Quat's poems are still applicable today, worthy of much reflection for modern people. The article goes in depth to analyze and identify some characteristics of Cao Ba Quat's poetry that bears the spirit of Ihe poet.
Keywords: Cao Ba Quat, poetry, poetic characteristics, unlucky actor.
*Ngay nop bdi: 4/10/2019; Ngdy giii phdn bien: 6/10/2019: Ngdy duyet ddng: S/11/2019
