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T H A M K H A O - T I M H I E U
KET QUA NGHIEN CUU UtJG DUNG
MRY THU GOM BOC XEP Ml'fi BXM - 350
Do Him Khi '. VU Duy Dung ', Li Khd Truang '. Tdng Vdn Anh '.Le Nguyen Dgt!
1. ©AT VAN DE
Hien nay trong san xuat mia, ca gidi hod cae khdu chua ddng bp, chi cd mdt sd viing trdng mia tap trung dugc co gidi boa canh tdc tuong ddi kha d khau lam ddt, khau thu hoach budc ddu da va dang thir nghi?m ung dyng trong san xudt mdy chat mia rai hang: CMRH-0.1,CMRH-0.15 mdy K8-200PP (Thai Lan) va may lien hpp thu hogch mia nguyen cay SHC-0.2A....Vi?c bd cay, gom ddng, bdc xep len xe...chu ylu thyc hien bdng lao dpng thu cdng nen ndng sudt lao ddng rat thap, cudng do lao ddng cao ...
Hien nay chi phi bdc xIp mia len xe (Chua ke eong bd vd gom ddng) dao ddng tir 50.000 -^
70.000d/tan va 1 ha mi'a can 20-^25 cdng lao dpng.
Tgi cac viing sdn suat mia nguyen lieu tap trung van dl thilu nhan cdng lao dpng khi thu hoach dang ddi hdi khau thu gom-boe xep mia cdn dugc ca gidi hod.
n. N O I DUNG, PHirONG PHAP NGHIEN CUtJ 2.1. N^i dung nghien ciru
- Dieu tra khdo sdt thuc trgng thu gom, bdc xIp mia, ddng rupng mia khi thu hogeh va cac yeu cau ky thugt thu gom, hoc xdp mia d cac viing sdn xudt tgp trung;
- Nghien cu-u xay dyng quy trinh thu gom, hoc xep mia phii hgp vdi dieu kien san xudt va ddng rupngd Vi?t Nam.
- Nghien ciru thilt kl, cdng nghe chl tgo mdy thu gom, hoe xep mia trong dd tap trung nghien ciiu cai tiln mOt sd bp phgn chinh sau:
+ NghiSn curu thilt kl bp phgn thu gpm mia;
+ Nghien cuu thilt kl edi tiln hp thpng edn tryc xoay, gdu ngoam phii hgp vdi khd nang ehe tgo trong nudc;
- Tinh todn, lya chgn h? thdng thiiy lyc cho cac bg phgn: Can true xoay, gdu ngogm, bp phdn gom cay.
- Nghien ciru can bdng ciia mdy khi lam viec tren ddng;
- Xay dyng quy trinh edng nghp ehi tgo mpt so cym ehi tiet chinh cua may: cym hop sd truyin chuyen dpng cho cdn bdc xep xoay; cym gdu ngogm...
' Vi$n CO dien ndng nghifp vd Cdng nghe STH
- Che tgo may thu gom, bdc xep mia;
- Khdo nghiem, ddnh gid may do Viet Nam chl ^ . - Hoan thien thilt kl va mdu may.
- Thir nghi?m md hinh ung dyng lien hgp mdy thu gom, bdc xep mia nguyen cdy trong dieu ki$n sdn xudt. Budc ddu so bd ddnh gia hi^u qua kinh tl.
2.2. Phuang phap nghiSn cuu Chiing tdi da sii* dyng:
- Phuang phap thu thgp cac di? lieu dieu tra, khdo sdt thdng tin truy nhdp tir cac kenh trong vd ngodi nude.
- K I thura cac kit qua nghien cuu trong vd ngoai nude, phdn tich danh gid vd lya chgn cdc nguyen ly, ket cdu mdy.
- Phuong phdp thiet kl may ndng nghidp eho cac thilt klcokhi.
- Phuong phap xac djnh hieu qud kinh tl eiia cdng cy mdy mde ca dien ndng nghidp.
- Phuong phap thir khao nghidm mdy thu gom, bdc xIp mia.
- Phuong phap xde djnh hieu qua kinh te ciia edng eu mdy mdc ca dien ndng nghi?p.
n i . K E T QUA VA THAO LUAN 3.1. Xay dung quy trinh su* dung may thu gom, boc xep mia phu hop vdi dieu kien san xuat d viet Nam
Xay dung quy trinh kJ thugt thu hogch mia cd su' dyng may thu gom, hoe xep hai giai doan vdi hai phuang an ed th€ dp dung trong dieu kien sdn xudt mia hi?n nay d Vipt Nam.
Phuang dn 1 Giai dogn 1:
- Thu hogeh bdng thu edng (mia cdn nguyen Id), mia dai nguyen eay duge chat gdc, cdt ngpn, Idm sach la, xIp thanh timg ddng nhd cd khdi lugng tir 300-500kg.
- Hode thu hogeh bdng mdy K80-200PP (mia da dugc bdc Id), xd thdnh timg ddng 300-500kg.
Giai dogn 2:
Bdc xep Ien xe van chuyin di song hdnh : Sir dung mdy gom bdc xep va bai lao dpng xep, len mia tren xe.
22 TAP CHI CONG NGHliP NONG THON - s 6 7 • 2012
T H A M K H A O - T I M H I E U Uu dilm: ddu tu ban ddu thdp, gidm dupc dang
ke cudng dp va cdng lap ddng thii cdng trong khdu bdc xep, khdng gdy d nhiem mdi tnrdng va thdi gian Iuu mia sau thu hogeh ddi (72 gid).
Nhugc dilm: cdn su dyng nhilu cdng lao dpng trong khau thu hoach.
Phinmg dn 2
Mia phai dupc ddt la trudc khi thu hoach Giai dogn 1:
Thu hoach bdng may chat mia rdi hang CMRH-0.1 hogc CMRH 0.15.
- Thu gom mia thanh timg dong 300-500kg bdng mdy thu gom, hoc xep mia di sau mdy chat mia rdi hang.
Giai dogn 2:
Boc xep mia len xe van ehuyin bdng mdy thu gom, b6c xIp vd hai lao dpng xep, len mia tren xe.
U"u dilm: gidm dugc nhilu cdng Iao ddng.
Nhugc dilm: phai dau tu trang thilt bj nhilu hon, ndng suat ciia may ehdt mi'a rdi hdng va mdy thu gom, b6e xep chua ddng bg, do dd ndng sudt edn hgn che va gdy d nhiem mdi trudng, thdi gian tuu mia sau thu hogch ngdn (24 gid).
Nhan xet
- Thu hogeh mia ton rdt nhieu cdng lao dpng.
Khau thu gpm, boc xep la lao dpng ngng nhpc, cudng dp lao dpng cap. Dk^ giam bdt sy thieu nhan edng khi thu hogeh, gidm cudng dp lap dOng cho ndng dan, can nghien cuu dua vdo irng dyng trong san xudt may thu gom, hoc xep mia.
- Quy trinh ky thu§t thu hoach mia su dyng mdy thu gom, bdc xep mpt va ba giai doan tren the gidi chua phu hgp vdi dilu kien ky thugt canh tdc, thu hoach d Viet Nam hi?n nay.
- Quy trinh ky thugt thu hogch sir dung mdy gom, bdc xIp mia theo phuong phap thu gom, bdc xep mia hai giai doan (phuong dn mpt) cd trien vpng ung dyng phii hgp, gidm dugc nhdn cdng va eudng dp lap dpng, khdng gay d nhilm mdi trudng, cd hi$u qud kinh te.
3.2. K^t qua nghiSn cuu thilt ke va che tao may thu gom boc xep mia BXM- 350
Tham khdo tdi lipu vl nguyen ly cdu tao may thu gom, hoc xep mi'a SP-300 cua hang Cameco (My) vd mdy bdc xep mia SM-97 (Thai Lan) de nghien cihi thilt ke mdu mdy thu gom bdc xIp mia BXM-350.
- Thay ddi thilt ke mdt sd bd phdn nhu: Khung, cau trudc, cdu sau; Dgng co, hop sd; Banh xe di ddng; Can, gdu bdc xep; Hp thdng ca bin ldi.
- Cdc bp phdn lam viec nhu: Bd phgn thu gom, he thdng thiiy luc dugc nghien cuu thilt kl eai tien tren co sd mdu mdy SP-300.
Thiet ke, che tgo bgphgn thugomcay Bd phan thu gom cd edu tgo the hien tren hinh 1.
Bd phgn thu gom cay dugc treo d phia trude mdy bdng co cdu hinh binh hanh.
Nguyen ly boat ddng: Ddng cothuy lye truyin qua bp truyin xich den true dia sao gom cdy (8), dTa sao gom (6) quay vd gom cdc cdy mia Igi; nang ha bd phdn gom bdng xi lanh thuy luc (7).
Htnh I. Cdu igo bg phgn thu gom cdy l.Then;2 DTaxi'ch: 3. Bul6ng;4. Obi; 5. LuOigom;
6 DTa sao gom; 7. Xi lanh thiiy lyc; 8. Tryc dTa sao gom cay;
9. Thanh phia tnrdc khung xe; 10. Ch6t May thu gom bdc xIp BXM-350, gom mia sau khi dugc thu hoach bang may chgt mia rai hang (01 hang). Khodng each giii'a hai hdng mia trong thuc te Id 1.200 mm. Bk bg ph^n gom mia lam viec dn djnh (khdng bj xao trdn cdc hdng cay dugc rai), bl rdng lam viec ciia bp phgn thu gom khdng dugc vupt qua 1.200 mm.
Xde dinh van toe ly thuyet Idm viee ciia mdy khi thu gom:
De dgt dugc nang sudt thu gom thudn tiiy la 0,3-0,4 ha/h, vdn tdc lam vi§c eiia may duge xac djnh bdng cdng thirc:
, , 0,36.b,.K„ ,
^m=— ^^^-^ (haTi) (1) TAP CHf CdNG NGHIEP NONG THON - SO 7 - 2012
T H A M K H A O - T I M HIEU Trong dd:
Nm - Nang suat thudn hiy eua mdy (ha/h) bm - Be rpng Idm viec cua may (m);
Vm -Van tde ly thuyet lam viec eua may (m/s);
Tji-H^so thai gian thu sau mdi lan gom.
Be rpng lam viec cua may bang khoang each giira hai hdng mia bm = 1,2m.
He sd thdi gian thu sau mdi Idn gom Tj,= 1,5 Thay cdc gid trj vdo cdng thue (1), ta xac dinh dugc vgn tdc ly thuyet Idm \iec ciia mdy de dat dugc ndng sudt thu gom thuan tuy 0,3-H3,4 ha/h:
Vm = 1,04-1,39 (m/s)
Thiel ke, che tgo hop so gidm tdc truyen chuyen dpng xoay can boc xep
Cau tgo hpp sd the hien tren hinh 2, gdm cdc bd phdn chinh: Vd hpp sd, banh rang lien true, true vit, bdnh vit. Ty sd truyen gidm tdc iei=l 7.
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Hinh 3. Cdu tgo cdn bdc xip l.Becani2.Tmcodiiih: 3.E)Qngcothi^lyc:
4.H9P s6 xoay cSn; 5.Banh r^gIan:6.Xi lanhl: 7.Trv\oa>:
8. C a n x o ^ : 9 J ( i l a n h 2 : lO.Cangcua; ll.Cbol Thiet ke, che tao gdu boc
Cau tao gdu hoc gdm ede bg phdn the hien tren hinh 3. Gdu bdc dugc dieu khien bdng he thdng thuy luc thdng qua cac 2 xi lanh.
Hinh 3. Cdu Igo gdu bdc 1. Xj' lanh thuj lyc 1: 2. Tay giu tnrdc; 3. Vik md _4 Tryc gau; 5. Bac nhira; 6. Bu long; 7, Tay gau sau;
8. Gaxi lanh: 9. Chit xi lanh
Hinh 2. Hgp so tmyen chuyen ddng xoay cdn bdc xep I. Ndp hop 1: 2. Giolbig cao su: 3. Vo hgp sd;
4. Binh vit 5. Bac ehan; 6 . 6 bi 6310: 7. Phdt chin ddu;
8. Banh rSng liln live; 9. True vit; 10.6 bi 6208;
ll.Phanhtrvc; 12.Naphdp2; 13. 6 bi 6208; 14 Giang cao su:
15. Obi30208; 16.Phanhl5 77i/e/ ki, chet^o can boc xep
Cau tgo ciia cdn bdc xep the hien tren hinh 3.
gdm cac bp phgn chinh: Be can, try cd djnh, bdnh rang xoay can, tru xoay. can xoay vd khung cang eua. Ngoai ra tren cdn bdc xIp duge ldp hpp sd xoay can chuyen ddng nhd ddng ca thuy lyc va cae xy lanh dieu khien can.
2A
Tinh toan xac dinh kich thude tay gdu hde xep:
Ndng suat cdn dat: 300-500kg/lan bdc.
Dudng kinh trung binh ciia cay mia dc=3 (cm).
Khdi lugng mgt cay mia 1,5-2 (kg).
Khdi lugng 200-250 cdy mia 300-500(kg).
Bk dgt dugc ndng sudt 300-500 (kg/Idn), kich thude gau bdc phai thda man phuang trinh sau:
Trong do:
R — Bdn kinh tay gau (mm);
TAP CHI CONG NGHIEP NONG THON - SO 7 - 2012
THAM KHAO - TIM HIEU re- Bdn kinh trung binh ciia cdy mia (mm);
n,a = 0,75 (He sd ldp ddy)
Thay eae gia trj vao phuang trinh (2), ta xac djnh dugc bdn kinh tay gau hoc Rg^267 (mm).
Thiet ke, che tao mdy thu gom, boc xep mia BXM-350
May BXM-350 thi hien tren hinh 4, gdm edc bp phdn chinh sau: Khung gdm sat xi; Ddng co va hpp sd chuyen dpng; Gdu bdc, can bdc xIp, bd phgn gom cdy; Ca bin, h$ thdng dilu khiln, he thdng dien vd h? thdng thiiy lyc.
3.3. Ket qua irng dung mau may BXM-350 trong dieu kien san xuat
Mdu may dd dugc thu nghi8m trong sdn xudt tgi viing mia nguyen lieu cua Cdng ty cd phan mia dudng nhiet dien Gia Lai. Ket qud thir nghiem mdu may dugc thi hipn d bdng 1 va 2. Tinh todn hi?u qua kinh tl the hien d bdng 3.
Hinh 4. May thu gom, boc xep mia BXM-350 I. Giu bdc; 2. Cin xoay b6c xep; 3. Bp phan gom 4. Cabin, he thdng dieu khien, 5. Ddng co vk hgp so;
6. y\c thdng di?n; 7. Khung gSm cku vk thiing xe;
8. H? thdng thiiy lyc
Bang 1. Kit qud thir ndng sudt bdc xep mdy BXM-350 Lan boc xep
Khoi lugng, kg TB
1 341
2 349
3 343
4 350
5 348
6 352
7 347
8 345
9 353
10 355 348,3
Bang 2. Ndng sudt bdc xip theo ngdy (08 gid) ldm viec Ngay
1 2 3
Khoi lirong mia tren moi xe tai, tan 1
27 27,4 26,6
2 26 26,8 26,2
3 26,7
26 27,3 TB
Tong 79,7 80,2 80,1 80,0
TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Bang 3. Chi tieu hifu qua kinh te sir dung cda mdy BXM-350 vd mdy Bell-125 so v&i hoc xep mia bans iao don^ thd cong
Chi tieu
Tien tliu lai hang nam (Khong ke khau hao may va lai suat dau tu)
Then gian thu hoi von (ke ca vay iai) Lgfi nhuan dai may
Khoi lu(?ng cong viec toi thieu hang nam may phai 1 ^ de vi?c sir dung may khong 16, khong lai Hieu qua von dau tu
Muc giam chi phi so voi phucmg phap thii cong IVluc giam cong lao dpng so vdi hoc xep hoan toan bSng thu cong
Don vi VND Nam VNB Ha/nam
% -
%
May BXM- 350 319.027.200
1,6 1.949.163.200
46,5 5,93 17 77,5
May Bell-125 454.272.000
2,47 2.592.124.160
69,16 3,24 -4,8 81,2
TAP CHl CONG NGHIEP NONG THON - SO 7 - 2012 25
THAM KHAO - TIM H I E U Nh^n xet
Tii bdng 3, ed thi nhgn thdy:
- May b6e xep Beli-125 cd nang sudt hoc xep cao hon mdy thu gom boc xep mia BXM-350 nen gidm dugc cdng lao ddng nhieu hon. Nhung vi cd eau tao phuc tgp, gid thdnh nhgp khau eao nen vdn dau tu ban dau Idn. Vi thi hieu qud vdn dau tu thdp hon, thdi gian thu hdi von Idu ban so vdi su dung may BXM-350 vd chua dem Igi hieu qud kinh te so vdi lao dpng thii eong.
- Su dyng mdy BXM-350 ket hgp vdi lao ddng diu cdng: Cd hieu qua vdn ddu tu cao, gidm dugc 70%
cdng lao d$ng va gidm dugc 17% ehi phi so vdi viec bdc xep mia hodn toan bang lao ddng thii cdng.
Hinh 5. Mdy ihii gom, bdc xep mia BXM-350 ldm viec trong dieu hen thuc li sdn xudt tgi tinh Gia Lai
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Hinh 6. Thu gom. bdc xip mia bdng lao dgng thu cdng
I V . K £ T L U ^
- Quy trinh Iq? diugt thu hoach mia sir dyng may thu gom, boe xep theo phuang phap hai giai dogn: thu gom bdng thu cdng, bdc xep bdng mdy phu hgp vdi dilu kipn thyc t l hien tgi san xudt d Viet Nam .
- Da thiet ke ehe tao may thu gom, hoc xdp mia BXM-350 cd kit cdu ggn, nguyen ly lam viec khdng qua phirc tap, phii hgp voi trinh dp cdng ngh$ che tgo trong nudc.
- Mau may BXM-350 da dugc thiir nghiem ung dung trong dilu kien san xuat d d bdn Pl-Ydng - Xd Ptd - Huyen Yapa, viing mia nguy6n lieu thupe Cdng ty cd phdn mia dudng nhiet dipn Gia Lai dgt dugc chi tieu nang sudt gdu bdc 350kg/Ian bdc, nang suat ea 80 tdn/ea.
- Dieu kien va pham vi ung dung mau mdy:
rupng ddt ddi ed dp ddc nhd ban ISO vd viing ddng bang dat cd nen (khdng lay thut).
- Sir dyng may thu gom bdc xep mi'a BXM-350 ket hgp vdi lao dpng thii cdng, tbeo phuang phdp thu gom bdc xip mia hai giai dogn ed hieu qud vdn dau tu cao, gidm dugc 77% cdng lao ddng, giam 6ugc 17% chi phi so vdi thu gom boc xep mia hoan todn bdng thii cdng. Do vdy viec nhdn rgng md hinh ijrng dung mdy BXM-350 se dem Igi hieu qua kinh te va giam dugc dang kl cdng lao dpng.
TAI LI$U THAM KHAO
1. Tr&i D&c DOng, NguyIn Sy Hi?t. Thilt k^ che tgo vft ling di^ng mfiy thu hoach mia ty h ^ h n ^ g suit 0,3^,4 ha/ti.
Vi^n Co di|n N6ng nghiq>. Bdo cio khoa hQC 2005.
2. Ha Dih: H3. Ca gidi h6a canh tdc mia. Nh^ xuSt ban Nflng nghidp 1999.
3. Liru van Hy, Chung Thi Quang, NguyIn phirdc H^u, Huynh Kim Ngan, D 6 Tan Dan.He th6ng thiiy lye, NXB Giao thong v$n tai 2003.
4. Bach Quoc Khang. Trien vgng co gidi h6a cay mfa vk van de chpn may thu ho^ch mia. Vien Co di^n Nong nghiq).
B4o cio khoa hoc 1997.
5. DSo Trgng Uji. Nghien ciiu thilt kl chl t^o mSy thu ho^h mia cd vira. Vl^n Co dien Nong nghidp. Bdo cio khoa h(pc 2001
6. NguyIn Quang Lpc. Ca gidi h6a chjt mia-v^ chuyln- san nhd may duimg. T|p san KHKT n6ng I3m nghidp 12/1996, Tnrdng DH Ndng Iam TP H6 Chi Minh.
7. Biii Trang Thdnh. Nghien vitu cai tiln mdy thu ho?ch mia nguyen cay K-80. Cong ty Tu van vd d^u tir 1^ thu^ nfing nghi§p TP.Hh Chf Minh. BAo cAo khoa hgc 2003.
8. Phan Thanh Tinh, Biii Quang Huy. Phirong p h ^ xde djnh hi^u qua kinh t l cua cong cu mdy mdc co di^n NN, T^p chi Nong nghiqi, cdng ngh^ thyc pham, N07/] 993.
9. NguyIn vdn Thdng-Nghicn cdu on dinh tic dg quay cua b$ ph§n Idm v i ^ din dOng thuy Ivrc tren mdy nfing nghi^ ty hdnh. Luan vdn thdc !$k^ thudt. 2011.
10. BCii Hai Trilu, NguyIn Nggc Qui, D 5 Htm Quylt, NguyIn vdn HSu .TmyIn dgng thuy lyc vd khi nfti, Nhd xuit bdn Nong nghidp 2005.
26 T A P CHi CONG NGHIEP NONG T H 6 N - SO 7 - 2012