REN LUYEN TU DUY KHAI QUAT - MOT YEU CAU QUAN TRONG CUA CAC Gid HOC VAN HOC SU^ 6 TRUNG HOC PHO THONG
O M A I THI H A N G
1. Ndng Iyc Kr duy, nhdt Id Kr duy khdi qudt md Id ren fri thdng minh. GS. Phan Trqng Ludn, (TDKQ) vd cung quan trqng trong cudc sdng cua ngay Kr nhtfrig ndm 70 cua t h l ki XX cung dd khdng moi con ngudi eting nhu frong qud trinh hqe tdp djnh tdm quan trqng Idn lao cua ren luydn tu duy cua ttrng cd nhdn hqe sinh (HS). Hoqt dqng nhqn eho HS trong dqy hqc: «Tu duy Id mot vdn d l thdi thtrc cua con ngudi gdn l i l n vdi hoqt dqng TDKQ. sy cd'p bdch trong nhidm vy ndng eao chdt luqng TDKQ gdn l i l n vdi chdt luqng k i l n thtrc. Kiln thtrc van hda eho HS... Vdn de ren luydn, phdt frien, bdi ehl thyc sy duqc xem Id k i l n thtrc mang tfnh bdn dudng tu duy eho HS Id vd'n d l gdn chdt vdi myc chd't khi nd duqc ndng Idn d trinh do khdi qudt chtr Hdu ddo tqo eua nhd trudng,... mdt nhdn thuc dung khdng edn Id tri thtrc ey t h l , ridng Id, rdi rqc v l dd'i ddn ve mye Hdu ddo tqo the hidn ey t h l frong y thuc tuqng nua. TDKQ giup con ngudi khdm phd, Hm no Iyc ndng cao tu duy eho HS se dua 6en nhimg cdi h i i u t h l gidi xung quanh, nhdn bidt duqc bdn chd't filn vd sdng kiln h'ch cyc ldm cho HS hqe tqp cd eua cdc su vdt, hidn tuqng; khdi qudt ndn mot he phuong phdp, hqe tdp mot cdch thdng minh, ed suy thdng khdi nidm, nhi/ng md'i lien he, nhirng quy nghT, ed suy ludn, ed phdn tfch, so sdnh, long hqp, ludt frong ddi sdng Kr nhien vd xd hdi. nghTa Id mdt su hoqt ddng bdn frong thyc sy frong frf
2. Ydu edu etia vide ddo tqo nhung ngudi cdng de HS. Vdi cdch hqe tqp 66, kiai thuc thu nhdn duqc ddn mdi dd dqt trdch nhidm ndng ne cho ngdnh mdi vung ehde vd hieu qud hqe tdp se khdng ehi ihu gido dye, ddi hdi gido dye phdi ddi mdi todn gqn frong khdi luqng kiln thtic md cdn Id sy trudng dien, trong dd ddi mdi v l eo che vd PPDH cd y thdnh v l mat phuong phdp, v l ndng luc Kr duy... Tdi nghTa quan trqng nhdt. Co e h l dqy hqe mdi yeu ndng cua GV chfnh Id deho ldm frqn ehtic ndng hudng cdu phdi ddt HS vdo vi trf frung tdm eua hoqt dan HSKr minh «leo nui'"... GV giup dd, hudng dan dqng hqe tdp. Dqy hqc luc ndy Id dqy ty hqe, hqc hq cdch lliuc, phuong phdp vuot khd khdn theo eon luc ndy Id hqc Kr hqe. GV phdi phdt huy duqc d dudng gdn nhdt, t ^ nhdt d l ddn ddn leo d i n dfnh HS sy tfch cyc, chu ddng, ddc ldp ldm vide trong cao eua fri thuc. Tu duy hq cdng phdt triai thi kiai qud trinh hqc tdp d l Kr minh iTnh hdi tri thtrc dudi thuc thu nhdn cdng sdu sde, cdng vung, phan chdt h/
sy hudng ddn, td ehtrc hoqt ddnq etia thdy. GV duy cdng hinh thdnh vung chdc thi phdm e h ^ con khdng «rdt" tri thuc vdo «edi binh" HS ntra md ngudi todn didn cdng cd them co sd phdt huy ldn thdp Tdn trong cdc em ngqn lua eua n i l m hdng mqnh me, khdng ngtrng" (1).
say, tfch eye hqe tdp. Dqy hqe ngdy nay khdng ' 3. ygu edu v l phdt friln hr duy cho HS frong ehl Id fruvln thy frnhtre ntra md Id dqy HS bidt day hoc ddt ra dd'i vdi GV ngu vdn eung quon cdch K/ duy d l chiem iTnh tri thuc. Id ren tu duy trqng khdng kem cdc mdn hqe khde. Dd'i vdi bd eho ede em. Phdt t r i l n K/ duy eua ngudi hqe trong rndn Ngir vdn, vide ren luydn hr duy ndi chung, dqy hqc trd thdnh vdn 6e vd cung quan trqng ddi JDKQ ndi rieng phdi duqc GV ehu trqng thue vdi cdng tde dqy hqe eua GV. hidn d tdt cd cdc phdn mdn: Vdn hoe. Lam vdn, C d Thu Krong Phqm Vdn Ddng Kmg ddn dd Tieng Viet. Trong phdn mdn Van hoc, khdng t h l nhiina ngudi thdy dang ddm duong frorigfrdch gido khdng k l d i n cdc bdi VHS, bdi ddc d i l m cua dye nhung ngudi cdng ddn rndi eho ddt nudc: D i l u bdi vdn hoc su (VHS) too ra n h i l u t h l manh cho ehu y l u khdng phdi Id nhdt cho hqc frd mdt md kien vide ren luyen ndng luc TDKQ eho HS.
thuc hdn loqn. Tuy rang kiln thuc Id can thilt. D i l u " Q^I yns co he thdng kien thuc do so, mang ehu y l u ldm sao gido dye cho hqe fro phuong phdp ffnh khai qudt la dieu kien thuan loi eho phat Men suy nghT, phuong phdp suy ludn, phuorig phdp dien JDKQ cua HS. Chuong trinh VHS trong nhd frudng td rdi den phuong phdp nghidn cuu, phuonaphdp J H P T hien nay gom: k i l n thue khdi qudt v l todn hqe tdp, phuong phdp gidi quydt vdn dd. O nhd
frudng, d i l u chu y l u khdng phdi Id ren luydn frf nhd * Trung tam giao due thudng xuyen Van Ban, Lao Cai
Tap ehi Giao due so 2 7 1 (ki i 10/2011)
bd nen vdn hqc Viet Nam, khdi qudt v l vdn hqc ddn gian, v l cdc thdi ki vdn hqe, cdc tdc gia vdn hqc, khdi qudtve the loqi vd tde phdm. Kiln thtrc VHS Id hd thdng tri thuc phong phu, 66 so, tdng hqp cua nhilu loqi fri thtrc khde nhau (Ijeh su, ehinh frj, vdn hda, xd hdi,...). Tuy nhidn, ede mde thdi gian, cdc sy kien Ijch su vd vdn hqc, tdn tde gid,
\6c phdm, ede trfch ddn tho vdn, cdc y kiln... chua phdi Id nhtfng kiln thtrc chfnh HS edn ghi nhd md edi cdn dqng Iqi trong HS phdi Id nhung ddc dilm, nhifrig quy Tudt phdt friln cua nin vdn hqe, cua cdc giai doqn vdn hqe... t h l hidn qua nhung nhqn djnh, nhung kit ludn chung mang tinh phd qudt cho mqi tde phdm, hac gid frong mdt giai doqn vdn hqc hoy mdt nin vdn hqc. Nhtmg Kiln thue khdi qudt dy vua tdng hqp, ndng coo thdm v l mdt If ludn ddi vdi nhi/ng kien thtrc v l tdc phdm vdn hqe md HS dd hqc d THCS, vua md ra mdt tdm nhin mdi, boo qudt, sdu sdc hon d l frang bj cho HS phuong phdp khdm phd, chiim h'nh ede gid trj vdn chuang khde. Ddy Id mdt frong nhi/ng dilu kidn thudn Iqi d l ren luydn TDKQ eho HS. Bdi, mud'n khdi qudt duqc ddc dilm vd quy ludt phdt friln eua nin vdn hqc, gioi doqn vdn hqc, tdc gia, t h l loqi vdn hqc, HS phdi bdt ddu tCr nhtfrig tri thue ey thl v l vdn hdo, xd hdi, chfnh frj, trilt nqc, tdc phdm vdn hoc..., bdng cdc thoo tde nhu phdn h'ch, so sdnh, frtru Krqng hdo, khdi qudt hda.
Phdn VHS ehiem mgt ti le khong nhd trong toan bg chuong Kinh Ngu van, vdi nhdng dgc diem cua no, cung la mgt dieu kien de ren luyen TDKQ cho HS. Khdo sdt edu tqo eua todn bd SGK Ngi/ van 10, 11, 12 (cd chudn vd ndng coo), ed the khdng djnh, cdc bdi VHS chid'm mdt ti Id Idn (khodng hon 10% tdng sd Hd't hqe). Nhu vdy, nlu khdng chu frqng rdn Tuydn TDKQ cho HS thdng qua cdc bdi hqe ndy, GV dd Idng phf rd't nhilu CO hdi 6e phdt friln ndng lye TDKQ eho HS vd ndng coo chd't luqng eua cdc gid VHS theo ydu cdu ddi mdi dqy hqc hidn nay, Wiid'n cho HS thie'u hyt mot phdn kiln thue n i n tdng vtrng vdng d l hqe cdc ohdn mdn khde cuo bd mdn Ngtr vdn.
Kieu bai dn tap ndm trong phdn VHS vdi nhirng net ddc thu cua nd cung tgo dieu kien cho viec ren luyen ndng luc TDKQ cho HS. Phdn VHS cdn cd kieu bdi dn tdp, chid'm ti If khd Idn vdl hon 40% so luqng bdi VHS trong chuong frinh. Ddy Id kilu bdi ed cdu tqo ddc thu khde vdl cdc kieu bdi VHS khde. Nd khdng nhdm eung cdp nhung fri thue mong tfnh chd't If thuyet md chu yeu Id ra cdc bdi tdp. Cdc cdu hdi dua ra khdng chf nhdm myc dfch tdi hidn ede fri thue cu, md frdn eo sd nhCrng tri thire ridng Id, rdi rqc tdp duqt cho HS
bidt vdn dyng cdc thao tdc so sdnh, ddi chilu, tdng hqp, khdi qudt. Sou khi hqc xong bdi «Khdi qudt vdn hgc Viet Nam Kr the ki X den het theki XIX", HS ndm duqc ndi dung bao trum cuo giai doqn vdn hqc ndy Id tu tudng ydu nudc. Tiep do, HS Iqi duqc hqc cdc tdc phdm vdn hqe cy t h l nhu
«Td long", «Vdn nudc", «Phu sdng Bgch Ddng",
«Hung trd ve" d i u d l cap den Idng ydu nudc.
Dd'n bdi dn tdp, GV ra nhung bdi tdp ddi hdi HS trdn CO sd nhirng kiln thuc Kr cdc tdc phdm cy thl ndi trdn, di d i n nhdn djnh khdi qudt v l cdm himg vdu nudc frong vdn hqc trung dqi. Cd t h l ndi, kilu bdi dn tdp tqo ra nhung dilu kidn hit sue thudn Iqi 6e GV to chuc cdc hoqt ddng rdn luydn ndng Iyc TDKQ cho HS, Hic rdng hidn nay GV ft chu frqng.
GV thudng ehf thyc hidn cdc bdi dn top quo loa chilu Id, it Khi td chue thdnh cdc hoqt ddng sdi ndi, li thu d l kfch thfch hoqt ddng h'ch eye cua HS, co GV edn franh thu Hit dn tdp eho HS ldm cdc bdi kilm tra 6e lay dilm ndn cdc gid dn tdp vdn hqc ft khi dqt hidu qud theo ydu cdu. Gido su Phan Trqng Ludn King nhdn dinh: «Trong vide gidng dqy VHS, mudn eho kiln thuc HS vOng b i n , GV phdi tqo dilu kidn bdng nhilu cdch eho HS vdn dyng kiln thtrc cdng nhleu cdng tdt. Chfnh frong qud frinh vdn dyng kiln thuc, ndng Iyc K; duy HS se phdt friln mqnh me. Khi vdn dyng kiln thuc, HS phdi Kr minh gidi guylt nhilu vd'n de dot ro, K/ minh phot huy ndng ddng chu quon d l frd Idi nhCfrig ydu cdu cuo GV. Ddy Id budc phdt huy duqc h'nh ndng dqng ehu quan cua HS rd ret nhdif (1). •
(1) Phan Trpng Luin. Rfen luyfn tir duy qua giing day vin hpc. NXB Gido due. H. 1969.
Tii lif u tham khio
1. M.Crugliic. "Tri thuc vi tuduy". trich trong Phit tri^n tuduy hpc sinh (nhifiu tic gia). NXB Gido due, H. 1976.
2. X.Vecxcle. "Phit tri^n tu duy bi^n chung". trich trong Phit tri^n tuduy hpc sinh (nhidu tic gia). NXB Gidod{tc.H. 1976.
3. M.Alecxeep. "Logic hpc trong cOng tic ciia giio vien", trich trong Phit trien tur duy hpc sinh (nhidu tic gii). NXB Gido due. H. 1976.
SUMMARY
The requirement of developing students' thinking in the teaching process is very important As for Philology, the training of thinking in general and generalization thinking in particukjr for students needs to be Implemented by teachers In all subjects, especially literature history lessons - the lesson type having many advantages in training generallzatton thinking.
