KINH TE - XA HOI
MO HINH XAY DUNG NANG llfC CONG NGHE Of HAN QUOC, DAI LOAN VA TRUNG QUOC: MOT VAI PHAN TICH SO SANH
PHl HONS MINH-
Tom tat: Xdy dimg ndng luc cdng nghi Id nhdn td cdt loi ddm bdo tdng truang bin vimg, glitp nin kinh li ihu hep khodng cdch ihu nhdp vd ndng sudt vai^ cdc niro p ^ Irlin. Hdn Qudc vd Bdi Loan Id hai nin kinh ti di trudc, vdi hal md hinh bdt kip cong ng Ihdnh cdng diin hinh id md hinh .xdy dimg ndng lire dira trin tap dodn gta dinh (cnae J cita Hdn Qudc vd dim trin cdc doanh nghiep vira vd nhd (SMEs) vdl kil cdu mgng hiai cua Ddi Loan. Trung Qudc dang tiip nil Id trinh hgc hdi vdl md hinh mang ddc tinh ciia ca Han Qudc vd Ddi Loan ciing nhirng cdch thirc xdy dimg ndng luc cdng nghi hodn lodn khac biet.
Tir kinh hdp thu cdng nghi dim chu yiu vdo FDI chiin luge dgt dugc cdng nghe bang mgt gid cita Trung Qudc dang ldm gia Idng lo nggi an ninh ddi vai My vd phuang Tdy. Dieu nay kil hgp vdi vai trd dt trdi ciig nhd nude ciing nhimg dgc diem phi thi truang dang Id nhiing tra nggi truac mdt ddt hdi Trung Qudc cdn phdi gidl quyit di cd thi lien ve phia truac mgnh vd bin vimg han.
Til khoa: Han Qudc. Dai Loan, Trung Qudc, Md hinh xay dyng nang lyc cdng nghe, Nang lyc R&D
1. Gioi thieu
Han Qudc, Dai Loan la hai nen kinh te cdng nghiep hda mudn da thyc hien dugc lang trucmg nhanh, manh trong mdt Ihdi gian dai va virng vimg sau cac cugc khiing hoang kinh te. Di sau gan ba Ihap ky nhu mpi nen kinh le md ciia sau, Trung Qudc dang tiep ndi con ducmg phat trien vdi nhung thanh lich dang ke ve lang trudng kinh te. Rai nhieu hpc giii chi ra nguyen nhan iin sau ky lich kinh le cda ba nen kinh te nay chinh la thanh cdng Irong Kay dyng nang Iyc qudc
TS . Vien Nghien cuu Dong Bac A
gia ve khoa hpc cdng nghe va sang tao, hien Ihuc hda dugc bai kip cdng nghe vdi cac qudc gia dan dau, Iham gia vao nhdm tien phong cdng nghe tren the gidi'. Ljch sir phat trien cita cac nen kinh te cdng nghiep hda mupn sau Chien tranh the gidi thir hai cho thiy, rit nhiiu qudc gia da nd lyc cai thien nang luc qudc gia, nhtmg rat it trong sd dd bit kjp dugc cdng nghg di trd Ihanh nhung nin kinh t i cdng nghiep mdi vdi mirc thu nhap cao. Mdt sd nghien ciru chi ra gioj i,^!, v i mirc dp tich tu cdng nghe va thiiu khuyin ' Xem them Chu, 2006; Kim, 1999; Lec va Ki„ , LeevaLi,2014;WB,2005,2010. • ^""i
18 NQHIEN Cdu OdNQ BflC fl, SO 12(226^^;^^^
Nghien cicu khoa hpc
khich danh cho hoai dpng xay dyng nang lyc cdng nghe vdn cd tinh nii ro cao la diem nghen tang truting d nhieu qudc gia . Trong khi do, su bat kjp cdng nghe nhanh nhumg vdi nhiing each thirc thieu minh bach va cudng ep eiia Trung Qudc dang lam gia lang lo ngai tir nhung qudc gia cdng nghiep tien tiin, dac biet la My va Chau Au ve nguy co mat di cac cdng nghe ngudn hay mat di vi the lanh dao cdng nghe ve tay Trung Qudc.
Cac phan tiep Iheo cua bai viet se lim hieu md hinh xay dyng nang lyc cdng nghe d ba nen kinh te Han Qudc, Dai Loan va Trung Qudc vdi nhttng dac trung dien hinh nhal.
Tren ca sd nay, bai viet se dua ra mdi sd phan tich so sanh ba md hlnh, ddng thdi day cung la nhtrng ggi md kinh nghiem qudc le trong xay dyng nang Iyc hpc hdi cdng nghe cho nhttng nude di sau nhu Viet Nam.
2. Mo hinh Han Quoc
Con dudng xay dyng nang Iyc cdng nghe cua Han Qudc ve co ban kha gan vdi md hinh Nhat Ban, it dya vao dau tu Iryc liep nude ngoai (FDI), nd Iyc phai ttiin cdng nghe lu than dya vao ngudn tai chinh hd ttp tu ben ngoai, tap trung vao cac lap doan ldn (chaebol) nhu nhirng diu lau thyc thi nang cip cdng nghe, ddng thai tan dung kjp thdi cac xu hudng thj trudng cung nhu Ian sdng cdng nghe tren toan ciu de thyc hien bin pha. Md hinh Han Qudc cd dac Irung bdi muc ng cag vdi mdi lien he chat che giira ngan hang cdng (chju kiim saat cda nha nude) va chaebol nhim tao thuan lgi chp qua ttinh cdng nghiep hda va xay dyng nang luc cdng nghe dya tren quy md. Ngudn cdng
nghe cho cdng nghiep hda dac biel ttong phat ttien cac nganh cdng nghiep njng cdt yeu cua nen kinh le chu yeu dya vao viec nhap khau cdng nghe trpn gdi tir nude ngoai (bao gdm ca thiet ke, day chuyen, Uiiet bj) vdi ngudn tai chinh hau hel lu vay ng nude ngoai, dac biet la tir chuong trinh USAID cua My. Ng nude ngoai cua Han Qudc tang manh tu 10,7% tdng san Iugng qudc gia (GNP) nam 1965 Ien 44,4% nam 1980 va dat dinh 62,1% nam 1985^. Song hanh vdi kenh nhap khau cdng nghe, Chinh phu Han Qudc ban hanh cac chinh sach phai trien vdn nhan Iyc. bao hd nganh theo Id trinh, khuydn khich R&D, uu dai ve thui va lai trg cho chaebol md eac trung tam Nghien ciiu va Irien khai (R&D) de tirng budc nang cap nang lue lir hap thu ldi lan tda va cii tien, sang tao cdng nghe. Ciing vdi nang cap nang Iyc cdng nghe, chinh phii Ihyc thi eac chinh sach khuyen khich thtic day xuat khau de xay dyng nang lyc canh tranh loan cau cho eac doanh nghiep Irong nude.
Thdi ky dau Han Qudc thyc hien cdng nghiep hda bat kjp truyin thdng di tu phat triin cdng nghiep nhe tham dung lao dgng rdi dan chuyen sang cac nganh cdng nghiep nang tham dung vdn, sau do nhanh chdng tiin vao cac nganh cdng nghe Ihdng tin va truyin Ihdng (ICT) khi lan sdng cdng nghe ICT ndi Ien vao Ihap nien 1980-1990. Cach thirc dai duge cdng nghe cua Han Qudc dugc danh gia mang nang linh dan loc, ty luc: diing vay np va vien trg nude ngoai nhap khiu cdng nghe, thuc hien chu ttinh ky
- Xem WB, 2005,2010.
' Chu, Y.P. & Hill, H. (eds.) (2006), The East Asian high- tech drive, Etjward Elgar Publishing.
NGHIEN Cdu OdNG BflC fl, sd 12(226) 12-2019 19
Nghien vuiij^^^z-
thuat nguge de hgc hdi xay dyng nang lyccdng nghe cho cac doanh nghiep ttpng nude.
Md hinh nang cap cdng nghe ciia Han Qudc dugc phan tieh chi tiii ttong Lim (1997) \a Lee va Kim (2001). Theo dd, ttong ba giai doan phat trien ciia cdng nghe (gdm gicii thieu, phat trien, chin mudi), thi doanh nghiep se tham gia thj trucmg khi cdng nghe da phat ttien, cd cho diing, luc nay doanh nghiep (hoac nha nude) se cd ging mua dugc gdi cdng nghe tien tien, timg budc xay dyng nang lyc cdng nghe theo Id ttinh: dgt dugc cdng nghe -> hdp thu -> cdl tien ->
sdng tgo cdng nghe mdi. Nha nude se tiep tuc khuyen khich qua trinh Ian Ida cdng nghe tten toan nen kinh te (tir chaebol ehuyen giao cho cac doanh nghiep vua va nhd (SMEs) thdng qua co che thau phu), thiic day canh tranh tten thj trugng ndi dja va khuyen khich xuat khau de xa> dyng nang lyc eanh ttanh qudc le. Ap iyc canh ttanh tten thi ttucmg qudc te se lai tiep tuc kieh thich doanh nghiep gia tang hieu qua va dau lu sang tap cdng nghe mcri. Neu nhin theo md hinh xay dyng nang lyc cOa cac nen kinh le cdng nghiep mdi (NIEs) ma Hobday (1995)'' dua ra Ihi Han Qudc nd Iyc nhay cdc lao dung thuong hieu qudc gia rieng (OEM), ddng thdi ttong qua ttinh xay dyng thugng hieu van Ihyc hien san xual ca OEM va
* Hobday (1995) trong phan tich sang tao 6 cac ngn kinh te Dong A chi ta mo hinh quoc gia nang cap nang luc cong nghe khi tham gia chuoi cung ung loan cdu voi cac cong t\ da qudc gia (MNCs): ban diu nha loi thg lao dong gii re. qu6c gia tham gia mang luoi san xudt cua MNCs tro thanh Nha san xudt thiet bi goc (OEM) theo don hang v^ cong nghe tir MNCs, sau khi nang cSp nang luc tu thiit ke thi tiich chuyen dan Ien tro thanh Nha thigl ke san phim g6c (ODM) va khi da co nang luc cong nghg \ a thj uudng thi tro thanh Nha san xuit thuong hieu gdc (OBM).
ODM theo dat hang. Song hanh v"' '^^
hip thu cdng nghe nhap khiu, Han U thiit ki chinh sach khoa hgc \a ^°"^^^,^
(S&T) nhim xa> dyng nang lyc R* ,|_
dian nhu thanh lap cac \ ien nghien cuu, ttnng tam cdng nghe, eac thanh pho hgc. Thdi ky nhttng nam 1970, vice cd dUdc cdng nghe ha>- thyc thi R&D chii yeu dupc cac Id chiic nghien ciru ciia chinh phu Ihyc hien sau dd cung cip lai cho cac doanh nghiep W nhan gin nhu miin phi ho?c gia re. Sau dd, nhan thiy nhu ciu cin thiet xay dyng nang Iyc cdng nghe ndi sinh, Han Qudc da ban hanh Chuang trinh R&D Qudc gia nam 1982 nhim tao diuan Igi cho cac boat ddng R&D tu nhan thdng qua hd ttg diui va phat triin nhan Iyc. Nhd vay, chi tieu R&D ciia khu vyc lu da tang len nhanh chdng lu 526 ttieu USD (tuong ling 0,81%
GDP) nam 1981 da tang len 13,5 ty USD (2,6% GDP) nam 1996, va 26,3 ty USD (2,9% GDP) nam 1996. Ty ttgng cila khu vye cdng trong chi R&D ciing giam tu 64%
nam 1976 xudng 19% nam 1990^
3. Md hinh Dai Loan
Mac dil cd each tiep can lucmg ty Han Qudc ve vai trd ciia nha nude trong xiic tien cac chinh sach cdng nghiep, nhimg Dai Loan thay vi chu trgng cac tap doan liin thi danh uu tien phat triin SMEs va md cira cd djnh hudng vdi FDI, ddng thcri thiet k i he thong hd trg xay dyng nang lyc cdng nghe cho SMEs tir kha sdm. Khac vtii Han Qudc, vai ttd cua he thdng ngan hang d Bai Loan khdng thyc sy la kenh hd ttg vdn chit yiu
' Chung, Sungchul (2007), "Excelsior: The Korean Innovation Story", Issues in Science and Technol^
24(1). Jtog,
20
NQHIEN Cdu OdNQ BflC fl, Sd M u S n i ; ^Nghiin cicu khoa hoc
cho phat trien cdng nghiep. Hd trg ciia nha nude chii yeu din tu cac bien phap tai khda, hd ttg ky thuat tu cac vien nghien cuu cdng, phdi hgp ttong djnh hudng phat trien cdng nghiep. Sy chu ttpng vao SMEs cila Dai Loan xuat phat tir quan diem "dan sinh" cua Tdn Trung Son va ndi e ngai sy phat ttiin cac doanh nghiep ldn cd thi thach thuc vj the lanh dao ciia Qudc dan Dang vdn chu yeu den tu Dai lyc'. Do dd, trai nguge vdi ciu triic chaebol lam hat nhan d Han Qudc, SMEs d Dai Loan trd thanh cdl try chinh cda nin kinh ti, ddng gdp 65% tdng xuit khiu va thu hiit khoang 80%i lyc lugng lao dpng nam 1985'. Dai Lpan md ban Han Qudc ttong each tiep can vdi cac cdng ty da qudc gia (MNCs), song dat nhiiu gidi han ddi vdi FDI nhu cac quy dinh ve sd bun, npi dia hda nhim khuyin khich MNCs tap thuan Ipi cho SMEs Dai Loan tham gia chudi eung irng ciia hp dudi hinh thuc nha thiu phu, hay ddi lac cgng tac, dai ly... Nhd vay, SMEs Dai Lean dan ttd thanh nha may thu cap cho cac tap doan ldn tu My, Nhal Ban, EU; va ed tinh tich hgp cao vdi MNCs tten khia canh cung cap tai chinh, san xuat va ea marketing.
Doanh nghiep Dai Loan hau hel deu di theo md hinh bat kjp cdng nghe Ihdng qua djch chuyin len trong chudi gia trj di tu lap rap dya tten Igi the chi phi lao dpng re rdi dan nang cap thep md hinh tuan ty OEM ->
ODM -^ OBM ciia Hobday (1995). Giai doan dau, SMEs bat dau vdi viec thyc hien
Chu vi Hill (2006) da din.
' Wade, R. (1990), Governing the Market: Economic theory and the role of government In East Asian Industrialization, Princeton University Press.
cac hop ddng OEM cho MNCs va nd lyc tich hgp vdi mang san xuil loan ciu di tiip can tri thirc mdi va sau dd nang cip len thu bac cao han (ODM, ty thiil ki) ttong mang san xuat loan cau. Tuy nhien, do tham gia chudi cung irng nhu nhttng nha thiu phy va cdng lac vdi cac hang ldn, doanh nghi|p Dai Loan trd nen phu thugc vag MNCs, va yiu ttong nang lyc tao dyng thuang hi|u rieng.
Cd thi thiy mdt vai doanh nghifp thanh cdng va phat ttiin thanh cac thucmg hieu Idn ODMs nhung van dya nhiiu vap vi?c thyc hien cac boat dpng thiu phu cho MNCs (nhu Fpxconn Hdng Hai, TSMC). CJ Dai Loan, nha nude cd vai ttd quan trpng ttong thiit lap mdi trudng c?nh tranh, xay dyng c4c to chuc cdng chuyen ttach vi SMEs hay xuc tiin khpa hpc va cdng nghe, djc bi$t la thinh lap cac vien nghien cuu phi Igi nhujin nhu Vien Nghien ciru Cdng nghe Cdng nghidp (ITRl), Dy an Khoa hpc va Cdng ngh? Qudc gia (NSTPs), Vign Cdng ngh$ thdng tin (III)... vdi myc tieu thdc diy R&D va hd ttg chuyen giao, nang cap nang lyc cdng ngh?
chp SMEs. Dai Loan cdn thiet lap md hinh san xuat hat nhan-ve tinh di gia t5ng cac kenh lien ket vua hpc hdi gia tang nang lyc chp SMEs vua mang lai gia ttj va hoan thidn chudi cung irng. Tu cudi 1980 den dau 1990, thdng qua cac vien nghien cira, chinh quyin da tryc tiep dinh hudng Ihanh lap hang loat hiep hdi sang tao trong nhieu ITnh vyc nhu may tinh xach tay, ti vi mau, ban dan, truyen thdng... de thue day nang cap cdng nghiep d hdn dap. Dai Lpan cung ndi bat vdi md hinh cac khu cdng nghiep, cdng vien cdng ngh?
giiip thiie day sy lien ket giua khu vyc
NGHIEN Cdu CdNG BflC fl, sd 12(226) U-2019 21
Nghien cui£j^
. minenghien cihi \di doanh nghiep, xuc tien dua cac ket qua nghien cdu ttii thj trucmg. ChSng ban, viec thanh lap Cdng \ien Khoa hpc Tan Tnic (HSP) (nam 1980) cung cdng ty TSMC (1987) va dac biel la tan dung khung hoang dot.com d My thap nien 2000 da thu hiit hang loai Hoa kieu ttd ve md cac cdng ty khdi nghiep ttong cac linh vyc cdng nghe cao, giiip thiic day boat ddng R&D d Dai Loan. Nhd dd, chi tieu R&D ciia Dai Loan tren GNP (long thu nhap qudc gia) tang tu 1,04% nam 1986 len 2,0% nam 1995, ttpng khi ty trpng ciia chinh phii trong chi lieu R&D giam manh tu 60% xudng 40%i ttong eiing giai doan 1986-1995*. Nhin chung, chinh sach xay dyng nang lyc cdng nghe va thuc day sing tao cua Dai Loan cho thay vai trd rit ldn cua chinh quyin trong thiel lap Uii ehi Ihiic diy canh tranh, kien lap he sinh thai sang tap dya vao cac vien nghien cim va trudng dai hgc, hay gidi hgc Ihual nhu xuang sdng thiic diy cac hoai ddng R&D va chuyin giao kil qua R&D tdi doanh nghiep giiip nang cao nang lyc cdng nghe cho cac SMEs vdn chiim uu the ttong nen kinh le.
Vdi he thdng SMEs day dac tham gia cac llnh vyc khac nhau, dong thdi kel ndi chat vdi MNCs, md hinh Dai Loan cd dac tnmg ndi bat la tinh lien ket theo mang ludi. Nhd dae tinh mang ludi, chi phi gia nhap thi trudng ciia doanh nghiep Dai Loan thap, de dang tham gia hay nit khdi thj tnrdng, ddng thdi Ird nen linh hpat han Irudc cac cu sdc tu thj trudng ben ngoai.
4. Mo hinh Trung Quoc nghe
' Lee. C.S. & Pecht, M. (1997), Electronics industry in Taiwan, The Elecuonics Industry Research Series CRC Press.
22
Qua ttinh bit kjp kinh ti va cdng ^__
cua Trung Qudc cd nhiiu Oman lgi " ^ ^ , ^ canh gia tang loan ciu hda va ty i° °^
• • . u •• n,„sn manh me kinh te loan cau cung su phat ffien i"?' ^^^
cua khoa hgc cdng nghe dac '"'^' . /^j^J each mang ICT. Lgi thi vi quy md to
\ a dan sd cila Tmng Qudc da giiiP <^f °° ^^
nghiep nhanh chdng tim dugc lgi the km e nhd quy md. Khac vdi sy lap ttung vao cac doanh nghiep tu nhan nhu d cac nen kinh te Ddng A di trude, Chinh phu Tning Quoc ddn ngudn lyc vao eac doanh nghiep nha nude (SOEs) vdn cd vai ttd chu chdt trong thdi ky ki hoach hda tap trung. La nude ma eua mudn, md hinh phat Iriin va xay dyng nang lyc cdng nghe cua Trung Qudc vira cd dac linh cua Han Qudc vi quan he gan bd gitta chinh phu vdi SOEs do vai Ird quan ttpng cua SOEs trong hien Ihyc hda cac muc lieu chiin luge cua nha nude; lai vua ket hgp dac diim Dai Loan vi lao lap he thdng san xuit va hgc hdi dang mang ludi; ddng thdi mang nhung dac trung rieng co. Phuong thirc bat kjp cdng nghe cila Trung Qudc di Iheo mpt sd chien luge chinh sau:
Chiin luge thu nhit la thilc day kenh hgc hdi, chuyen giao va lan tda cdng nghe thdng qua FDI. Chien luge nay gan lien vdi quan diim cua nha lanh dao Dang Tieu Binh la diing ngudn lyc (tu ban va edng nghe) nude ngpai phuc vu sy nghiep phat trien Tmng Qudc. Tu giua thap nien 1980, Tmng Qudc da md hang loat cac khu che xuat va cac thanh phd md ven biin vdi nhieu uu dai de thu hut FDI vi muc tieu xuat khau. ppj ^^
thi thuc diy qua trinh xay dyng na„g |^^
cdng nghe cho Tmng Qudc Iheo hai kenh Ji^jiiitTcduodNQ BflC fl, sd " u S T u ^ ^
ngnien cim khoa hpc
\an. Kenh thu nhit mang tinh ty nhien la sy lan tda tti thuc quan ly va cdng nghe ttong mang san xuat. Tmng Qudc khuyen khich dau tu ciia MNCs vao mdi dac khu cd dinh hudng theo nganh va ngudn gdc qudc gia de hinh thanh cac cum nganh cdng nghiep vdi cac chudi cung ling chat che thep khu vyc dja ly. Cac doanh nghiep Tmng Qudc ed the tham gia chudi cung ung nay dudi hinh thiic cpng tac san xuat cho MNCs va nhan dupc chuyin giao cdng nghe tu MNCs. Kenh Ihu hai mang tinh cuong budc nhiiu hon tu nha nude: chinh phu Bac Kinh yeu cau MNCs phai gia tang sy tham gia cda eac nha san xuit npi dja vao chu trinh san xuat, Iham chi phai ky ket hiep djnh chuyen giao cdng nghe nhu dieu kien di tiip can thi tmdng. Chinh quyen cung chi dinh cac doanh nghiep dja phuang tham gia cac hiep dinh ehuyin giao cdng nghe nay. Cae edng nhan boat ddng ttong cic doanh nghiep nude ngoai (FlEs) sau do dugc khuyen khich lam viec cho doanh nghiep dja phuang di mang tti thitc edng ngh? va kinh nghiem san xual gdp phan gia tang nang lyc cdng nghe eho doanh nghiep npi dja. Nhd do, cac doanh nghiep ndi dja timg budc nang cap nang lyc edng nghe, cd thi din ty chu san xuat phue vu Ihj ttudng ndi dja va timg bude gia tang nang lue canh ttanh toan ciu.
Chiin luge thii hai la khuyin khich cae doanh nghiep ttong nude thue ngoai cdng nghe hay thiit lap lien kit san xuil vdi cac ddi tac manh vi cdng nghe di thuc diy qua ttmh hgc hdi, timg budc nang cap edng nghe. Tan dung sy hip din ttt thj tmdng ldn tang ttudng nhanh, cac doanh nghiep Tmng Qudc tim each thiil lap lien doanh vdi cdng
ty nude ngpai. Khi cdng ty ndi dja ngay ciing md rpng, cdng ty Tmng Qudc tiep tyc sap nhap viji MNCs ed thuong higu Icin hojc chi nhanh cua hp de gia tang nang lyc cdng nghe va ttd thanh thuang hieu toan cau. Chien luge nay cd Ihi thay d cdng ty TCL dan cd dupc cdng nghe va nhan dang thucmg hieu nhd lien doanh vdi Thomson (Phap) chuyen san xuat ti vi dudi thuong hieu cua Thomson va RCA (My). Mdt vi du khae ttong nganh dien thoai di ddng, Ningbo Bird thue ngoai va phdi hgp cdng ngh? vdi mgt cdng ty ciia Anh, va hai cdng ty Han Qudc de cd dugc nang lyc R&D ty than, nhd dd cdng ty cd thi ty phat ttien san pham rieng va ttd thanh nha san xuat dien thoai di ddng Idn nhat Tmng Qudc giai doan 2003-2005'.
Chien luge thu ba la gia tang nang lyc sang lao ndi sinh vdi rat nhieu chinh sich phat ttien khoa hpc cdng ngh? ngay ttt thdi ky dau md cua va cai each. Thap nien 1980, 1990 cd chuong trinh R&D cdng ngh$ cao (863), chuong trinh Tia sang, chuang ttinh Ngpn dudc...; den 2006 la Ki hoach dai han 15 nam hudng din 2020 nham gia tang nang Iyc sang tao ndi sinh. Nam 2009, Tmng tam Khoa hpe Zhongguancun dugc thanh lap vdi muc lieu ttd thanh tmng tam edng nghe nhu Thung lOng Silicon nham thu hiit lai nang va thiic diy R&D cdng ngh? cao. Gan day nhit, chuang trinh "Tmng Qudc chi lao 2025"
(Made in China 2025) dupc dua ra nam 2015 cd muc tieu thiic day Tmng Qudc ttd thanh qudc gia trong nhdm sang tao the gitii
' Cheong, K.C.; Wong, C Y . & Qoh, K.L. (2016),
"Technology catch-up with Chinese characteristics: what can Southeast Asia leam from China?", The Round Table- The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs 105(6), 667-681.
NGHIEN Cdu OdNG BflC fl, Sd U(226) 12-2019
23
ngnien C K M J ^ ^
nam 2035 va ddng \ai ttd dan dit sang tao toan cau nam 2050. Mdi chien luge Itin nay deu cd cac ke hoach phat trien cac nhdm nganh chii chdt vdi su hd ttg tai chinh va mi dai Itin ttt nha nude de giiip cac doanh nghiep ttong nude dat dugc tieu chuan cdng ngh? tien tien nhat. Ngoai ra, ttt 2008 Bae Kinh thyc thi "Ke hoach ngan ngudi" nham thu hut cac tai nang tten cac ITnh vyc khoa hgc, cdng ngh? cao, kinh doarih, tai chinh ttd ve ddng gdp eho sy phat trien kinh te Trung Qudc. Hien tai, Trung Qudc dang nd lyc tao lap cac ca che khuyen khich, gia tang cac ket ndi vdi giua gidi hpc thuat va doanh nghiep nhim xay dyng dupc he thdng sang tap qudc gia do doanh nghiep lam trung tam, theo sy dan dit cua thj trudng.
Chien luge thtt tu la khuyen khich thanh l?p eae doanh nghiep cd hd ttg cua gitii ban lam (d?i hgc, vien nghien cim). Dii sd lugng khdng nhieu nhung phuang thuc nay dang gia tang, tap tmng chu \eu d cac llnh vyc cdng nghe cao nhu cdng ty Leno\o, Founder, Dongman, Tshinghua Tongfang.
Mdi lien ket nay tao thuan lgi cho vi?c dua kit qua R&D cua ca quan nghien cira ra thj tmdng, cung nhu tao eg hgi cho su kiem tt^
linh phu hijp cua cdng nghe, san pham mdi tten thj ttirdng. Phuang thuc nay mang tinh chit ky thuat xudi ddi lap vdi md hinh tao lap nang lyc edng nghe theo quy trinh k\
thuat nguge cua Han Qudc
Thtt nam, vdi muc tieu dat dugc cdng nghe bang mgi gia, Trung Qudc thyc thi chiin luge "di ra ngoai" xuc lien cac doanh
la chu
" Lee, K S: Li, S. (2014), "Possibility of a Middle Income Trap in China: Assessment in term of the literature on innovation, big business and inet^uatity".
Frontiers of Economics in China, 9(3), 370-397.
nghiep ndi dia diu ttr ra nude ngoai I liy cac tai san chiin luge, d^c biel U ttgng kenh mua ban \a sap nha^ -• u i mua lai cac cdng ly cdng ngh? cdt loi ay cac thuong hieu ldn. Chinh sach nay da dW Chu tich Giang Trach Dan dua ra nam 199 , nhung thyc sy diy manh ttt 2001 khi Trung Qudc gia nhap Td chuc Thuang mai Ihe gidi (WTO). Sau dd, tan dung nen kinh te My- va cdc nude phuang Tay suy thoai sau khung hoang tai chinh loan ciu 2008, chien luge nay cang dugc chinh quyen Bac Kinh cd vu ban nhim gianh liy cac tai salt va cdng ngh? nude ngoai vdi gia re. Ngoai ra, Tmng Qudc cdn dua ra yeu ciu cac cdng ty nude ngoai mudn dugc bao hd tti tu? phai dang ky sd httu tti tue lai Tmng Qudc, va day chinh la kenh di Trang Qudc dat dugc cac bi quyit, tti thuc cdng nghe de dua trd lai cho cae doanh nghiep Irong nude.
Do dac trung quy md Idn va chien luge da dang, Trung Qudc cd rit nhieu hinh thdc nang cip edng nghe, nhung thyc chat cd the quy ve hai kenh chil dao: hap Ihu cdng nghe nude ngoai va xay dyng nang lyc sang tao ben trong. Tien trinh xay dyng nang Iyc ttt cdng nghe ben ngoai d Trang Qudc vua mang mpt sd dac diem cda md hinh tuan ty OEM 4 ODM ^ OBM va quy trmh ky thuat ngupc ma ca Dai Loan va Han Qudc da thuc hien, ddng Ihdi mang nhirng dac diim khac biet. Nhung diim rieng biet nay eg ban di theo md hinh hpc hdi ma Wang va Zhou (1999) ggi y chp Tmng Qudc de thuc day chuyen giao va hpc hdi cdng nghe ttt FDI, dd la Id trinh: Chuyin giao -^ Tiiu hda -> Hdp thu -> Sdng tgo ^ Khuich tdn (TDAID).
Tuc la, chinh quyen se no Iuc de xuc tiin qua Irinh chuyin giao cdng nghe ttt FIEs cho cac doanh nghiep ndi dia, doanh nghiep ndi
24 NGHIEN Cdu DdHQ BflC fl. s d U ( 2 2 6 ) U-2019
Nghien ciru khoa hgc
dia CO gang hpc hoi each van hanh (tieu hoa) roi hieu r5 no (hdp thu) de co the ung dung vao hoat dpng san xuat kinh doanh ciia minh, va tiip tuc tao nen cac san pham mcri tir cong nghe do dap umg cho thi trudng noi dia (sdng tao). Mot khi cong nghe da dugfc lam chu bai doanh nghiep Trung Quoc, no se dirgrc khuyen khich cai tien va chuyen giao cho cac cong ty khac, thiic day s^ lan toa cong ngh? tren thj trucmg npi dia (khuech tdn). Trong khi do, 16 trinh sang tao npi sinh dien ra theo each thong thuang, co tinh chat cua mpt quy trinh ky thuat xuoi, thuc te chinh la thiic day hoat dpng R&D nhSm sang tao ra cong nghe moi sau do trien khai ap dung vao san xuat ma rpng (quy trinh:
nghien cuu -^ phat trien -^ thiet ke -^ san xuSt).
Nhin chung, mo hinh Trung Quoc tan dung dupc toi da lpi the cua thi truang khong 16 dang t5ng truong nhanh ciing vcri sv can thiep manh ciia nha nuac de dong thcri d4y nhanh qua trinh chuyen giao cong nghe tu ben ngoai va xay dung nang iuc sang tao ben trong eho doanh nghiep Trung Qu6c, tao CO hpi cho hp van hanh cong nghe vai quy mo lan va chi phi dau vao thap, tao ra cac san phkm chi phi re va mang lai sue canh tranh vk gia cue lcm. Lpi thi nay giiip Trung Qu6c ngay cang ma rpng thj truang, gia tang doanh thu ma rpng tiem luc cong ty va sue manh thucmg hieu. Song song voi cac kenh hSp thu cong nghe ben ngoai, Trung Qudc luon CO chi6n iupe phat trien cac nganh trpng diim huang tdi thanh lap cae cum cong nghiep ldn theo moi khu vire dja Iy, va kip thdi thiit kl cae chinh sach S&T tao dung nang lire sang tao npi sinh cho cac doanh nghiep npi dia. Nhd do, Trung Quoc da trd thanh cdng xudng san xuat ciia the
gidi vdi nang luc eong nghe ngay cang dupc nang cap va he thdng chudi cung ung khdng ngimg hoan thien khd ed the thay the.
5. Mot sd nhSn xet so sanh
So sanh qua trinh md cira va cdng nghiep hda, Han Qudc va Dai Loan da tien hanh sdm tir thap nien 1950-1960 va da trd thanh nen kinh te thu nhap cao; cdn Trung Qudc thuc hien cai each va md eua kinh te mupn hcm vao cudi thap nien 1970 dau 1980 va hien dang tren eon dudng thu hep k h o ^ g each thu nhap vdi cac nen kinh te di tnrdc.
Do thdi diem md cua khac nhau nen bdi canh qudc te va cac xu hudng cdng ngh? d cac thdi diem nay cd tac dpng manh tdi each thue. Id trinh va md hinh hpe hdi eiia mdi nen kinh te. MSc dii cd bdi canh toan cau khac biet, ba nen kinh te deu d3 tan dung hieu qua eae ea hpi thj trudng va lan sdng cong nghe 6k thiic day qui trinh hpc hdi va xay dung nang luc cdng nghe ciia doanh nghiep npi dia. Cae dac tnmg chii yeu cua ba md hinh the hien d Bang L
Mpt diem chung ldn d ca ba md hinh ia deu cd su can thiep ro net lir nha nude de timg budc xay dimg nSng luc canh tranh quoe gia, dau tu ldn vao giao due, chii trpng phat uien khoa hpe, cong nghe va sang tao (STI), day manh R&D va hoan thien hp thdng sang tao qudc gia (NIS), cd phan iing thuc thdi trude cae dich chuyen kinh te chinh tri va dae biet la nam bat va thieh ung hieu qua trudc cae xu hudng phat trien edng nghe toan cau. Trong md hinh Han Qudc va Dai Loan, nha nude tac dpng qua dpng lyc thj trudng thdng qua thiet lap the che va cac ca ehe khuyen khich phan b6 ngudn l\rc hudng den xay dung nang Iuc cdng nghe va sang tao.
MQHIEN CCfO POMQ BflC A s6 U(226) 12-2019
25
Nghien curu khoa hpc
if.'A
R&D chii chdt cho cac chaebol vao thap nien 1980 va dan tap tmng thyc hien cac hoat ddng dao tao, tu van va phdi hgp boat dgng R&D vdi doanh nghiep. Cdn d Dai Loan, cac td ehue, vien nghien ciiu van tiep tye vai trd trgng lam vi R&D nhung lya
—r" chpn tap tmng vao cac ITnh vuc ma khu vuc
\\i!lv#^
^^tiK:tu nhan chua thyc hien tdt. Nhin chung, ,j\5^iV- ciing vdi tiem lyc vdn, sue canh tranh va
**,.* nang luc edng nghe va sang tao ngay cang
^tft»i§'3 lang, cac doanh nghiep ldn d ea hai nen i,4i!i**'''inh te dan dam traeh vai trd chil yeu ve i*'*l I'.&D. Trong khi dd, tu vi tti la qudc gia ' ii.k«lin5ng nghiep hda mudn Trung Qudc dang nd ,i:liiiiW'^"'c phat trien edng nghe va sang tao bang itii^ntwii^'"';ni gia lu moi kenh, moi ca hdi cd the nam aiw • ( dupe. Tmng Qudc cung dang nd lye phai
!i,l,j,li*5l4-n NIS vdi Idc dp rat nhanh di ed dupe tjn il«f¥ Lig lyc sang tap ndi sinh. Do dac Irung uong^I^ Aj^,ig d giai doan tuong ung vdi thyc Iyc '"I 0 d * 'g nghe cua Han Qudc va Dai Loan nhttng ont*)*'** 1980-1990 cung tham vpng Idn, cac nd
Bai **,J,irihal triin edng nghe cua Trung Qudc the ' M . thii***^ chi va vai trd at trdi eua nha nude va uji;'in**i n?tg each tiip can tu tren xudng, vdi rieng*'' i„|ien dien cua nha nude d ea kenh tryc
"'in gian tiep. Khac biel Idn so vdi ea 1 tcM:
he t" cit"*l3udc va Dai Loan, Chinh phii Trung u ch6i, # jjj,!. cd thi can thiep tryc tiep den thi
r * h'f**''*^ 1"^ ^^"^ ^°^^- ^°' ™^' '^^'^^ ^^'^•
Tap trune ""^jjiU can thiep cua nha nude d hai nen inh nghiSP A[ trude ehu yeu d cap vl md (macro) '^ ttung md (nieso- la cap do nganh va
) Ihi Chinh phu Tmng Qudc ed the trd din dat«»p ^ ^^ i^^ cip vT md, tmng md, va vi
doanh ngl"?f-ro-). Sy can thiep qua muc nay cd nh cdng ngW g iai nhimg lgi ich nhat dinh trong vien nghien <•, j j ^ ^^M ngudn lyc tap tmng vdi chuyin gia" 'ng ttpng diim ban, nhyng ttpng dai
ban cd the dan den nhirng meo md thj tmdng do phan bd ngudn luc thieu hieu qua xuit phat tu quyen lyc qua ldn cua cac nhdm lgi ich.
Ve each thuc bat kjp cdng nghe, md hinh Han Qudc ehu yeu dya vap cac chaebol de thilc day quy ttinh ndi dja hda cdng nghe nhap khau (ky thuat nguge); md hinh Dai Loan lai dugc thiet ke dang mang ludi tren nen tang SMEs chiem uu the cd kel ndi vdi MNCs va thyc hien hgc hdi cdng nghe tuan ty OEM-ODM-OBM; cdn md hinh Tmng Qudc do quy md khdng Id nen vua cd dac diem ehii ttpng doanh nghiep ldn nhu Han Qudc (ca SOEs va tu nhan), vtta cd tinh mang ludi eua Dai Loan, ddng thdi cung ed nhung dae trung rieng biet. Khac vdi dac diem hgc hdi ty than eua Han Qudc va Dii Loan, phuang Ihttc hgc hdi d Tmng Qudc chu yen dya vao FDI (qua ea kenh ty nhien va ep budc) ddng thdi gia lie qua trinh hpe hdi cua doanh nghiep trong nude, thuc day nang lyc sang lao npi sinh. O md hinh Han Qudc, sue canh tranh cua chaebpl s6 phu Ihudc ban than nd, Dai Loan thi dya Iren sue anh hudng ciia mang ludi kit ndi, cdn Trang Qudc thi mang dac diem cua ca hai kem theo hd ttp phia sau cua nha nude. Hien tai, Han Qudc dang dan dau the gidi ve ehi R&D tren GDP (4,55% nam 2017), Dai Loan da vugt tren mue Irang binh ciia OECD (3,3% so vdi 2,37% ciia OECD), Trung Qudc thi dang tiem can muc OECD (2,15%). Chinh nang Iyc R&D da mang lai stte tang Imdng ben virng va kha nang phue hdi trudc cac cu sdc thj trucmg d Han Qudc va Dai Loan. Vdi Trang Qudc, viec nang ehi sd nay ttt 0,2%
nam 1990 Ien 2,15% nam 2017 trong chua din 30 nam thye sy rat nhanh chdng, va kha
[o B^c A s6 rzPifa ottna BSC a s612(226) u-2019
^
27
Loai hinh DN
Hf Ihong
sing
Cfich (bOt bSt kjp c6ng nghi
Bang 1: So sanh ba mo hinh xay dung nSng lire cdng nghf cua Han Quoc, Dai Loan va Trung Quoc _ HAn Quoc
Cac tap doan doanh nghiep Ion (chaebol)
+ T^p trung vao cac chaebols voi ho trg tin dyng cua nha nuoc + Mang tinh thiJ bac, chaebols dong vai tr6 trung tam, SMEs phu thupc m^nh chaebols ve thj trudng, cong ngh?.
+ Nha nucrc chii dpng thanh I^p cac vi?n nghien cuu, xay dyng cac khu cong ngh^ cao, cac thanh pho khoa hpc
+ Thu hiit cac tii ning goc Han
+ Phit trien cong ngh? t\r than, dya vao chaebols voi muc np cao, h^n che FDI + H6 trp tai chinh cho vi?c mua cong ngh? nuoc ngoai vk thyc hi?n quy trinh ky thu^t ngupc (hap thu-cai tifin-sing t^o)
+ Thyc hi?n nhay coc cong ngh?, mo hinh OEM-OBM + Di tu cac ITnh vyc tham dyng lao dpng tdi tham dyng von vdi chu ky cong ngh? dai, sau do tham gia nh6m tien phong trong cac nganh ICT moi noi voi dSc trung cong ngh? chu k\
ngdn.
Dai Loan Doanh nghiep vua va nho (SMEs), song tir giiia Ih4p nien 2000 vai tro cua doanh nghidp Ion trong dan dit cong ngh? ngiy cang gia tAng
Xay dyng mo hinh cpng tac h^t nhan-v? tinh. cimg cic ket noi d^ng mang ludi v6i vai trd lan toa cong nghe tir cic vi?n nghien cihi va MNCs.
+ Vai tro ldn cua cac co quan nghien ciru trong tiep c^n c6ng ngh? tien lien, trien khai cOng tic thyc hi?n cac chucmg trinh R&D, ho trp chuyen giao cho SMEs + Nha nude chii dpng xay dyng cic khu che xuat, khu c6ng ngh§
cao, CO vai tro nhu cic vudn uom cong ngh?
+ Thu hut cic tai nang goc Hoa + Dya chu yeu vio npi lyc, c6 gidi h ^ vdi FDI
+ Hpc hdi thong qua tham gia m^ng sin xuil ciia MNCs, vi nh|n dupc chuyen giao cdng ngh? tir MNCs, thyc hi$n mo hinh nang cap tuan ty OEM - O D M - O B M
+ Vi?n nghien cuu (ITRI, III...) c6 vai trd rit Idn trong tiep thu cong ngh? tien tien, tien hanh R&D va chuyen giao cho doanh nghi?p trong nude. Tir giOa 2000s, vai trd irung tam cua doanh nghi?p ldn ve R&D tang nhanh.
+ Li nhi sin xuat hing dau trong cac nginh ICT cd chu ky cong
ngh? ngin ^ _ _
Doanh nghi?p nha nude vampi^
doanh nghi?p tu hi?u qua rfW lya chpn
+ Tai trp Id^r^oTSTphO cho cic CO quan nghien cuu. cgng lac nghien cuu giaa^ ien vado^h nghi?p: va ca ho9t_ dpng R&U trong npi doanh nghi?p , ^ , + H? th5ng Iheo each tiep can tu tren .sudng, chua thyc sy mang tinh thj tnrdng
+ Nha nude xay dyng cac d^c khu vdi myc tieu ban dau xuat khau din chuyin sang nang cip nganh, phit trien cong ngh?, va sau la cac ho?t dpng sing tao va dich vy b|c cao.
Thu hiit tii nSng goc Hoa
•t-Tgn dyng hi?u qua quy mo thj trudng khdng 16 tao nen sy hgi ty cdng nghiep manh, giiip gia tang quyen mac ci ddi vcti MNCs trong chuyan giao cong nghe.
+ D^t du-pc cong nghe tir nhieu kenh: FDI (ian toa ly nhien va ep huge); thircmg mai; hop tac ky thuat; mua cong ngh? va thiet bj nude ngoii; R&D ty than, du hpc;
Hoa Ki^u; v6 sau la doat cong nghe qua OFDI dual hinh thiJrc mua lai cac cong ty cdng nghe chij chdt, dat cac trung tam R&D d nude ngoai dl thu hiit tai nang cdng nghe nude ngoai.
+ Tap trung nang eip nang lyc doanh nghiep ngi dia theo trpng diem.
Ngudn: Tdc gid tong App
Dii \ay, CO diem khac biet trong vai tro cua chinh quyen a Han Quoc va Dai Loan.
Thai diim dau, ca hai nen kinh te deu n6 lire xay dimg cac \ ien nghien cthi cong de ho trcr
thirc te da co vai tro din dat trong xay dung nang lire cho cac doanh nghiep npi dia dac biet trong cac nganh cong nghe cao va ICT.
Tuy nhien, mot so vien nghien cuu cong cua nang Iuc cong nghe cho doanh nghiep, va Han Quoc sau do chuyan giao cac nin tang
26 NGHIEN oru DdNG B^C ^. Sd U(ZZ6) 12-2019
Nghien cicu khoa hoc
R&D chu chdt cho cac chaebol vao thap niSn 1980 va dan tap trung thyc hien cac hoat dpng dao tao, tu vin va phoi hgp boat dpng R&D vdi doanh nghiep. Cdn d Dai Loan, cac td chirc, vien nghien cyu vin tiep tuc vai trd trpng tam vd R&D nhimg lya chpn tap trung vao cac linh vyc ma khu vye tu nhan chua thuc hien tdt. Nhin chung, ciing vdi tidm lyc vdn, sire canh tranh va nSng lye cdng nghe va sang tao ngay cang gia tang, cae doanh nghiep ldn d ca hai nen kinh te dan dam trach vai trd chu yeu ve R&D. Trong khi dd, tit vj tri la qudc gia edng nghiep hda mudn Trung Qudc dang nd lyc phat triSn cdng nghe va sang tao bang mpi giS tir mpi kenh, mpi co hpi cd the nam bat dugc. Trung Qudc ciing dang nd lyc phat trien NIS vdi tdc dp rat nhanh de cd dupe nSng lyc sang tao ndi sinh. Do dae tnmg dang d giai doan tuong irng vdi thyc lyc cdng nghe cua Han Qudc va Dai Loan nhtrng nam 1980-1990 ciing tham vpng ldn, cac nd lyc phat trien cdng nghe cua Trung Qudc thi hi?n y chi va vai trd at trdi cua nha nude va mang nSng each tiep can tir tren xudng, vdi sy hien dien cua nha nydc d ca kenh true tiep ISn gian tiep. Khac biet ldn so vdi ca Han Qudc va Dai Loan, Chinh phu Trung Qudc cd thd can thiep tryc tiep den thi trudng qua kenh SOEs. Ndi mdt each khac, neu nhu can thiep eua nha nude d hai nen kinh tk di tnrdc chu ydu d cap vi md (macro) va cSp trung md (mesa- la cap dp nganh va td chiirc) thi Chinh phu Trung Qudc ed thi can thiep d ca ba cip vi md, trung md, va vi md (micro-), Sy can thiep qua mtrc nay cd the mang lai nhirng lpi ich nhat dinh trong giai doan diu nhu ngudn lyc tap trung \'di djnh hydng trpng didm hon, nhung trong dai
ban cd the dan den nhtrng meo md thi tnrdng do phan bd ngudn lyc thieu hieu qua xuit phat tir quyen lyc qua ldn cua cac nhdm lpi ich.
Ve each thirc bat kip cdng nghe. md hinh Han Qudc ehii yeu dya vao cac chaebol de thuc diy quy trinh npi dia hda cdng nghe nhap khiu (ky thuat nguyc); md hinh Dai Loan lai duoc thiet ke dang mang lirdi tren nen tang SMEs chiem uu the cd ket ndi vdi MNCs va thyc hien hpc hdi cdng ngh? tuan ty OEM-ODM-OBM; con md hinh Trung Qudc do quy md khdng Id nen vira cd dac diem chu trpng doanh nghi?p ldn nhu Han Qudc (ca SOEs va tu nhan), vira cd tinh mang ludi cua Dai Loan, ddng thdi cung cd nhimg dac tnmg rieng biet. Khac vdi dac diSm hpe hdi ty than eua Han Qudc va DJi Loan, phycfng thiic hpc hdi d Trung Quoc chii yeu dya vao FDI (qua ci kenh ty nhien va ep bupe) ddng thdi gia tde qua trinh hpc hdi cua doanh nghi?p trpng nude, thiic day nang lyc sang tao npi sinh. 6 md hinh HJn Qudc, siic canh tranh cua chaebol se phy thudc ban than nd, Dai Loan thi dya tren sire anh hudng cua mang ludi ket ndi, cdn Trung Qudc thi mang dac diem eua ca hai kem theo hd trp phia sau cua nha nude. Hien tai, Han Qudc dang din dau thd gidi v'e ehi R&D tren GDP (4,55% nam 2017), Dai Loan da vupt tren mirc trung binh ciia OECD (3,3% so vdi 2,37% cua OECD), Tmng Qudc thi dang tiem can mirc OECD (2,15%). Chinh nang lyc R&D da mang lai sire tang trudng ben vimg va kha nang phuc hdi trudc cac cu sdc thi tnrdng d Han Qudc va Dai Loan. Vdi Trung Qudc, viee nang ehi sd nay tir 0,2%
nam 1990 len 2,15% nam 2017 trong chua dSn 30 nam thyc sy rat nhanh chdng, va kha
NOHIEN CflU OdNQ BSC fl, s6 12(226) 12-2019
27
gan vdi Id trinh ciia Han Qudc va Dai Loan.
Tuy nhien, do tinh thi trudng hda yeu, nen dil tde dp tang chi R&D cua Trung Qudc hi?n da tang \-upt ca Han Qudc va Dai Loan, song gia tri thucmg mai cua nhimg bang sang che ciing nhy mirc dp tiep can thi tnrdng cua ho?t dpng R&D d Trung Qudc van thap ban hai nen kinh te di hirdc. Cach thiic dat dupc cdng ngh? cua Trung Qudc eiing khien cac nude ddi tac dac biet la MJ gia ting lo ngai kha nang mat di cdng ngh? ldi, ngudn vj tay Trung Qudc va tim cath chan lai xu hudng nay. Mdt van de nira la mirc dp chenh lech nang lyc ldn giira cac nganh, cae nhdm doanh nghifp d Trung Qudc so vdi Han Qudc va Dai Loan. Cac dac diem nay dan den ba van de: mpt la sy thieu tinh thuong mai va thieu hi?u qua cua ho^t dpng R&D d Trung Qudc, hai la kha nang bj gidi h?n tiep e ^ cdng ngh? bac cao ddi vdi doanh nghi?p Trung Qudc, va ba la ddi hdi nit ngin khoang each phat tridn giiia cae viing, nganh va nhdm doanh nghi?p. Nhirng bat c|p nay da, dang va se ddi hdi Chinh phii Trung Qudc cd bien phap xu ly de tiep tye duy tri tien dp hpc hdi, nang cap cdng ngh? de cd thS djt dupc muc tieu trd Ihanh eudng qudc ve sang tao cdng ngh? tren thi giai trong vdng mpt vai thap nien niia. Hien nay, cupc each mang cdng nghiep 4.0 dang md ra nhimg co hdi va thach thirc mdi cho lat ca cac qudc gia. Trung Qudc hi?n dang nd lyc het siie vdi chien lupc "Trung Qudc che tao 2025". bdi nang luc lam chu va dan dat cdng nghiep 4.0 se quyet dinh van menh tuong lai cua Trung Qudc nhu mdt sieu cudng dan dat the gidi.
TAI LIEl- THAIVl KHAO 1. Hobday, M. (1995), Innovation in East Asia: The Challenge lo Japan. Ed^vard Elgar, Cheltenham.
2. Kim, Linsu (1999), "Bmlding technological capabiliu for industrializaUon:
.\nalytical framework and Korea's expenence , Industrial and Corporate Change 8(1): 111-'36-
3. Lee, Keun, & Lim, C. (2001),
"Technological Regimes, Catching-up &
Leapfrogging: the Findings from the Korean hidustries". Research Policy 30(3), 459-483.
4. Wang, X.M. and Zhou, X. (1999), "A new sttategy of technology ffansfer to China", International Journal of Operations &
Production Management, Vol. 19, 527-37.
5. Wong, Chan-Yuan and Cheong Kee- Cheok (2014) "Diffiision of Catching-up Industrialization Strategies: The Dynamics of East Asia's Policy Learning Process", Journal of Comparative Asian Development 13(3), 369- 404.
6. World Bank (WB) (2005), Economic Growth in the 1990s: Learning from a Decade of Reform, Washington DC: World Bank.
7. World Bank (WB) (2010), Exploring the Middle Income-Trap,^oili Bank East Asia Pacific Economic Update: Robust Recovery, Rising Risks, Vol. 2, Washington, DC: The World Bank.
28 liSHIEN Cdu OdNG B^C 4 sd 12(226) 12-20,9