Tieu ban Sinh hgc vd ngudn lgi sinh vgt Biin
MQT SO BENH THU'CfNG GAP 6 CA NG^A PHONG NGlTA VA C H C A TRI
Truffng ST Ky, Ho Thi Hoa va Hoang Due Lu Vipn Hai Duang Hgc Nha Trang
01, ciu Da, Nha Trang Email: [email protected]
Tom tat:
Ciing nhu nhirng dpng vgt thuy sinh khdc, cd ngira vdn mdc mgt sd bpnh trong qud trinh nudi: binh do k^ sinh, vi khudn vd virus... Bpnh xdy ra do su tdc dpng tong hgrp ciia nhieu yeu td: mdi tru&ng, mdm bpnh, qudn ly, chdm sdc, ngiidn cd bd me, dinh dirang v.v... Nguyen tac phdng bpnh han chira benh cdn duac iru tiin cho nghe nudi trdng thiiy, hdi sdn. Phdi cdi tiin cdc yiu td ndi trin & mirc dp tdt nhdt, de dpng vdt nudi tang khd ridng di khdng v&i bpnh tdt, ndng cao ti lp sdng. Sir dung thirc an gidu dinh dir&ng (gidu hda Artemia, Copepoda, bd sung vitamin C, D, E...), vp sinh thu&ng xuyen dung eg nudi, sir dgng hp thdng nudi tudn hodn v&i lgc sinh hgc kit hgp v&i ozone, UV vd protein skimmer Id nhimg bipn phdp phdng binh cd hipu qud ddi v&i cd ngua. Phuang phdp chira tri ^Pt sd binh thu&ng gap & cd ngira cung dugrc trinh bdy chi tiet trong bdi bdo.
DISEASES OF SEAHORSE: PREVENT AND TREATMENT Abstract:
As with other aquatic species being cultured, seahorse are prone to diseases from parasites, bacteria, and viruses. Diseases can occur due to many factors such as poor environemnt conditions, exposure to pathogens, improper management of culure parameters, or from low quality nutrients, or simply from broodstock. In principle, and as with other aquatic animals in culture, disease prevention is easier to implement compared to disease treament. Improving on the above factors and reducing possible stressors will enable seahorse culturists to produce healthy animals, while increasing resistance to diseases, and attaining higher survival rates. Using high quality feed (enriched Artemia, and supplementation ofC, D & E vitamins) and installing a biofilter combined with UV, ozone and protein skimmer are the measures of choice to prevent diseases in seahorse culture. The specific treatment of some seahorse diseases are likewise detailed in this paper.
Hgi nghi Khoa hgc vd Cong nghp bien todn qudc ldn thir V
L MO DAU
Ciing nhu nhimg dgng vat thdy sinh khdc, ca ngya vin mic mgt sd benh trong qua teinh nu6i. Benh xdy ra do su tac dgng ting hgp cua nhilu yen td: mdi teudng, mdm benh, qudn ly cham soc, nguin cd bo me, dinh dudng v.v... Nguyen tdc phorig bpnh ban chda benh cdn dupe uu tien cho nghi nu6i telng thiiy, hai sdn. Phdi cdi tiln cdc ylu t6 noi tren d miic dg t6t nhat, dl dpng vdt nu6i tang khd nang dl khang vdi benh tdt, nang cao ti le sing. Su dimg thuc dn gidu dinh dudng (giau boa Artemia, Copepoda, bl sung vitamin C, D, E...), vp sinh thudng xuyen dung cu nu6i, su dung he thing nu6i tuin hoan vdi lpc sinh hgc ket hgp vdi ozone, UV vd protein skimmer la nhung bien phdp phong benh co hieu qua ddi vdi cd ngua.
Nghien cuu benh cua ca ngua d Viet Nam va tren tbi gidi chua dugc tien hdnh rgng rai.
Hdu hit cac cdng trinh ndy chi dung d muc dg m6 ta trieu chung lain sdng, mgt s6 tim ra tac nhdn gdy benh nhung chua tim dugc each dilu tri co bieu qud.
Dudi day la mot so benh thudng ggp d ca ngua nu6i. S6 lieu sd dung trong bai viet ndy dua tren ca sd phdn tich mdu benh phim (vi khuin, dgng vat ky sinh don bao) do Vien Nu6i tring Thuy san III vd phong Sinh thdi m6i trudng - Vien Hdi Duong Hgc thuc hien.
Ngoai ra con tham khdo mpt sl tai lieu nude ngodi (Wooten, 2004; Burn, 2004; Belli yd cpng su, 2006...) vl ITnh vuc benh cua cd ngua va mgt sl phuang phdp phong tranh. Phdn ldn cd ngua deu mdc cdc loai benh khd gi6ng nhau, tuy nhien tuy theo loai, muc dp khdng benh lai khdc nhau. Benh Id du6i co the gay chet nhieu cho ca ngira Den (H. kuda), nhung lai it dnh hudng ddi vdi cd ngua Vdn. Ngugc lai, benh phing dudi lai thudng gap d cd ngua Vdn (Hippocampus comes) hon so vdi ca ngua Den.
II. KET QUA NGHIEN ClTU H.l. Benh do Dpng vat don bao (Protozoa)
Tuy ca ngua la loai cd khd nang de khdng vdi nhieu logi benh, nhirng trong dieu kien nu6i nhlt, d mgt so trudng hgp ca bj nhiem benh. Benh thudng gap la do dpng vat don bdo (Protozoa) Zoothamnlum gdy ra (Truang ST Ky, 1994). Bpnh xudt hien d ca con 5 - 3 0 ngdy tu6i. Bieu hipn ban ddu la d du6i chiing xuat hien mpt vdi ca the Zoothamnlum. g6c bam vao du6i vgt chii. Sau do chiing sinh san tgo tbanh tap doan, phdt trien nhanh, chi sau 2 - 5 ngay todn bg duoi cd ngua bj phu day Protozoa tr6ng giong nhu nhirng sgi b6ng gon.
(Anil 1A va IB) Ca mat khd nang boi lpi va kiem an. Sau mpt thai gian cd bj chit. Benh it lay lan trong dan cd nu6i. De xu ly benh nay quan trpng hon ca la phong bpnh: ngudn nude vd thuc an phdi sach, khong co mdm benh. Khi phat hipn cd cd benh phai tdch nudi rieng.
Xu ly bang formol 100 - 200ppm trong 2 gid (phu thupc vao kich thudc cd), co thi trj dupe benh ndy, cho ket qua cao. Mpt diem ddng luu y la ca nudi sau mpt thang tudi rit it bj mdc benh nay. Nhung nghien ciiu gdn day cua Trucmg ST Ky (2000) da phat hien benh chii yeu CO ngu6n gdc tu vo trung Artemia hoac tir Copepoda thu ngoai tu nhien, cho nen tiy vo (Decapsulation) Artemia vd xu ly thuc an bang ozone, hgn che mpt phin nao benh nay.
Loai Amyloodinium ocellatum, Ichthyobodo sp. cung gdy benh cho ed ngira vdi cac trieu chung ton thuang d mang, cd thd gdp, bieng an. Dung Chloroquine diphosphat 8 - lOppm de tam cho ket qiia khd quan (Heather, 2005).
Tieu ban Sinh hgc vd nguon lgi sinh vgt Biin
Anh 1. Bpnh cd ngua do dpng vdt don bdo gdy ra. A. Protozoa; B Protozoa bdm
& dudi cd ngua giong
Doi vdi cd trudng thdnh ddi khi cd benh d6m teang, benh phdt sinh do nhiem Ichthyophthirius mutifiliis la mOt loai Nguyen smh dgng vdt cd binh oval. Bpnh phat sinh do SV ldy lan ciia dan cd nu6i hogc mam benh xuat hipn hong m6i trudng nude. Biiu hien ciia bpnh: xuit hien cdc d6m teing teen than va du6i, cd boi ldi kem linh hogt, thudng d teen mat nude. Cdc ddm teang Ian dan do su phat triln cua lodi Nguyen sinh dpng vdt nay, da bj phd huy din vd cd se chet sau vdi ngay (Anh 2). Khi phdt hien cd co bpnh cin nu6i rieng. C6 thi xii 1^ bdng Malachite green 0,15 - 0,20ppm teong 2 - 3 gid, dilu tri Igp Igi 2 lin cdch nhau mdt ngay. Ket qud xu ly benh bang phuong phap nay co bifu qua cao, ti 16 cd khoi bpidi la 70 - 80% (Phgm Tbi My vd cpng s\r, 1992). Tuy nhien, hien nay hda chat nay dang bi cam su dyng tren thi gidi vi kha nang gdy ung tiiu cua no. Theo Blasiola (1981), bpnh dim trdng d cd ngua do Triing bao td nh6 Microsporida glugea gdy ra vd cd le day la Ioai bpnh dgc trung cho ca ngua, chua cd bipn phap phdng va hi b$nh.
Ngoai cdc logi benh neu teen, ca ngua cdn cd the bj benh do cac Ioai ngogi ky sinh nhu Epistylis, Vorticella. Ddi vdi cac benh ndy, hiu hit cdc tdc gid diu su dung Formol ndng dO 100 - 200 ppm dl dilu tei. Xd Iy Idp lgi 3 ldn teong 3 ngdy, cin phai sue khi manh teong tiidi gian dieu tri. Mgt sd ngudi dung Sulfat ddng I - 2ppm dl dilu tei, nhung tiieo y kiln cua nhilu tac gia Ioai h6a chit ndy khdng nen dung tri bpnh cho ca khdng co vdy.
Anh 2. Bpnh ddm trang & ca ngua do protozoa gdy ra (Nguin H6 Thi Hoa, 2006)
Hpi nghi Khoa hgc vd Cdng nghe biin todn quoc ldn thu V
11.2. Benh do nam
Ngudi ta da xdc dinh dugc loai Exophiala pisciphila gay benh cho ca ngua H abdominalis d Uc. Tuy nhien phuong phdp dieu trj va hipu chiing chua dugc md ta day du (Heather, 2005).
11.3. Benh do giun san
Cd ngua ciing mdc mot sl bpnh ky sinh ben teong^ do giun san gay ra: Nematoda, Trematoda va Cestodes .Chung thudng ky sinh d gan, dng tieu boa, but mau va cdc chit dinh dudng cua vat chu. Cd thi sd dung Metronidazole de dieu tri cac logi bpnh nay, rat c6 hipu qua (Bum, 2005). Lilu sd dyng theo hudng dan ciia nha sdn xudt.
11.4. Benh do vi khuin
Bpnh do vi khudn gdy ra thudng gay ti 1$ chet cag, bpnh xuat hipn kem theo nhilu teipu chung khdc nhau: chet dpt ngpt, Id loet tren co the, du6i, mi^ng...Vibrio alglnolyticus la logi vi khudn thudng gdp khi phan lap tu mdu nude nu6i ca ng^a ciing nhu cac loai thuc an cua chiing nhu Mysis d6ng Ignh, Artemia. Ngoai ra, Mycobacteriosis (Mycobacterium chelonae vd M. fortultum) cung thudng gay chit cho cd ngv:a nu6i d cac bdo tang biin tren thi gidi. c i n luu y la mgt sd loai vi khudn chi gdy bpnh cho loai nay nhung lgi khong gay bpnh cho lodi khdc (Bdng 1). CJ m6t so trudng hgp cd ng\ra cdn bj nhiem vi khudn phdt sdng Vibrio harveyl (Alcaide vd cpng s\r, 2001).
a. Binh l& duoi
Benh nay do vi khudn Hbrlo parahaemolytlcus gdy ra, bpnh cd the lay Ian rat nhanh teong dan ca nu6i, gay chet sau mpt vai ngdy nhiem bpnh. Dudi va thdn bj Id, mat sac t6 da, viing bj nhiem benh co mau trang (Anh 3). Mat due, h6 hap nhanh. Phuong phdp tot nhdt Id phong bpnh nhu da teinh bay d tren. Neu cd nhiem bpnh cd the dieu tri theo each sau. Cdch ly ca bi benh ra khoi ddn ca nu6i. Dimg ket hgp thu6c Furan II va Paragon II, lieu dimg phy thupc vdo lodi vd kich cd cd (Wooten, 2004). Cdc thuoc nay co thi dilu tri bpnh do cd hai logi vi khuan gram dm va gram duong gdy ra.
Cdc logi thudc thu6c nh6m Tetracycline nhu DoxycycHne vd OxyteteacycHne ciing CO khd nang dieu tri benh ndy, tuy nhien hieu qua khdng cao. (Wooten, 2004). Diing Neomicine, Iodine hoac Formol de dieu tri cue bp (topical teeatment), b6i thulc bode hoa chat ngay vung nhiem bpnh 2 - 3 Idn / ngdy, lap lgi teong 3 ngdy.
6 Vipt Nam, neu cd bi bpnh Id dudi, dimg khang sinh Ciprofloxin 5 - 1 0 ppm dl dieu tri va lap lgi 3 lan trong 3 ngay, ket qud dgt dugc khd cao.
Bdng 1. Mpt sd vl khudn gdy benh cho cd ngua (Belli vd cpng sir, 2006) Loai
Vibrio NOS V.alginotylicus V.fluviaiis Vparahaemolyticus V.vulnificus V. holl'isae V. damsela V. cholera
H. erectus X X X X X X X
-
H. reidi
X X
-
X- -
X X
H.barbori
X
- - - - - - -
H.comes
X
- - -
•
•
• -
H. kuda
X
- - - - - - -
H. abdominalis
X
_ . _ .
X
_ -
X. cd phdt hipn
Tiiu ban Sinh hgc vd ngudn lai sinh vdt Bien
Anh 3. Bpnh l& dudi a cd ngua nudi (Bum, 2005) b. Benh l& mipng
B§nh ndy ciing do vi khudn Vibrio spp., Costia sp., Saprolengia. (neu mieng cd mdu trang) (Anh 4) va nim (nlu mi6ng cd mau hong nhgt) gay ra (Wooten, 2004; Bum, 2005). Trieu chdng dl nhgn thiy nhdt la diu mom ciia cd ngua hi Id, cd mit kha nang bit moi vd b j chet sau vdi ngay. Phuong phdp dieu tri ciing tuong tu nhu berib Id dudi. Belly va cdng su (2006) cho rSng Ciprofloxin, aminoglycoside (Kanamicin, Gentamjjem, Neomicm) chua rit hi6u qua nhimg bpnh d cd ngi^a do Vibrio spp. gay ra. Cd the ket hpp vdi vipc gidm nhiet dp nude (khoang 3 - 4 dp C) teong thdi gian dieu tri, hieu qua se cao ban.
Anh 4. Bpnh 1& mipng cua cd ngua nudi (Bums, 2005)
Hipn nay, chua cd tai Upu nao cong bl vl sl lugng chuan cfii cua vi khudn va nam cho phep vdi m6i trudng nu6i cd ngua. Tuy nhien, teong qud trinh nu6i thuang phdm va sdn xuit giing ca ngvra Vdn, mac du mgt do Vibrio va vi khudn hilu khi kha cao (Bang 2), vugt tieu chuin so vdi qui dinh vi smh teong m6i trudng nuoi thuy san, nhung cd van phdt triln tdt vd c6 ti le sing cao.. Cd thi thay mat d6 cua vi sirib teong m6i tnrdng nu6i cd ngya biin dgng rit Idn tu 0 cfii cho din 9,10 x 10^ cfii. Dilu nay chiing td kha ning dl khdng cua cd ngua dii vdi Vibrio va fecal cohform la khd ldn.
Hpi nghj Khoa hoc va Cong nghe bien toan qudc lan IhuV
n.5. Benh do virus.
Cho A&n nay nguai ta phat hien duQfC nhung trieu chung benh cua ca ngua do vims, (benh Lymphocystis do Iridovirus) gay ra, lam chet hin^ loat ca ngua nuoi, nhung viec dinh ten loai chinh xac va bien phap chua trj van con nhieu kho khan. Bieu hien ciia benh la su xuit hien nhung hoa cai nho mau vang hoac tring tren da, vay va doi khi a mang.
Bien phap phong ngira la lam giam stress cho ca, cai thien chat lugng nuoc nuoi.
Mot lo?i benh khac co thS do virus, gay ti 1? hi vong cao a ca ngjra VSn noi rieng va ca ngua n6i chung. Ca bo an, nSm lim sat day, sau vai ngky thi chSt hing lo?t. Kha nang lay lan cua benh nay cung kha nhanh. Hien van chua tim duoc tac nhan gay benh va each diSu tri. Co le day la hpi chung "bu5n ngu" (sleepy sympton) nhu a ca Mu nuoi.
n.6. Benh bpt khi.
Benh bpt khi (Gas Bubble diseases, GBD) xay ra kha pho biSn vai ca ngua nuoi do phan ling hoa hpc a trong co the ca ngua.
HCO3" + H* o H2CO3 o H2O + CO2
Bicarbonat + Hydrogen o Carbonic acid o Nuac + Carbon Dioxide Khi phan ling dien ra qua nhanh ve ben trai thi gay ra hien tupng pH mau thap, hoac giai phong CO2, khi phan ling diln ra ve ben phai. Dieu nay tao ra cac bpt kbi a cac bg ph^n nhu duoi hoSc tiii ip, gay ra benh GBD nhu da trinh bay 6 tren.
Bdng 2. Mat do vi khudn va ndm trong moi tru&ng nuoi cd ngira thuong phdm Thai gian
23/3/2008 10/4/2008 25/4/2008 10/5/2008 26/5/2008 10/6/2008 25/6/2008 10/7/2008 25/7/2008 11/8/2008
Ten mau TP*
CG**
TP CG TP CG TP CG TP CG TP CG TP CG TP CG TP TP
Fecal coliform (cfii/ml) 11,1x10' 91 26 4,5 X 10' 10 54 0 0 0 0 10 2,4 X 10' 0 30 0 0 0 0
Vibrio (cfu/ml) 1,2 X 10' 88 31 3 , 5 x 1 0 ' 67 1,6x10' 34 0 2,3 X 10' 5,4x10' 76 1,4 x 10' 14 68 1,1 x 10' 3,9 X 10' 23 7,5 X 10'
-Vi khuan hieu khi (cfu/ml) 3,7 X 10' 2,4x10^
8,7 X 10' 1,23 x 10' 2 x 10' 4 x 10' 2,65 X 10' 4,35 xlO' 2,01 X 10'
1,02x10' 9 , 1 0 x 1 0 ' 1,7 X 10' 9 x 1 0 ' 3 x 1 0 ' 2,29 X 10' 3 , 0 4 x 1 0 '
10' 1,2x10'
Nam (cfii/ml) 1 1 2 1 2 5 0 0 2 9 2 2 0 29 2 1 4 0
*TP. BS nuoi Ihucmgphdm; '* CG Be nuoi cd gidng
Tieu ban Sinh hgc vd ngudn lai sinh vdt Bien
a. Bgt khi & trong tui dp
0 cd ngva cdn cd 'iDenh" bgt khi teong tiii ap ciia cd due trudng tbanh lam ca mit thang bdng, noi teen mat nude, di chuyen kho khan, de lau ngay ca se chit. Hien tugng nay do dilu kien m6i trudng gay ra, cho nen "benh" khong lay lan teong ddn ca nuoi. Phuang phdp dilu tri kha don gian: giu cd teong nude, thdng qua lo cua tui ip dua mgt Ing nhua nho dl thdng khi, dimg tay ep vao mat ben cda tui ip kbi se di ra ngoai. "B6iih" nay thudng thay d cac Ioai ca n ^ a nudi teong be kinh. Khi cd dye va ca cdi giao phii do muc nude thip, nen teong rat nhieu trudng hgp cd dijc md tui ip nhung kh6ng nhdn dugc tning tit cd cai md nhan nude vd bpt khi ben ngoai vao tui ap, sau mgt thdi gian tui nay cang phIng len gi6ng nhu cd due mang phdi. De ngan ngiia "benh "nay can phdi nuoi cd n ^ a d trong be co mdc nude, cao hon 60cm. Can luu y Id hien tugng nay thudng xdy ra doi vdi cd da thanh thyc smh dye.
b. Bpt khi du&i da (External Gas Bubble Disease: EGBD)
Benh thudng xudt bien dudi da, d phdn dudi ciia cd ngua (Anh 5), lam cho du6i cd nli teen mgt nude, diu hudng xuong ddy be. Cd mat tliang bang teong khi boi, bat moi kh6 khan. Ca nhiem benh nay thudng song dugc mdt thdi gian kbd ddi. Mgt dieu ddng luu y la b^nh nay thudng gap d cd due, rit it khi tiiiy xuat bien d cd cdi, nguySn nhau tgi sao den nay van chua co can trd Idi.
Anh 5. Bpnh bot khi du&i da
Co nhilu y kiln tedi ngugc nhau vl nguyen nhan cua benh nay. Mgt s6 tdc gid cho rang bfnh do vi l i u i n gay ra, mdt sd ngudi khdc thi cho ring cdc khi hoa tan teong nude qua bao hoa, khiln dp suit cua chung d mdi trudng ngodi cao hon so ven teong co the cua ca Dg\ra, cdc khi nay tham nhap vdo dudi da cua cd, tao nen nhiing ndt ph6ng nhu da ciia ngudi bj bdng. Nlu la do nguyen nhan thii hai thi phuang phdp tei bpnh khd don gian, chuyin cd den do sau khodng 2 - 3 met teong 2 - 3 ngay (Anh 6) hogc dong bao nhu khi v§n chuyin cd ngua (tang dp suit ben ngoai len co tbi ca) (Anh 7), cac nit phdng se bien mat. Theo cdc tac gid nude ngodi tbi dilu tri benh nay bang Diamox la hieu qud nhat (Wooten, 2004, Belli vd cgng su, 2006). Diamox la ten thuong mai cua Acetazolamide,
Hpi nghi Khoa hgc vd Cdng nghi biin todn qudc ldn thu V
thudng dugc diing dl tri cdc bpnh lien quan den bpt kbi d ca ngi^a. Lieu sd dyng nhu sau:
ddi vdi cd nhd (chilu dai dudi 80mm) dung % vien Diamox 25(hng cho 45 - 50 lit nude, ca Idn hon (khoang 120 - 150mm) thi dung Yi vien, cung v6i lugng nude nhu teen (Belli va cOng su, 2006).
Anh 6. Dung cu de dua cd ngi^a xuong dp sdu 2 -3 met V. Bpnh bgt khi trong ccr thi (Internal Gas Bubble Disease: IGBD)
Bpnh nay thudng bay gap d cd mdi de 1 den 5 ngay tuli. Cd ndi teen mat nude, thudng sat tbanh bS, khdng cd khd nang bat mdi cho nen cd chet sau vai ngay nudi. Day Id logi "bpnh" khd ph6 bien cho hau bet cdc lodi cd ngua d teen the gidi, lam cho ti IS song cua cd con rit thap. NguySn nhan chinh Id do khi hda tan teong nude xdm nhdp vao teong ca the cd, cd kh6ng bai Igi duge. Hien tugng nay se gidm bdt khi cho cd de teong nhiing be cd do sdu Idn ban Im.
Anh 7. Tdng dp sudt trong nu&c di chiia binh bgt khi du&i da
Anh 8. Bpnh bgt khi trong ca thi cd tiv&ng thdnh (Bums, 2005)
Tiiu ban Sinh hgc vd ngudn lgi sinh vpt Biin
Doi vdi cd trudng thanh, d mdt s6 trudng hop ciing mac benh bpt khi lam bung phinh to (Anh 8). Cdch dieu tri ciing giong nhu benh bgt khi dudi da, dimg Diamox vdi lieu lugng nhu da trinh bay d tren hogc dua ca bi benh xudng do sau 2 - 3 met.
LOn CAM ON
Nhan day, xin cdm on ban Chu nhipm chuong de tai nha nude Cd canh KC 06.05/06 -10 da tao dieu kien de chung tdi thuc hien cac ndi dung nghien ciiu trong bdi viet nay.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Alcaide E.,C Gil-Sanz, E Sanjuan, D.E. Steve, CAmaro and LSilveira. 2001. Vibrio harveyi causes disease in seahorse, Hippocampus sp. Journal Fish Diseases. 24: 211 - 213.
2. Belli M., Clare Driscoll, Marc Lamont and otbers.2006. A guide to seahorse diseases.
Creative Licence Publishers. 160p.
3. Burn Christopher. 2005. A quick diseases guidefor common captive seahorse maladies.
www.svtznathid.org.
4. Heather H. 2005. Syngnathyd husbandry in Public aquariums. ZSL. 137p.
5. HI thi Hoa. 2006. Thu nghipm nuoi ling cd ngua Den (Hippocampus kuda) a vjnh Nha Trang. Tuyin tap nghien cim biin. XV: 254 - 260.
6. Pham Thi My & Dao Xudn Lgc. 1991. Mgt so kit qud nghien cim vl bpnh va each dieu tr\d cii ng\;ia nuoi (Hippocampus kuda). Tap chi sinh hQC 10.1991: 54-56.
7. Truang ST Ky. 2000. K^ thudt nu6i cd ngua biin Viet Nam. Nhd xuat ban N6ng nghipp.59 trang.
8. Wooten W. 2004. A guide to common seahorse diseases and medical conditions.
www.seahorse.org .
