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MOT SO VAN DE DAN TOC TON GIAO
BAT ON CUA TRUNG OUOC TRONG NHllNG NJIM GAN DAY
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TH.S N G U Y I N THANH GIANG
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r u n g Qud'c Ifl mdt quo'c gia da dfin toe, n h i l u tdn giflo cung song song tfin tai. Tfl khi nUdc T r u n g Quoc mdi dfldc thflnh Iflp d i n nay, Dang vfl Nhfl nflde T r u n g Qudc da d u a r a hfing loat chinh sfich cd lpi cho sfl p h a t t r i l n cua k h u vuc dfin tdc t h i l u sd^n h u thiic hien chfnh sfich binh dang cfic dfln tdc, tdn t r o n g va bao ve quyen tii do tin ngfldng ton gifio thuc dfly sU hofl hdp, p h a t trien tofln dien t r e n cflc linh vUc chlnh tri, k i n h td', v a n hoa, v.v... cua cae dan tpc thieu so'. T u y nhien, nhflng nflm gan day, vfl'n d l xa hgi bfi't dn, vfi'n de bflt ngufin tii mfiu thufln d a n tdc, tdn giao xufi't hien ngay cflng n h i l u vfi gay gflt.
Theo thd'ng ke, tfl nflm 1993 den 2005, cfic cudc bieu tinh, gay rd'i t r a t tU d T r u n g Qud'c tflng ldn g i n 10 l l n ' " , tQ 8700 cudc n a m 1993 ldn 87.000 cupc n a m 2005. Dac bidt la lan sdng bao loan, ly khai, gay rd'i t r o n g cac cpng dong sfic tdc t h i l u so tai cac v u n g bidn efldng Tay Tang, Tfin Cudng vfl Noi Mong Cd' ngfly cfing gia tang. D i l u nfly cho thify, Trung
Qud'c v l n chUa thiic sii tim r a bien phap hflu hidu de giai quy^t t r i | t d l vfi'n d l hofl hdp dfin tflc (d Tfly Tang lfi gifla dfin tdc Tang vdi ngiidi Han; d Tfln Cudng Ifl giQa dfln toe Uyghur vdi ngUdi Hfin; d Ndi Mdng Cd' Ifl gifla dfln tdc Mdng Co' vdi ngUdi Han) vfl hda hdp tdn giao (d Tay Tang Ifl Phflt gifio, d Tfin Ciidng Ifl Hfii giao).
1. Nhumg mfiu thufin vfi bfi't on dfin tpc, ton giao noi bfit trong nhung nfim g i n day
Khi budc sang thd' ky mdi de'n nay, mflu thufln sflc tdc dien r a cd p h i n gay gat vfl phQc tap hdn. Dac d i l m mflu thufln dfln tdc d cflc vung khac nhau, n l u d mien N a m nd'i bflt d mflu thufln kinh te, la sU t r a n h giflnh rupng dfi't, rflng, tfii nguygn thuy san, thi d m i l n Bac, ngofli m a u thufin kinh te' ra, mflu thufin dfin tdc cd lidn q u a n din phong tuc tfip qufln, tdn gifio tin ngUSng. Trong dd, cfic vu b i l u tinh, cac hoat dorig ddi ly khai "Tfiy Tang doc Iflp" didn r a d k h u tU tri Tay
NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUOC so' 12(136) - 2012
Tang, to' chflc "TurkisLan" d khu tfl trj Tfln Cuong. vfl cflng thflng sflc toe, Ldn giao tin ngfldng d khu tu trj N'pi Mon^ Co da cho thfi'y ro dit'u nfiy, il;'i>' d^'u lfi nhflng khu ^-Uc t§p trung dniig dfin uV t h i l u sfl, nfim d bien gidi cua Trung Qud'c, c6 ton giao tin ngudng va ngon npfl chQ vict ciia rieng minh. Mgt thdi p.an dfli, chii nghia dai Han (iA pfly ra nhflng (on thfldng tUOng doi sau ^Ac cho car dfln tflc thilu .so', khie'n cho chu npliia ]y khai dfln tflc ludn ludn ton lai it cac khu vflc nfly. Cfic hogt dong ly khai thudng I(;fi dung tdn giflo, tfn ngudng. dieu d6 khie'n cho khu vUc nfiy trd nen ra't nhay cam vfl phfle tap.
- Hoat dpng "Tay Tgng dpc lap" va cfic cupc bieu tinh. bao loan d Tay Tang:
Xguyen nhan ngoai nhflng mau thufln ve dan tpc. con c6 sii hfiu thufin cua cac phfln tfl ly khai va cflc the' liic phUdng Tay hd trd. Dac d i l m hogt ddng cua cfic the luc ddi "Tay Tang doc lfip" la thuc dfly qud'c te' hoa "vfl'n de Tay Tang".
mUdn cd cac sU kien nhgy cam trong nUdc vfi nUdc ngoai d l can thiep pha hoai Trung Qud'c. ldi dung tdn gifio, anh hUdng cua tdn giao va danh nghia "bao vc nhan rjuyen. bao vd mdi trUdng" dc xam nhap vflo T r u n g Qud'c, tao anh hudng, thuc hien cac boat ddng phfi hoai, gay chia re cac dan toe d T r u n g Qud'c. Sfl kidn dang chu y d Tay Tang trong mfldi nam dflu the' ky 21 la cupc bao dong tai Lhasa vao t h a n g 3 nfim 2008. Dfly la cuoc bieu tinh, bao dpng ldn nhfl't, toi tfl nhfl't didn ra d Tay T a n g ke tfl nam 1989.
Cupc bao loan nay da Iflm chd't vfl bi
LhUdng n h i l u ngfldi, phfl huy n h i l u nhfl cfla, cd sd kinh doanh vfl tfli san. Sau khi bi trfl'n fip, nhflng nflm g i n dfiy tinh hinh Tfly Tgng v l n d i l n bien h i t sflc phfle tr^p. Gifio sfl - Hflng Khdn (Dgi hpc Dfin tflc T r u n g Quoc) cho rfing nguy cd bflng nfl hon logn d cfic k h u vUc cd ngudi Tgng sinh sd'ng (d Tfiy Tang, Thanh Hai, Cam Tuc, Tfl Xuyen vfl Vfin Nam) cd kha nfing cdn lan rflng, gfiy a n h hudng lidn hofln dfln cfic k h u vflc khfic. 6 n g cung cho rflng viflc T r u n g Qud'c tflng cUdng an ninh c6 t h i lidn quan dlri mdt loat vu tii thidu trong cflc khu viic ngUdi Tang sinh song d TQ Xuygn vfl Thanh Hai. Thd'ng kg cho thfl'y, cfic cuoc bao ddng d Tfly Tang dang c6 chilu hUdng gia tflng, lien tuc trong nhflng ngfly d i u nflm 2012. TQ thang 3-2011 de'n d i u nflm 2012 cd it nhfi't 16 ngfldi Tay Tang tfl thieu. Chlnh phu Trung Qudc xfie nhfin c6 mot so vu ngfldi Tang tu thidu de phan ddi chlnh quyln, nhflng cho rfing nhflng ngudi nfiy Ifl phin tfl "khung bd" hay "bi cfic thg' luc ben ngofli xui giuc". Trong khi dd, cdng dong ngUdi Tfiy Tang ngofii Trung Qudc lai len fin Chinh phu Trung Quoc dang dfln flp va pha huy vfin hda Tfiy Tgng"^'.
- Cac hoat dflng cua to chflc Turkistan vfl cflc vu gay rdi d Tfin CUdng: Khu tii tri Tan Cfldng nflm d vung bien gidi phfa Tfly Bflc T r u n g Qud'c, c6 dien tich trin 1,6 trieu km", chid'm 1/6 dien tfch Trung Qud'c, cd trfl Ifldng ldn d i u , khf dd't va than, la k h u vUc cd vi trf chien lUdc quan trpng ddl vdi T r u n g Quo'c. Dfin sd khoang 20 tridu ngUdi, trong do 45% la
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NGHIEN ciu TRUNG OUfl'C so 12(136) - 2012Mgt sdvan dedSn tgc ton giao...
ngudi Uyghur vfl 40% la ngudi Han, cdn lai la cac d a n tflc t h i l u s6' mflu thufln sfic tflc d day chii yd'u dien r a gifla dan tflc H a n va dfin tdc U y g h u r theo dao Hfii.
Trong nhieu n a m qua, nhflng to chflc theo k h u y n h hudng chu nghla phan Iflp ly k h a i d a n tflc, ciic doan tdn giao vfl khiing bd' (dfldc goi la to' chflc
"Turkistan" h a y p h i n tfl "Turkistan") vfln cdn ton tai k h a n h i l u , dudi sU hd trd cua cac the Iflc ben ngofli da gay ra n h i l u vu gay roi, bao loan Iflm anh hudng de'n trflt tii va dn dinh xa hpi tai dfiy. Cudc bao loan cd qui md dang chu y nhfl't 6 Khu tU tri T a n Cfldng trong thdi gian qua d i l n r a d thflnh pho' Urumqi - t h u phu K h u tii tri Tfln Cfldng vflo t h a n g 7 nflm 2009. Vu bao ddng bflt d i u bflng cupc b i l u t i n h p h a n dd'i ciia ngfldi Uyghur khi hp cho rfing chinh q u y l n dia phfldng da khong cd p h a n flng gi trflde cai che't cua nhflng cdng n h a n Uyghur Iflm viec trong mot cdng xUdng d tinh Quang Ddng va cham gifla ngfldi Han vdi ngfldi Uyghur. Khi cong an Trung Qud'c trfi'n fip t h i cuoc b i l u t i n h chuyen thflnh bao loan sflc tpc. Trong cuoc bao loan nay, khdng chi cd ngfldi Uyghur, ma cdn CO hflng nghin ngfldi thudc dan tpc H a n d t r u n g t a m thflnh phd' Urumqi t h a m gia d l p h a n dd'i bao Iflc do ngudi Uyghur theo dao Hoi gay ra. Vu bao loan nfly da lam chet va bi thUdng nhieu ngudi, trong do da so la ngudi Han.
nhieu nhfl cfla, tfli s a n cung bi pha hoai.
Cflng thflng sac toe va cac phong trao ddi tfl do d K h u tfl tri Ndi Mong Co:
Mac du khdng dien va gay gdt nhu d hai khu tu tri Tay Tgng va Tan CUdng. song trong nhflng nflm gan day Ifln sdng phan khflng chong chinh quyen. cac cudc bieu tinh do mfiu thufln sflc tpc. ddi quyen ldi dang xufl't hien ngfly cfing nhieu.
Xguyon n h a n cua nhflng phong trao ndi dfly cung khdng khac vdi phong trflo cua ngudi Tay Tang dd Ifl xufi't phflt tfl mdi lo ngai mfi't dan ban sflc vfln hda. Viec Chinh phu Trung Qud'c chu trUdng tflng cfldng d i u tfl cho khu viic Xpi Mdng dfl thuc d l y n h a n h sU mai mpt ban s i c vfl vfln hda cua ngUdi Mong Cd trong khu tfl tri rpng ldn vdi gan 20°'o dan cU tUdng dfldng 25 trieu dan la ngfldi dan tdc Mdng Co. Hdn nfla trong qua ti-inh khai thac khu vUc nay da gay ra sU huy hogi mdi trUdng nghiem trong. Trong thdi gian qua cac cupc bieu tinh da t h u h u t hflng nghin hoc sinh sinh vien va cflc ndng dan so'ng bfing nghe chan nuoi ti'uyen thd'ng t h a m gia vdi k h a u hieu bao ve q u y l n cua ngUdi Mdng Co. cong ly cho ngudi Mong Co ...
2. Nguyen nhan ciia nhimg ba't dn dan tpc, ton giao vii cac phong trao Iv khai, bieu tinh gan dfly
Chink sdch phdt trien kinh te nghieng lich, mdt can bdng ciia Trung Qudc tgo ra khodng cdch ve trinh do phdt trien vd chinh lech gidu ngheo gida cdc uung mien, dgc biet Id gida miin Dong vd miin Tdy, guCa dong bdng vd mien nui khie'n cho ngudi ddn d khu vUc kho khdn, kem phdt trien bdt man.
NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUOC so 12(136) - 2012
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NGUYEN THANH GIANG
T r u n g Qud'c lfi mflt qud'c gia da dfin toe, bao gom 56 dfin tflc, t r o n g dd ngfldi H a n lfi dfln tflc e h i l m da ad" cdn 55 dfin tflc khfic dupc gpi lfi dfin tflc t h i l u sfl"
vdi sd'dfin Ifl k h o a n g 100 triflu ngudi"'.
chid'm k h o a n g 7% dfin so ca nflde. P h i n ldn dfin tflc thieu sfi" s^ng tflp t r u n g d vflng bidn cfldng Tfiy Bfic, Tfiy N a m , Hoa Bfic vfi Ddng Bflc. Cac dfln tflc d T r u n g Qud'c phfln bd' k h d n g d i u , cfic dfin tflc t h i l u Bd cfl t r u xen ke vdi n h a u vfi xen kd vdi dfin tflc Hfin. T r o n g qufi t r i n h cai cfich md cfla, cflng vdi sfl p h a t t r i l n kinh tl" vfi sfl lflu dflng dfin cfl, hinh thfli cfl t r u xen ke gifla cfic dfin tflc c6 xu hfldng gia tfing. T u y nhign n h i n tong t h i tfl lich sfl Ifiu dfii trflde dd, ngfldi H a n vfln sd'ng tfip t r u n g tgi vung dong bflng t r u n g du c6 d i l u kifln tfl nhign vfi giao t h d n g di lai thufln ldi, cdn cflc dfln toe thieu sd' chii yeu cfl t r u tai vung cao, m i l n nui vfl vung xa xdi heo Ifinh, dilu kien di lai khd khfln, khi hflu khac nghidt. Dac d i l m cU t n i tren da dfln dfln mflt thuc td' lfi ngay tfl xa xUa trong lich sfl, dan tdc H a n ludn cd trinh dfl phat trien kinh te - xa hpi cao hdn.
Ben canh dd, do T r u n g Qud'c thflc hien chfnh sfich p h a t t r i l n nghieng Iflch, Uu tidn va tflp t r u n g cua cai cua dfl't nUdc cho phflt trien vung duygn h a i phfa Ddng trong thdi ky d i u cai cfich md cfla da lfim gia t a n g t h e m tinh t r a n g chenh Idch phfit t r i l n v u n g mien. Chfnh vi chinh sfich phfit t r i l n kinh t ^ dd da tgo r a mpt thflc t ^ Ifl t r i n h dp phflt t r i l n kinh te cua mien Tfiy dflc biet Ifl vung nui cao chdnh lech q u a ldn so vdi m i l n Ddng. Thu nhfip cua cU dfin m i l n Dong
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so vdi m i l n Tfly vfi cfic t i n h bidn gidi c6 khoang cfich ldn, t h u nhflp binh qufin d i u ngUdi tgi cfic thflnh phS' ldn cao gfip 3 dd'n A l l n , thflm chf 5 l l n so vdi cfic khu vUc ndng thdn; chfl't lupng sdng cua ngfldi dfln m i l n Tfly thtfp hdn n h i l u so vdi m i l n Ddng, nhflft lfi so vdi Thupng Hai, Thfim Q u y l n , Q u a n g Chfiu. Dfin so ddi nghdo vfi cflc huyfln ddi nghdo trpng d i l m cua T r u n g Qufl'c d i u n^im d miln Tfiy - vflng sinh sfl^ng chii yiu cua da sfl ngUdi dfln tflc t h i l u sfl'*'...
Ngofli r a d l c6 the phfit t r i l n nhanh, T r u n g Quflc da k h a i thfic qua mflc sflc lao dflng vfl tfli nguydn thien nhidn 3 m i l n Tfiy, d i n dl^n ddi sflng ngudi lao dflng khdng mfi'y dflpe cai thifln, tfli nguygn thi cgn kiet vfi mdi trfldng thi 6 nhiem. Ngfldi dfin nhflng v u n g sau vung xa n h u Tfln Cfldng, Tfiy Tang, Noi Mdng... cam thfi'y bi thi§t thdi, dfiy la mpt trong nhflng nguyen n h a n gfiy ra hfing van cuflc bao loan trong mfi'y nflm trd lgi dfiy.
Theo thd'ng ke, G D P binh qufln diu ngfldi hflng nflm d m i l n Tfiy tuy da tflng tfl 4.283 NDT (nfim 1999) len 15.951 NDT (nfim 2008), nhflng con sd'nfiy vfin cdn rit thfi'p so vdi m i l n Dong vfi mien Trung vfi chi bflng khoang 40% cua k h u vflc miln Ddng. D i u tfl binh q u a n d i u ngfldi h m i l n Tfiy chi bfing 60% m i l n Dong, mfit dfl dfldng sfit chfla bflng 1/4, mflt do dfldng quo'c Id chi hfing 27,4% cua miln Ddng"".
Nhflng mfiu thufin chdnh Iflch giflu ngheo r ^ t d i bi nhflng p h i n tfl x^u xiii giuc trd thflnh t h u h ^ n tdn gifio vfl mfiu NGHIEN Clh) TRUNG QUfilC s ^ 12(136) - 2012
Mdt sd vdn 64 din tdc tdn giio..
thufln d a n tflc. Vi vfly, lfim t h i nflo di tflng cudng hieu qua ciia chien lUdc Dai khai p h a t mien Tfiy, lam the nfio d l cai thidn k i t cfl'u xa hpi va p h a t t r i l n hfii hofl giQa cfic k h u viic, hfii hofl lpi Ich giQa cflc nhdm dfin cfl, gifla cac d a n tpc se Ifl trpng diem cdng tac vfl'n d l dfin tdc cua Trung Quo'c trong thdi gian tdi.
- Chinh sdch ddn tdc hien nay cua Trung Qud'c gdy ra sU bdt mdn cho cd ddn tdc Hdn vd ddn tgc thiiu so, tii dd gdy ra mdu thudn giiia cdc ddn tgc
Cfic cupc gfiy rdi, bao logn didn r a g i n day d T r u n g Qud'c d i u cd bd'i canh b e n ngofli rfl't phfle t a p . T r o n g thdi dgi toan c l u hoa, nhflng vfl'n d l nfli bd chu q u y l n qud'c gia d e u lidn q u a n ft n h i l u dd'n cfic n h a n td' b e n ngofli. Vfi'n d l Tfiy T a n g vfi T a n Cfldng cung vfiy. N h i l u n a m q u a nhflng bfl't on d Tfiy Tgng vfl T a n Cfldng phfit t r i l n m a n h la do sii hflu thufln c u a cfic liic lUpng chinh tri phQdng T a y tfic dflng. N h a n to" h a i ngoai da vfldt t i m k i l u sofit cua Chlnh p h u T r u n g Qud'c. N h i i n g t r e n thiic t h i , cho du n h a n td' h a i ngoai cd q u a n t r p n g t h ^ nflo, t h i nhfin to c h u y e u nhfl^t vfin la d vfi'n d l nfli bd. H i e n n a y xung dflt d a n tpc d a n g d i l n r a , c i n t h i l t p h a i n h i n nhfln lai c h i n h sach dfin tdc cua T r u n g Qud'c h i e n n a y .
Sau khi nflde CHND T r u n g Hoa r a ddi nflm 1949, T r u n g Qud'c da d l r a nhQng qui dinh cu t h i v l chd' dfl tfl tri k h u vflc d a n tpc. Ch§' dp tfl tri k h u vflc d a n tdc d i n d i n da trd t h a n h mflt c h i dfl chlnh t r i cd b a n vfl dfldc thflc hien tai cac
vflng d a n tflc t h i l u so" trdn tofln Trung Qud'c. Sau nfly, trong thdi kf cai each md cfla, Trung Quo'c cung dfi dfla r a n h i l u vfin kifln d l chi dao thflc hi$n Lufit Tfl tri khu vflc dfin tflc. Cd t h i ndi, Luflt Tfl tri khu vflc d a n tflc Ifl bd luflt quan trpng v l dfin tdc ciia Trung Qud'c, dfiy Ifl luflt cd ban nhflm hoach dinh vfl thflc hifln chinh sfich dfin tflc theo con dUdng phflp chlhofl.'^*
Tuy nhien k i n h nghiflm t r e n t h i gidi cung cho thfl'y, c h i dd tii tri d a n tflc vfln cdn Ifl mpt md hinh qua ly' tudng. N h i l u nghidn cflu cho rflng trong d i l u kien hifln nay cua Trung Qud'c, chlnh sach dan tflc vdi md hinh 11 tudng nfly khdng nhflng khdng cd lpi cho sfl hofi hdp dfin tdc, mfl trfli lai thfldng d i l n b i l n thflnh cd sd cho ly k h a i dan tdc. Nghiem trpng hdn, chlnh sach qua II tudng cung khdng t h i bao d a m q u y l n lpi cua dfin tflc thieu so' tren thiic tidn. Nguyen tac tii tri dan tpc gfiy r a nhQng khd khfin t r e n phUdng difln t l chflc vfl k i t c^u ddi vdi md'i quan hfl hofl hdp gifla cfic dfln tdc vfl sii sflp xep quan ly dan tpc'"''.
T r u n g Qud'c h i e n n a y chfla cd tU t r i dfln tdc theo d u n g thflc chfl't. Tfl t r i dfin tdc cua T r u n g Quo'c v l m a t 11 lufln diia vflo sii tho'ng t r i c h i n h t r i cua bp m a y bgo liic, ddi k h i , d l xoa bd m a u thufin dfin tdc nd da trd thfinh chlnh sach dfing hoa dfin tflc dUdi n h i l u h i n h thflc khfic n h a u , cfii gpi lfi dong hofl d a n tfic c h i n h lfi sfl p h u thupc cua dfln tpc t h i l u so' vao d a n tpc chiem so ddng.
T r o n g q u a t r i n h thflc hifln chfl dfl tii t r i k h u vflc dfln tdc, m d t m a t T r u n g
NGHIEN CljrU TRUNG QU6c so 12(136) - 2012
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Qud'c thi hflnh cfic chinh sach chfnh trj mem deo khdng ap dflt. lim cdch cai tgo kinh te. nang cao ddi song ngfldi dan. nhung m^t khac Chfnh phu Trung Qud'c cdn dUa ngfldi Han din dl can bfing cd cfi'u dan cU (ngfldi Hfin d Tay Tang vfi Tfin Cfldng hicn ehilm khoang -10'.- dfin so' cua cac khu vUc nav. d Xdi Mdng ngUdi Han ehilm SO",, dan so) Xhflng nhfln td' nay vd'n di cd the trd thflnh nhan in thuc dly hofi hpp dan tdc. nhflng chd dfl ti;( trj lgi ngfin can sfl hofl hpp dan tflc. Trong lich sfl the' gidi, cd nhilu nUdc (ca dfin chu va phi dan chu) da tflng thfl nghiem chinh sach dong hoa dan tflc, nhflng cho de'n nay vfin chfla cd tiln Ifl thflnh cdng. mfl hlu he't deu gfly ra xung dot dan toe'".
Mat khac. de hdp phap hoa sU khd'ng che chinh tri cua minh, Chinh phu Trung Qud'c ra sflc giup dd dfln tpc thilu so' ve mat kinh te. Chinh sach nay het sflc quan trpng. Rfi't nhilu nghien cflu cho thfi'y, dd'i vdi vfi'n dl dan loc, trinh dp phat triln kinh t l cd mo'i lien quan rfi't quan trpng den sfl o'n dinh dan tdc. XgUdi dan qua nghdo thi rfl't dd bi kich dflng thfim chi dfln tdi bao Iflc. O bfi't kl quoc gia nfio, ngudi ngheo deu rfl't dl bi xui giuc, ne'u them nhan to tin ngudng ton giao, cflng c6 the di tdi cUc doan, thfim chi chu nghia khung bd'.
Thflc te cung cho thfl'y rfing chi cd phat trien kinh te cung khong dam bao chflc chfln se di de'n hai hoa vfl hofl hdp dan tpc. Kinh nghiflm cho thfl'y, kinh te
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phfit tridn thfldng gfiy ra mfiu thufin dfin Lflc. Vi dy, ban thfin ngfldi dan tdc thilu sfl cam thfl'y bfi't man vdi mdt s6' chi'nh sflch kinh td' cua Chinh phu, nhU sU diu tu cfic du an diu mo vfl khi thign nhidn 3 Tfin Cfldng, Nfli Mdng khiln cho ngudi ban dja cam thfi'y ngUdi Han dang cfldp di ngufin tfii nguygn thidn nhien, dfing thdi phfi huy mdi trUdng sd'ng cua hp.
Ngofli ra. nhflng flu dilm cua phfit triln kinh t l .sd thfldng phfin bcT khdng dfing diu gifla cfic dfln tflc khfle nhau, hofic 3 cfic nhdm quin thi xfl hfli khfic nhau trong cflng mflt dfin tflc. O xa hpi Trung Qud'c hifln nay, phfin hoa thu nhflp, phfin hoa giflu nghdo gifla cflc dan tflc vfl trong nfli bfl dfin tpc lfi mpt trong nhflng nguydn nhfin chu yeu cua mfiu thufin dfin tdc. Ban than xa hfli Trung Quflc hifln nay dang d trong thdi ky phfit trien cflc sU kien mang tinh quin chung (bieu tinh, cfic cupc gfiy roi, bao loan) vdi t&
dfl cao.
Ngofii cac chinh sach hd trp vl kinh te ra, Chinh phu Trung Qud'c cdn ban hanh mflt logt chinh sfich flu dai cho dan tpc thieu so', vi du nhfl cac cdng trinh vl giao due, sinh de cd ke hoach, thfim chf ca tren phfldng difln phfip lufit. Nhflr^
nhflng chfnh sfich nfly khdng tao nfin hiflu qua tich cflc, cd nhflng luc cdn gia tfing mau thufin gifla dan tflc thilu so vfl ngfldi Han. Tren rfl't nhilu vfl'n de, ngUdi Han vfl ngfldi dfln tflc thilu so' diu cam thfl'y bfl't mfin vdi chinh sach cua Trung fldng. Vi du, ne'u mflt ngfldi Hfin va mflt ngfldi thuflc dfin tflc thilu so' cung lfim mflt vide phi phfip, cflc cd quan phap luflt dia phfldng se trflng phat
^ NGHIEN Cliu TRUNG QUfl'C s o 12(136) - 2012
M^t sdvih dedSn t0c ton glio..
ngUdi Hfin, cdn k h o n g d a m xfl ly ngfldi d a n tdc t h i l u sd'. D i l u nfly se gay r a rfl't n h i e u vfl'n d l xfi hdi. Sii ba't binh dflng t r e n phUdng dien p h a p lufit khdng d l thuc day sii hofl hpp d a n tflc, rfl't n h i l u ngudi Hfin t r a n h xa ngUdi d a n tflc thieu sd, coi hp Ifl ngudi ngoai tpc.
TUdng tfl, ngudi d a n tdc t h i l u sd' cung coi ngUdi Hfin Ifl ngogi tflc. Cd t h i ndi chinh sach Uu dfli cho ngUdi dfin tflc thidu so' cua C h i n h p h u T r u n g Qud'c khie'n cho ngudi Hfin cam t h a y bi p h a n biflt dd'i xfl. Cd phfldng tifln t r u y i n thdng cho rfing, sfl kidn ngay 7 t h a n g 7 n a m 2009, mdt so' lupng ldn ngUdi Hfln dd r a cae dfldng phd' U r u m q i ho hao p h a i tii bao ve m i n h Ifl mdt each t h i hifln sii bfl't m a n cua ngiidi H a n ddi vdi chinh sach p h a n biflt dd'i xfl cua cac cfl'p chinh q u y l n T r u n g Qud'c.
3. Nhu'ng giai phap cua Dang, Chinh phu Trung Qudc gia! quyet cac van de bat on dan tpc, ton giao
TrUde t i n h t r a n g cac cupc bieu t i n h vfl bao loan ngay c a n g d i l n r a gay gat.
dac biflt Ifl tfl k h i xay r a cac cuflc bao ddng n h u dfl ndi d t r e n . D a n g va Chinh p h u T r u n g Quo'c da thiic hifln n h i l u bien p h a p k i n h t l , c h i n h tri vfl ngoai giao, trUdc m a t cung nhfl lau dfli n h a m giai quye't t r i e t de cac m a u t h u a n tdn tai. Ngoai cac bifln p h a p cflng rfin dam bao an n i n h triidc mfit. tflng cfldng dfl'u t r a n h chd'ng cac p h a n tfl ly k h a i d a n tflc d t r o n g va ngoai nflde ra, T r u n g Qud'c cdn chu y tdi cflc bidn p h a p k i n h te n h u t a n g ciidng hdn nfla p h a t trien k i n h te xa hdi d cac k h u viic bfl't on,
t i l p tuc d l y m a n h c h i l n lUdc Dai k h a i p h a t m i l n Tay vdi viflc chu y tdi cha't Ifldng vfi hiflu qua p h a t t r i l n ben vflng.
cai thifln d a n sinh, Dong thdi, T r u n g Qud'c cung chu trUdng cac bien p h a p ngogi giao nhfim gia tfing niem tin. xay dflng hinh t u p n g qud'c te td't cho minh.
Tuy nhien. cung cd y k i l n cho rflng.
cung gid'ng n h u cflc thdi ky trudc dd.
khi trong nUdc xay ra nhflng bfl't on. di hudng mfiu thufln ndi bfl ra ben ngofli.
Chinh phu T r u n g Quo'c da gay cang t h a n g vfl phfle tap hoa van de Biln Ddng d l hudng sU chu y cua dU luan trong nUdc ra cac sfl kien ben ngoai.
DCS Ti'ung Qud'c da the hien ra vdi the gidi hp la lflc lUdng lanh dao dan tdc di bao ve ddc lap. chu quyln va toan ven lanh tho tfl Tay Tang. Tan Cudng. Xoi Mdng de'n Dai Loan va Biln Ddng. Con bfli chu nghia dan tdc dupe Trung Quo'c sfl dung thflnh cdng trong viec phan dd'i My vfl phUdng Tfiy dflng cac vfl'n de dan chu, n h a n quyen, can thiep vao cac va'n d l Tay Tang. T a n CUdng vfl Dai Loan'^'.
- Thdt chdt an ninh tgi cdc khu vi/c xdy ra bgo logn
Mpt diem c h u n g t r o n g viec xfl ly cac cudc bao dpng. gay rd'i lien quan de'n mflu thufln dan tflc. tdn gido va sac tdc ldn didn r a trong thdi gian vfla qua dd la Chinh phu T r u n g Qud'c da chi dao cho chinh q u y l n dia phUdng sfl d u n g cfic bifln p h a p trfl'n ap cflng rfin. t a n g cfldng lflc Ifldng cdng an, q u a n dpi de lap lai on dinh va t r a t tii xa hpi trong mpt thdi gian ngfln. Mflt sd' ndi chinh q u y l n con ap d u n g lenh gidi nghiem.
NGHIEN CQU TRUNG QUUC so 12(136) - 2012
15
N G U Y I N THANH GIANG
t h i l t qufln luflt, thflm chf cdn p h o n g toa ca i n t e r n e t . S a u khi Iflp lgi dupc trflt tii, chfnh q u y l n d cfic dja phfldng xay r a bgo logn v l n t i l p tuc d i u tfl t h e m t i l n d l tfing cfldng bfl mfiy cfic cd q u a n an n i n h , qufin dfli nhiim d a m bao trfit tu, d'n djnh. Vi dy d Tfin Cfldng, chinh q u y l n Khu tfl tri da cho Iflp dflt k h o a n g 40,000 c a m e r a giam sfit t r i n khflp thflnh phd' U r u m q i . Hdn nfla, k l tfl s a u cuflc bgo dflng gfly rfli xay r a d T a n Cfldng, Chinh p h u T r u n g Qufl'c da thflc hifln rfi't m a n h t a y tfl h i n h nhflng ngudi da kich dflng bao logn, t r u y td'vfl bflt giam hflng trfim ngfldi*"".
Nhd dd mfi cflc cudc bgo dflng t r e n da dUde khd'ng che' vfl k h d n g d l lan rflng r a cflc v u n g x u n g q u a n h , n h a n h chdng lfip lai trflt tfl. Viec T r u n g Qud'c ap dung cfic bifln phflp xfl ly cflng rfln da t h u h u t sfl quan tfim chu f cua cdng dong quo'c te. Tren cfic phUdng tifln thdng tin t r u y i n thdng, cd nhieu luong y kien cho rfing viec Chinh phu d u n g bifln phfip cflng rfin chi cd t h i giai quye't dflpe trflt tii trUdc mfit. Theo mflt bfli xa lufin tren New York Time ngfly 8/7/2009 cho rang Trung Qud'c se khdng bao gid dgt dfldc on dinh mong mud'n trfl khi hp chiu thflc hien giai phap chinh tri Ifl trao cho cac nhdm dfin tflc t h i l u so' n h i l u q u y l n tii tri hdn'"'.
Tdng cUdng cdc biin phdp ngdn chgn cdc the lUc kich ddng bgo lUc, mUu do quae te hod cdc vdn di Tdy Tgng, Tdn CUcfng
Trong thdi gian g i n day, Chinh p h u T r u n g Qud'c da dflc biflt chu y q u a n tam
16
vfl tfing cfldng cfic bifln phfip n h ^ m ngfln ch^n hogt dflng phfin ly vfl phfi hogi cua tflp dofln ly k h a i Dgt Lai Lgt Ma, cflng cflc dflng thfii vfl cfic phfldng thflc hfi trp cua cfic thl^ lflc thfl dich chflng Trung Qufl'c trdn qufl'c tl'. T r u n g Qud'c cung khSng dinh ro hdn Iflp trfldng nguyfin t i c ddl vdi vfl'n d l nfly, kidn quy^t phan ddl bfi't cfl qud'c gia vfl t^ chflc nfio vdi bit cfl l^^ do nfio d l can thiflp vflo cdng viflc nfli bfl cua T r u n g Qufl'c. Chinh phu T r u n g Quo'c luon nhffn mgnh, cfic nflde c i n phai tdn trpng chu q u y l n ciia Trung Qud'c, khdng dflpe tao d i l u kifln cho cac p h i n tii ly k h a i ddi "Tfiy T a n g dflc lfip",
"Tfin Cfldng dflc lfip".... Trdn thUc te, cflng vdi qudc lflc tong hpp cua Trung Qudc khdng ngflng dupc tfing cfldng, cac m^i q u a n hfl hQu nghi dfli ngoai mfit t h i l t , dfl c6 mdt so' nflde dac biet Ifl cac nflde xung q u a n h cung da c6 nhflng han chfl doi vdi hogt dpng ly k h a i 'Tfly Tang dpc lfip", 'Tfin Cfldng dpc lfip". Vi du Bfl Ngoai giao Thfii L a n ngfiy 3-3-2010 da tuyen bd', Dai sfl qufin Thai Lan tgi An Dp da tfl choi cfi'p visa du lich sang Thfii cho em gfii cua Dgt Lai Lgt Ma do lo nggi hp til^n hfinh d i l n t h u y l t nhflng chinh sfich cd lien q u a n d^n Tfiy Tang b Bflng Cd'c"'^. Hay nhfl td "Tilng ndi Hoa Kf" dfla tin, ngfly 26-2-2010, Tofl fin TSy Ban N h a cung da d i n h chi d i l u tra vu an
"Chlnh p h u T r u n g Quoc bflc h a i nhan q u y l n Tay T a n g t r o n g sfl kifln ngfly "14 thfing 3" nfim 2008". N h i l u nflde phfldng Tfiy k h a c cung da tuydn bd'"khdng mufln mflpn cd nhfin q u y l n d l chi trich TrungJ.
Qud'c"'"'. Nhfl vfiy vdi vi thg' cua minh t r e n trfldng c h i n h t r i thif gidi, Trung
NGHIEN CIJUTRUNG QUfiC s ^ 1 2 ( 1 3 6 ) - 2 0 1 2
Mdtsdvdn dddSn tdc ton giio..
Qud'c da gay sflc dp, n g a n chfln cfic t h i lflc p h a n ddng, ly k h a i Hoa k i l u cung nhfl cfic t h i luc nUdc ngofli chd'ng Trung Qud'c d nUdc ngofii nhfim bao dam on dinh chlnh t r i xa hfli, bao vfl sU thd'ng nhfl't cua T r u n g Qud'c.
- 7Yc/i cUc triin khai ngogi giao cdng cgng, gia tdng niim tin xod bo hodi nghi, tgo dUng hinh tUdng qudc ti' tdt cho Trung Qud'c
Ngoai viflc tfing cfldng cfic bifln phfip cflng rfln, T r u n g Qud'c cdn fip dung n h i l u bifln phfip m I m deo hdn. Trong dd, Trung Qud'c da ngfly cflng coi trpng vfl tflng cUdng mflc dp ngogi giao cdng cdng vdi cflc nflde My va chau Au nhflm tflng cUdng nhfln thflc vfl ly giai khfich q u a n cua dan c h u n g phUdng Tay vdi Trung Qudc, dfin dfit va dinh hfldng dU lufln, cdng chung qud'c t ^ d l tao mdi trfldng qud'c te c6 lpi cho minh. T r u n g Qud'e da fip dung mflt loat bifln phfip, tich ciic t r i l n k h a i giao lUu vfl k i t ndi bang n h i l u kenh. Trong thdi gian qua, Chinh phu Trung Qud'c da d l y m a n h cfic hoat ddng giao lflu v a n h d a gifla cac nUdc. Vfii nflm g i n day, T r u n g Qud'c da td' chflc t h a n h cdng n h i l u hoat dpng giao lflu vfln hda, trong dd nd'i bflt la hfing loat N a m Van hda T r u n g Qud'c d cac nflde trdn t h i gidi n h u P h a p , My, Ai Cfip, Nga, An Dd...
Dfly Ifl cac hoat dpng dfldc dfl lu^n qud'c t ^ d a n h gia la cd a n h hfldng sau rflng vfl y nghia to ldn doi vdi viflc phd bien phong tuc tflp q u a n , tdn giao, van hda t r u y i n tho'ng cua T r u n g Qud'c d i n vdi cdng c h u n g qud'c td', q u a dd q u a n g bfi h i n h a n h dfi^t nflde vfl con ngfldi Trung
Qud'c. Dfic biet, nfim 2010, Trung Qud'c da to chfle hogt dflng T u i n Id Vfln hofl Tfly Tang d Tfiy Ban Nha, dflng sd' liflu vfl cac hinh a n h thiic t l d l minh hoa sfl t h a y doi to ldn d Tay Tgng sau cai cfich md cfla, khie'n cho cong chung quoc t l cam nhfln triie quan v l Trung Quo'c v l nhflng thflnh tiiu budc d i u cua hp*"'.
Nhd nhflng d i l u dd, hinh a n h quflc te' cua Trung Qud'e da tflng bfldc dUpc eai thien, theo k i t qua mflt cuflc d i l u tra cua BBC g i n day cho thfl'y, trong so' 22 quo'c gia dUdc d i l u tra, ed 16 qud'c gia cho rflng, a n h hfldng cua Trung Qud'c Ifl tieh cUc, cao hdn 10% so vdi My, khdng cd qud'c gia nflo cho rflng a n h hudng cua Trung Qud'c Ifl tidu ciic*^^'. D i l u nay ed lpi cho Trung Qud'c trong viec giai q u y l t cflc vfl'n d l Tay Tang, Tfln Cfldng, Nfli Mdng cung nhfl cac phong trflo ly khai khfic.
- Tdng cUbng phdt trien kinh te-xd hdi, tgo nhiiu cd hgi viic ldm cho ngudi ddn tdc thieu so'tgi viing bgo logn
N h u da ndi, de giai quyd't nhflng ba't on ve dfin tflc, tdn gifio, dfit trong tdng the phflt trien kinh te xa hdi chung cua ca nUdc, trong thdi gian qua Dang vfi Nhfl nUdc Trung Qud'c tflp t r u n g d i u tfl, Uu dai n h i l u hdn vflo viflc phfit tridn kinh t l xa hpi d k h u viic m i l n Tfiy, dflc biflt Ifl cac vflng dan tflc thidu sd'. Quy hoach 5 nfim l l n thfl XH da dfla chie'n lupe phflt t r i l n m i l n Tfiy l l n vi t r i d i u tien trong chie'n Ifldc p h a t t r i l n vflng m i l n . Dfing thdi dfi dua r a n h i l u bifln phflp mdi nhfim giai quye't nhflng hgn c h i va nhflng d i l m chfla hpp ly trong giai doan trflde, nhfl d i l u chinh cd cfl'u
NGHIEN Cliu TRUNG OUOC so 12(136) - 2012
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ngfinh nghi tfl khai thfic xufi't khiu nguygn liflu thd sang xufi't khiu cfic san phim da dflpe gia cflng chfl biln, chu trpng nhilu hdn din ehfi't Iflpng hiflu qui diu tu vfi tflng trudng, chuyin trpng dilm cdng tfic tfl xfiy dflng cd sd hg ting sang cai thifln dfin sinh, chu trpng hPn din xfi hpi hfli hofl....
Nflm 2010, Trung Udng DCS Trung Qud'c da tfi chflc Hfli nghj Cdng tfic Tfiy Tang lln thfl 5, dfla ra yeu clu Tfiy Tgng phai thflc hifln bUdc phfit triln nhay vpt vdi 4 bao dam chfic chfin lfi "bao dam chfic chfln kinh t l xfl hfli Tfiy Tgng thflc hifln sfl phfit tridn nhay vpt, bao dam an ninh qud'c gia vfi sfl dn dinh lflu dfii cua Tfiy Tang, bao dam mflc sd'ng ciia nhfin dfln Tfiy Tang khdng ngflng dfldc nang cao, bao dam sinh thai cua Tay Tang td't dep". Mfi'y nfim gin day, dfldi sfl hfi trp cua Trung fldng vfl cflc dia phfldng, khu vflc Tfly Tgng dfi cd nhflng thay do'i ldn, GDP tang trfldng binh qufin dat 12,3%, thu nhfip binh qufln cua ndng dfin vfl ngfldi chfln nudi tflng trudng trdn 10%, triln khai trgn qui md ldn xfiy dflng cd sd ha ting, tfing diu tu dat hdn 180 ti NDT, sfl nghiflp giao due phflt triln mgnh, ti Ifl mfl chfl giam xuflrig chi cdn 2,4%*'^', ti Ifl th^t nghiflp 6 thflnh thi giam xud'ng cdn khoang 3%. Dd Ifl nhflng thflnh tflu reft dang ghi nhfln mfl Dang vfl Chlnh phu Trung Quflc da lfim dflpe trong thdi gian qua, thong qua viflc giup cho khu vflc Tay Tang cung nhfl cfic dfin tflc thieu so" ndi day cam nhfin dfldc nhflng thflnh qua phflt triln, nhfln thflc rd dofln kit d'n dinh la phue, bgo logn phan ly lfi hoa dl duy tri sfl on dinh Ifiu
18
dfii cua Tfiy Tgng vfi cflng dfing dfin tflc Tgng.
Cung trong nfim 2010, Trung Udng Dang vfi Qud'c Vu vifln Trung Qudc da tl chflc Hfli nghi Cdng tac Tfin Cfldng, dfi xfie dinh mi^c tidu mdi cho Tan CflPqH dfing thdi ban hfinh mflt logt chinh sfich mdi nhfim dfla Tfin Cfldng phfit triln Ign mflt tim cao hdn, trong dd nhffn mgnh Tfin Cfldng sd lfi ndi di diu thflc hifln cai cfich thul tfii nguydn, se cd chfnh sach flu dai "hai miln ba giam mflt ntfa"
(miln thu thul' hai nflm diu, 3 nflm tilp theo giam mflt nfla) thul thu nhfip doanh nghiflp cho cac doanh nghiflp d cac khu vflc khd khfln d Tfln Cfldng, trong thdi k^ "Quy hoach 5 nfim lln thfl 12" se diu tfl vflpt 2000 ty NDT*'^.
NhQng bifln phfip thuc dly phat triln kinh te' xfl hpi cac khu vflc dfln tpc ndi trdn cua Dang vfl Chinh phu Tnmg Qud'c dfi nhfln dflpe sfl hoan nghenh vfl khflng dinh ciia cpng dfing quoc te. Tren mgng BBC phidn ban tilng Trung ngfly 20-5-2010 cd binh lufln: "Chu tich nflde Ho e l m Dflo da dfla ra chien Iflpc mdi tgi Hfli nghi Cdng tac Tfin Cfldng, nhfin mgnh phai cai thifln dfin sinh, tang cfldng mflc dfl xoa ddi giam nghlo.... Neu chinh sach mdi cua Trung Qud'c thanh cdng, thi se cd t h i hofi giai dfldc bao loan d ndi nfiy""*.
Kit lufin
Qua nhflng trinh bfly va phfln tfch trdn dfiy c6 thi thfi'y, vfiti dl dan tdc, tdn giao dfldc Dang vfi Nhfl nflde Trung Quflc quan tam coi trpng ngay tfl khi nUde
NGHIEN Cliu TRUNG QUtfC s o 12(136) - 2012
Mdtsdvdn dSdSn tdc tdn gido...
Trung Qud'c mdi dupe thflnh lfip. Cfic chfnh sach dfin tpc mfi D a n g vfl Nhfl nUdc T r u n g Quo'c b a n hflnh d i u gdp p h i n thflc hidn muc tidu xfly diing quo'c gia thd'ng nha't da dfln tflc trdn cd sd cfic dan tflc binh d^ng, dofln k i t , tUdng trd l l n n h a u . Tuy n h i e n T r u n g Qud'c lfi mpt nUdc rfi't ldn vdi n h i l u dfln tpc cflng chung sd'ng lgi d a n g trong qufl trinh phfit trien, viflc cdn ton tai nhflng m a u thufin, chUa hofl hdp gifla cflc d a n tflc lfi d i l u khd t r a n h khoi. Mac dfl Chfnh phu Trung Qud'c da cd thiic hifln n h i l u bien phfip tfch cflc d l giai quyet nhflng mfiu thuan, bfi't d'n trong vfi'n d l d a n tflc, tdn gifio dfldc cpng dfing qud'c te' ghi nhfln.
Song n h i l u nghidn cflu cho rflng each lam hfldng m a u thufln npi bd r a ben ngofli bflng vfl'n d l B i l n Ddng dang Iflm xfl'u di hinh a n h vfl uy tin cua T r u n g Qud'c.
B H U THIGH: ''
(l)Luc Hpc Nghe. "Kit cdu xd hgi Trung Quo'c ducfng dgi. Bdo cdo so' 3 Nghien cdu giai tdng oca hdi Trung Qud'c". Nxb Van hien KHXH, nam 2010, trang 5.
(2) Quan chflc Tay Tang chuan bi eho mot cuflc chien mdi. http://tuoitre.vn/The- gioi/477066/Quan-chuc-Tay-Tang-chuan-bi- cbo-mot-cuoc-chien.html
(3) Dudng Van Chuong, KhUdng Hong Muih (Chu bidn). Vdn di an ninh quo'c gia Trung Qud'c dumg dgi. Nxb Khoa hoc xa hfli Trung Quoc, nam 2010, trang 82.
(4) NguySn Vfln Cfin (Chu bidn). "Chiin luge kUng biin phu ddn" ciia Trung Qu.3'c.Nxb TQ diln Bfich khoa, Hfi Nfli, nfim 2009, tr.6.
(5) Sfich xanh miln Tfiy "Bflo d o phflt triln kinh t l miln Tfiy Trung Quoc (2010)".
(6) Nguyen Vfin Cfln (chu bifin). "Chien luge kUng biin phu ddn" ciia Trung Quflc.
Nxb Tfl diln Bach khoa, Hfi Noi, nflm 2009, tra. 6.
(7) Vfi'n de chfnh sflch dfin tflc thilu sfl' Trung Quflc rd't cuflc lfi d dfiu?
(8) Vfl'n de chfnh sflch dan toe thilu sfl^
Trung Quo'c rflt cuflc lfi d dau?
(9) Do Minh Cao. "Y nghla dia chink tri cua Biin Ddng". Tgp chi Nghien cflu Trung Quoc, so 6 nflm 2012, trang 74.
(10) Trung Qufl'c tfing cudng "dan ap" d Tfin Cuong. http://www.bbc.CQ.uk/ viet namese/world/2012/07/120705_amnesty_xinj iang_repression.shtml
(11) Bao chi noi vl vu Tan CucJng.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/vietnamese/world/2009 /07/090709_xinjiang_press.shtml
(12) Trung tfim Nghien cflu An ninh vfi Chiln lUdc Quoc t l Hoc vien Quan he Quoc t l . Bdo cdo khdi qudt An nink Qudc gia Trung Quo'c ndm 2010. Nxb Su thflt, nam 2011, trang 262.
(13), (14) Trung tam Nghien cQu An ninh vfi Chien lUdc Quflc t l Hoc vien Quan hfl Qufl'c t l . Bdo cdo khdi qudt An ninh Qudc gia Trung Qud'c ndm 2010. Nxb Su thfit, Bflc Kinh liflm 2011, tr.262.
(15) Pham Hong Ye'n. "Ngogi giao cdng ckung Trung Qudc: Hien trgng vd thdch thdc". Tap chi Nghien cflu Trung Quflc, so 2 nflm 2011, trang 47.
(16), (17), (18) Trung tfim Nghien cflu An ninh vfl Chiln lUdc Quflc t l Hoc vien Quan hfl Quoc tl. Bdo cdo kkdi qudt An nink Qudc gia Trung Qudc ndm 2010. Nxb SU thfit, nfimaOll, tr. 236, 239.
NGHIEN Cl)U TRUNG QUOC so 12(136) - 2012