NGHliN CCfU - TRAO 06l
MThdi gian va phuang tien bieu liien tiioii gian trong ngon ngU Anil Viet
• ThS LU-ONG BA PHUONG Hpc vien Bao chi va TuySn truyin
\ Thdi gian Id mdt khai niem phd quat ttong ngdn ngir. Mdi ngdn ngii deu cd each rieiig de bieu hien | I thdi gian. Tiing Anh, mpt ngdn ngu bien hinh, thdi gian dupc bieu Men qua cdc yeu td ngir phdp, tii [ vyng, hay ngir eanh logic. Tuy nMen, ttong tieng Viet - mdt ngdn ngii khdng Men Mnh tM cdc phucmg I tien bieu Men thdi gian Iai chii yeu la cac don vi tir vyng dam nhiem.
1. ThM gian va phirong ti€n bieu hien ciia thdi gian trong ngon ngu
1.1. Ve khdi niem thdi gian
Khdng gian va thdi gian la nhiing khdi niem co ban nam ttong nhdn thirc ciia con ngudi. Chinh vi vdy md khai niem ndy da thu hiit sy quan tdm chii y ciia nhung nhd nghien ciru thupc nhieu ngdnh khoa hpc nhu tdm ly hpc, triet hpc, vdt Iy hpc,...
Cd the ndi nhu Capek [5] 'Ve khdng gian va thdi gian, khdng cd su tan cimg cua nhiing cudc ttanh Man, nhimg hpc thuyet vd nhiing Mem tm". Theo MinkosM [7] "Vdn de khdng gian vd thdi gian Id vdn de CO ban cua tdm Iy hpc, cua triet hoc va ndi chung la ciia todn bd nen vdn hda duong thdi".
Trong hdu het cac nen vdn hoa hien dai, thdi gian tmh theo duang lich ddng mdt vai ttd rdt quan ttpng. Tuy nhien, viee sir dung thdi gian tinh theo don VI tieu chudn hien hdnh cung cM mdi xudt Men each day khoang hon 200 nam ma thdi. Thl nhung, sy tdn tai cua loai ngudi va sy cdn tMet phdi bilu thi thdi gian ttong ngdn ngii thi lai cd xua hon rdt nMeu. Lam tiie ndo de khudn dinh dupc thdi gian
da dupe the hien ttong cdc ngdn ngy ty nhien da dang cua lodi ngudi? Mdt sd nhd khoa hpc chSng han nhu Wolfgang Kiem [8] cho rdng, co mpt "c^u tnic thdi gian co ban" ma dya vdo dd cac ngSn ngu tu nhien bieu thi cdc mdi quan he ve thdi gian.
Tuy nhien, ttong cac moi quan he giiia con ngudi voi ty nhien, quan he giiia eon ngudi v6i thdi gian cd mpt y ngMa dac biet. Cd the ndi, qua tiinh phat trien cua nhan loai gdn lien vdi tiidi gian lich sir. Con ngudi nhan tinic thdi gian vd sy nh§n thiic ndy dupe phdn dnh theo nhimg hinh thirc biea ; hien rieng biet cua timg ngdn ngit. Va nhu v3y, ngdn ngy la mot ttong nhiing cdng cy tri nhanve thdi gian ciia loai ngudi. Trong ngdn ngu hpc, van de thdi gian, cdc phuong tien bieu hien thdi gian ttong eac edu phdt ngdn cua mpt so ngdn ngii ^ , dupc nhilu nha ngdn ngii hpc quan tdm vd nghien ciiu tir ldu.
Trong hien thyc khdch quan, mpi van dpng ciia vdt chdt deu dien ra ttong khdng gian vd tiidi gian.
Ndi each khdc mpt su Men ludn dupc xdc dmh bdi ' vj tri va thdi diem cua nd, ttong khdng gian - then
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gian bdn chieu thi ba chilu la khdng gian (dai, rpng, cao) vd mpt chieu la thdi gian. Trong till gidi khong cd gi ngoai vat chdt dang van dpng va vat chat khdng the van dpng d ddu ngoai khdng gian.
Khdng gian va thdi gian la thupc tmh cd hiiu cua vat chat.
Theo Tir dien tieng Viet, khdng gian dupc hiiu la hmh thiic tdn tai ca ban ciia vdt chdt, tuy thupc vdo nhihig dac tinh vdt ly ciia vdt chdt, khdng thl tach khoi vat chat vd qua trinh cua vat chat, cdn tiidi gian dupc Meu Id "Mnh thiic tdn tai co ban cita vat chdt diln bien mdt cMeu theo ba ttang thai la qua khii hien tai va tijong lai". Thin gian ed ba thupc tmh CO ban la tmh khaeh quan, tmh vinh cuu vd tmh don chieu, NghTa Id thoi gian tdn tai ngodi y mudn cua con ngudi, tdn tai mai mai vd cM cd mdt cMeu.
Lay minh ldm trung tam, con ngudi phdn chia thdi gian thdnh qua khii - hien tai, va tucmg lai, Nhdn thiic nay da anh hudng khdng nhd tdi sy the hien thdi gian ttong sang tao tinh than cua con ngudi. Tuy nhien, thdi gian ttong cdc sang tao ndy khdng bao gid trimg vdi thdi gian ttong hien thuc khaeh quan.
1.2. Cdc phuong tien bieu hien thdi gian trong ngdn ngir
La phuong hen giao hep vd tu duy, ngdn ngii di nMen chiu tae ddng eiia thdi gian ndi ehung. Nhung, ngdn ngii ciing phdn anh cdc dac tinh ciia thdi gian theo each rieng cua nd. Thdi gian ngdn ngii Id do ngdn ngii tao ra vd nd cM ed trong ngdn ngu.
Theo J.Lyons (1996), thdi gian khdch quan la then gian sieu ngdn ngy (metalmgmstice tune), cdn thdi gian ngu' phdp hda la thdi gian ngdn ngii',
Anh hudng cua thdi gian ngdn ngii trudc het the Men d tmh hinh Myln ma F-D.Saussure da tim ra: Cac yeu td ngdn ngii khdng the ddng thdi xuat hien, md phai lan lupt ke tiep nhau thdnh mpt chudi, theo tryc thdi gian. Tinh Mnh tuyen chi phdi rdt nMdu quy tdc van hanh ciia ngdn ngii, dac biet la chi phdi sy sdp xip ttat tii cac tir va eau. Tuy nhien, ddy la sy chi phdi be sau khdng dl dang nhdn bilt dupc.
Hem niia, do thdi gian la mdt khai mem pho quat, nen cac phuong tien ngdn ngii bieu Men tiidi gian ciing rat khac nhau giiia cac ngdn ngii. C6 ngon ngy su dung Mnh thai eiia dpng tir de bieu Men tbdi gian, ttong kM nhirng ngdn ngii khac lai sir dung cdc phuang tien khdc de thyc Men nhiem vy ndy.
Cac lien quan dl nhm thdy hon cd Id kho tit vyng rieng eua mdi ngdn ngir. 0 do, ngdn ngir nao cung cd mpt he thdng cac tir chi thdi gian vdi nhiing nguyen tdc rieng. Trong tieng Viet, do cd the la cac tir chi thdi doan giay, phiit;.. cac tir chi khodng each giiia cac thdi diem nhu: xua nay, bay nay;... cdc tir chi tinh chdt cua thdi gian nhu:
nhanh, chdm, lau, mau;...
Cdch dien dat y ngMa thdi gian bdng tir vung la each dien dat rat phong phu va cu the. Neu nhu pham tni thdi ttong ngii phdp hpc cM cho ta biet hanh ddng dien ra ttong qua khii, Men tai hay tuang lai tM cdc phuang tien tir vyng cho ta biet chi tiet ve thdi diem dien ra hanh ddng dy. Chdng ban, nhu ttong tieng Aitii, kM chimg ta ndi:
(1) They go to the library every day (Sdng ndo hp Cling den thu vien).
(2) This afternoon they went to the library (Chieu nay hp da den thu vien).
(3) Next week they are going to the library (Tuan tdi hp se den thu vien).
Ddng tir "^o" trong can {Xy'went" ttong cdu 2: "are going" a cau 3 cho chiing ta biet viec hp di thu vien dien ra khi nao so vdi thdi diem phat ngdn ttong kM cdc yeu td tii vyng (this afternoon, yes- terday morning, next week) Iai eho biet chi tiet ve thdi gian md hp den thu vien (thdi diem ndo ttong qua khii. Men tai va tuong lai). Trong cac phuang tien bieu hien y nghia thdi gian thi day Id phuang tien de nhdn biet ban cd.
Ngoai phuang tien tir vyng thi ngy cdnh vd suy Man Idgic cung cho ta biet cdc y nghTa thdi gian.
Mdt cdu chuyen do ngudi khdc ke Iai cho ta biet cdc sy kien ttong eau ehuyen da dien ra rdi hay chua dien ra. Mpt cdu hdi nhu: Bdc ve khi ndo the?
cho biet rang, bac ay da ve rdi, Hoac: Anh dy dinh sang ndm lap gia dinh cd nghTa Id anh dy chua lap
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gia dinh.
Nhu vdy, cdc phuang tien bieu hien thdi gian ttong ngdn ngit Id rat da dang giua cac ngdn ngir dd cd thl la tti vung, ngu cdnh Idgic hay pham tiii thi, the khd nhdn bilt hon nhung lai vd cimg quan ttpng xet tten phuong dien ngii phdp hpc vd loai hinh hpe la viec y nghta tdi gian dupc bieu hien thdng qua pham tiii thdi va the cua ddng tir hay thdi gian ngir phap.
2. Thoi gian trong ngdn ngir Anh - Vi§t 2.1. Vdn de thdi gian trong ngdn ngu Anh Trong cdc ngdn ngy bien hinh hodc ban bien hinh, cac pham trii ngy phap thi (tense), the (as- pect), thirc (mood), vd tinh thdi (modality) nhu tieng Anh chdng han, ludn cd mdi quan he khang kbit vdi thdi gian. Cy the, ndi den cac pham tni ngir phap nay khdng the kbdng nhdc den yeu td thdi gian. Cd the ndi, mpt ttong cdc phdm tinh co bdn cua ede pham tni ndy la tinh thdi gian.
Mdt ttong nhihig phuang thiic bilu thi thdi gian chu dao ttong cac ngdn ngy bien hinh hodc bdn bien hinh la yeu td hinh thai. Trong tieng Anh, cac hinh thai go, went, going, gone ciia ddng tir nguyen dang "to go" da ty thdn cho chimg ta biet ro thdi gian di ciing Idn lupt Id thdi gian d hien tai khdng xdc dinli (go), thdi gian ttong qud khu (went), thdi gian tham gia vdo mdt qua trinh tiep dien (going), va cudi Cling Id thdi gian cd mat ttong mot hanh ddng dd ket thiic thudng gan lien vdi ket qud cua hdnh ddng (gone).
Ngodi yeu td hinh thai nhu thi, the,... Id phuang thiic bieu hien thdi gian, thi cdc lap tir vyng nhu eac trang tit, cum tir cM then gian eiing Id mdt yeu td lien quan den thdi gian dl nhdn thdy ttong tieng Anh. Chiing giiip xac dinh cM tiet hon ve thdi diem diln ra su kien. Vi du:
- This morning he met Ms supervisor (Sang nay anh ta gap thay hudng ddn).
- Yesterday afternoon he met his supervisor (Chieu qua anh ta gap thdy hudng ddn).
- Last week he met his supervisor (Tudn trudc anh ta gap thdy hudng ddn).
Thdi qud khii don ttong ba cdu tten deu eho
hanh ddng vice gap thay hudng ddn da dilnra trudc thdi dilm phdt ngdn, ttong khi edc tu this morning, yesterday afternoon, last week lai cho chimg ta biet chi tiet ve thdi gian gap tiidy h i ^ ddn (thdi dilm nao ttong qua khii). Trong c^
phuong tien bilu hien thdi gian ttong tiing Anh, thi ddy la loai phuang tien bieu hien y ngMa thoi gian de nhdn biet han ca.
Ngoai cac phuong tien ve tii vung, ngy caoE va sy suy ludn Idgic ciing giup ta nhan biet ve y nghia thdi gian. Mdt cau chuypn do ngudi khdc ke lai cho ta biet cdc sy kien ttong cau chuyen da dien ra r5i, Mpt cdu hdi nhu: When did they come back? (Ho ve khi nao the?) cho biet rang, hp da ve rdi. Hoac: He plans to study overseas next year (Anh dy dinh sang nam di du hpc) cd ngMa Id anh ay chua di du hpc.
Cung nhu cac ngdn ngii bien hinh khac, thoi gian trong tieng Anh cung dupc bieu hien rat phong phii nhung chu yeu van Id ba yeu td chinh dd la hinh thai (thi, the) ciia ddng tir, cdc Idp t&
vyng vd ngu cdnh Idgic.
2.2. Thdi gian trong ngdn ngit Viet Khdng gidng nhu cdc ngdn ngii bien Mnh, 6 do ngoai cac Idp tii vung, thi thi ciia ddng hi khi chia cho ta biet dupe y nghta thdi gian hay ndi each khdc Id thi cua dpng tu la mpt phuong tien bi6u hien y nghTa thdi gian. Trong ngdn ngii don lap nhu tieng Viet, dpng tir cd dam nMem dupc vai tro ndy hay khdng? Hay thay vdo do Id cae phd ta da, dang, vd j'e ddm nhdn nhiem vu nay vdncdnlamot edu hdi de ngd. Chinh vi vdy, viee xac dinh cac phuong tien bieu hien thdi gian ttong tieng VietS van de duoc nghien cim rdt nMeu. '*
Cdng trinh ddu tien ve ngir phap hpc tieng Viet dupe luu liii la 'Tir dien An Nam - Lusitan - Latin"
cua Alexandre de Rhodes, xuat bdn nam 1651 Nhimg nghien ciiu vl thi. thi ddng tii trong tieng Viet dupc cho la tirong ddi mudn so vdi cac nuoc chau Au nhung khdng vi the ma khdng gdy ra nhi&i ttanh Man. Trudc hit, cd thl xdc dinh hai xu hucmg chuih la: (a) cdng nhan sy tdn t^ cua p h ^ ttii # the ttong tiing Vi6t va (b) phu nhan sy tdn tai nay.
Ve xu hudng cdng nhdn tiing Viet ed pham tni
56 Ly luSn c h i n h t r i & 1 > u y e n t h o n g Sd'thang 3-2016
NGHliN CO'U - TRAO 06l
thi, the cd the ke mdt sd tac gia tieu bieu sau:
V.S.Panfilov (2002). Nhd Viet ngir hpc ngudi Nga nay thira nhdn tieng Viet sir dung ba hu tir bieu thi thi, the la se (tuong lai), dang (hien tai), da (qua khu). Nguyen Mmh Thuylt (1995) loai bd cac danh tir: hdm, ngay, tudn, liic, kM khdi danh sach cac tir bieu till thi, the vd khdng dinh thdi va the la hai pham trii ngii phdp thyc su ttong tieng Viet vi nhiing Iy do sau: pham tni nay bao gdm nhiing y nghta bd phdn ddi lap nhau, va mdi y nghla bd phan dupc dien dat bdng mdt tien phd tir nhdt dmh, tao thdnh mdt he thdng. Theo Dinh Van Dixc "tM cua ddng tir Id sy thdng nhdt giiia npi dung khaeh quan ciia van ddng va cai nhm chu quan ciia ngudi bdn ngir, va 'Wi vd thi d ddng tir vi ngii tieng Viet dupc ngudi ban ngii cam nhan theo ldi pM cdu tiiic".
Ngupc Iai vdi quan diem tten, xu hudng phu nhan sy tdn tai cua thi ttong tieng Viet cho rang, vdn la ngon ngii don lap, ttang ngir chi thdi gian riing Viet mdi la phuang tien chii yeu vd cd vai ttd tuong ty nhu "thi" d ttong ngdn ngii An - Au.
Cac nhd nghien ciru ung hp quan diem nay dd phil nhdn khai mem thi cua ddng tii. Dieu ndy cd ngMa, cac tii da, dang, se khdng phdi Id nhiing phd tii cM thdi gian ttong khi do nhung tdc gid theo xu hudng thir nhdt lai cd gdng chiing mmh da, dang, se la cac phd tir dimg d l cM tiii qua khir. Men tai, tuong lai. Mpt quan diem ddc ddo khdc, gdn vdi xu hudng thir hai Id ttong hlng Viet, vi ngii cd tiie do dpng tii, tmh tii hay danh tii dam nhiem va vi tii tiing Viet khdng biln hinh, khdng bien ddi dang tinic dl bilu thi thi nhu cac ngdn ngii An - Au. Tuy nMen, neu thira nhdn sy tdn tai ciia pham tiii "r/ii"
ttong tiing Viet, chdc chdn pham tiii ngir phap nay cung khong thl tdch rdi y ngMa ciia cdc ddng tii.
Hon niia, tieng Viet cdn cd mpt diem hodn toan khac voi cdc ngdn ngii An - Au la ttong ngdn ngii nay ton tai eac kit hpp kieu: da khoe, se Idn. dang Idn, nhieu ldm roi. v.v. ttong dd, cdc tir danh ddu
"//»•" cd till xudt hien cimg vdi cac loai tii khac nhu tinh tii, danh tti, v.v. Hien tirong nay chiing minh rdng, "thi" khdng phai Id pham tni cua rieng ddng tti, ma cdn la ddc tttih cua nhiing lap tti cd
ylu to vi tinh khac. Cho nen, ttong tiing Viet, can phdi xem xet pham tiii thi khdng chi gidi ban d rieng tii loai dpng tii ma d cdc tir cd yen td vi tinh khac. Cimg tiieo quan dilm nay, nhd nghien ciiu Huynh Sanh Thdng va Robert B.Jones (1960) cung cho rdng, trong tiing Viet khdng cd pham tiii thi, cy thl han la phdn Idn cac dpng tti khdng cd pham tru thi. nhung cd hai each de the hien thdi kM can thiet Id: diing ttat tti cae menh de, vd diing "ttp dpng tii". Diep Quang Ban (2005) cho rdng, viec diln dat "tinh thdi gian" tiieo ldi ngii phdp la phd bien d nMeu ngdn ngu va dd dua ra mpt thudt ngu mdi la "cac ylu td tinh tinh thai chi thdi gian" de phdn biet vdi Mlu diln dat theo kieu pham trii thi ngii phap. Nhd ngdn ngir hpc nay ciing chi ra rang, ddng tu tieng Viet khdng bien Mnh theo pham trii thi ngii phdp, each dien dat tinh thdi gian theo ldi ngii phdp la chirc ndng ciia cdc tmh thai td bieu thi tmh thdi gian. Dilu nay khdc hoan todn vdi Meu d cdc ngdn ngii md ddng tir cd bien hinh.
Nhu vdy, mac du deu bieu Men mpt yeu td ngdn ngir khd phd quat la thdi gian, song, d mdi ngdn ngii khac nhau thi each bieu Men ciing khac nhau cho dii do Id phuang tien hinh thdi hpc, tii vyng - ngir phdp hay ngii cdnh logic!!!!
TAI LI EU THAM KHAO:
1, Diep Quang Ban (2005), Moi huang tiep cdn cdc yeu to chi linh thdi gian cua lieng yiet. Ngon ngii 10.
2, Pham Thi Mmh Thuy (2003), Cdch dien daly nglua thdi gian trang tiing Vie! (so sdnh vdi liing Nga). Luan an tien sy Ngir van, Thanh pho Ho Chi Minh.
3 Ngjiyln Minh Thuygt (1995), Cdc tiin phd lirchilh&t. the Irong ning Viet, Ngon ngu 2,
4. Alexandre de Rhodes (1991), Tir dien An Nam-Lusilan - Latinh (tir diin Viet-Bd-Laj, Nxb, Khoa hoc xa hfii. Ha NoL
5 Capek M. (1976), The Concept of Space and Time. Tlieir stniclures and Their Development (Synthese Library 74), Dord- edcht/Boston, Reidel
6 Comne B. (1978), Aspect. London, New York, Mel- bourne' Cambndge University Press.
7. MinkoskiE (1971) Die gelebie Zeil. Ueberstzung de 1968 in newchate erschienenen uverranderten 2.
8. Wlfgang. Kiel (2009), Concept of time, www mpi nl/,. /klein-wolfgang/ 'Klein_2009_Concepts.
9 Lyons J, (1995), Linguistic semantics* An Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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