TRUONG DAI HC)C D 6 N G T H A P Tap chi Khoa hoc so 16 (11-2015)
y. M U 6 I H A I LC(I DAY TRONG DI SAN GIAO D^C CUA BAG HO VA S^f NGHIEP DOI Mdi GIAO DVC
• TS. Pham Minh GianC'; PGSJS. Dang Quoc B^o''*';
ThS. Tang Th^i Thuy Ngan Tam''*
Tom t a t
Ho Chi Minh Id nhd gido due vT dgi cda ddn tgc Viit Nam. NhUngcd'ng hiin cua Ngudi doi vdi si^
nghi$p gido due Viit Nam ludn cd gid tri thdi dgi. Bdi viit trinh bdy tdm quan trgng cda tU tUdng gido due Ho Chi Minh; tit do. nit ra much hai ldi dgy trong di sdn gido due cua Bdc HS cd y nghia thUe tiin, gdn liin vdi edng cugc dot mdi cdn hdn todn di$n gido due Vi$t Nam hien nay.
Tii khod: di sdn gido due. tu tudng gido due, HS Chi Minh, doi mdi gido due.
1. D0t v^n dd cho du hodn cdnh ndo, tid'p nhdn i^ thuydt sif Hd Clii Minh dUdc UNESCO tdn vinh Id Anh pham gi thi nen gido due Viet Nam phdi kien trii hdng gidi ph6ng ddn tOc vd Nhd vdn hod kiet xuat
cda Viet Nam, vi nhffng cdng hidn trpn ddi cho sif nghiep gidi phdng ddn toe eua nhan ddn Vidt Nam, gop phin vao cupc dau tranh chung cda cdc ddn tpc vl hod binh, d$c ldp ddn tpc, dan chu vd tidn bp xd hpi; cung nhffng d6ng gop quan trpng cda Ngifdi trdn cdc Enh v\ic vdn hod, gido due vd ngh^ thuat [10]. Trong suot cupc ddi hoat dpng cdch mang cda minh, NgiTdi da dd lai cho ddn tdc Vi$t Nam vd the' gidi nhfJug di sdn bit hd 6 cdc linh vife, trong do tuf tiidng giao due Id mpt bp phan v6 cilng quan trpng, Trdi qua thdi gian ddi, ehdng ta nhdn thd^y, tif tifdng gido due H 6 Chi Minh luon cd gid tri thiJc tiln, dde bidt trong giai doan Viet Nam dang tidn hdnh cong cu0c ddi mdi cdn ban todn didn gido due vd ddo tao. Vdi tim quan trpng vd ^ nghia thtfc tien difdc rdt ra tir trong di sdn giao due cda H 6 Chi Minh, chung toi xin trinh bdy mifdi hai ldi day eda Bdc H 6 g^n hen vdi stf nghidp doi mdi cua gido due ntfdc ta hidn nay.
2. Ddi mdi giao dye phai kidn tri thijfc hidn ttf ttfdng cua Bac Hd
Cupc ddi mdi cdn bdn vd todn dien gido due dang dien ra ed tinh cdch mang sdu sSc bdi le edc Iln cdi cdch, ddi mdi trtfdc ddy gido due chim vdn hdnh theo dOng thdi kinh td - xa hdi md da't ntfdc hdi nhdp sdu vdi thd gidi. Td't ydu gido due ddt ntfdc phdi dp dung cong nghd day hpe, phtfdng phdp ddnh gid kdt qud day hpc, phtfdng thdc qudn ly nhd trtfdng cd dnh tidn tidn cda thdi dai. Song,
'•> Tnrffng Dai hpc D6ng Th5p.
'"> Hpc vipn QuSn 1^ giSo difc.
TU tiiong gido due HS Chi Minh. Bde khong chi Id nhd gido due vT dai eda ddn tpc md con cua nhdn loai.
Ong Hans D'Orvin, Phd Tong gidm dd'c UNESCO da vinh danh "Ho Chi Minh Id ngtfdi thiy cua vdn hda hoa binh, vdn hda khoan dung ".
Bd Katherin Muiler-Marine, Trtfdng dai di^n UNESCO tai Hd Npi trong nhieu H6i thdo ve gido due dd thd hidn stf ngtfSng mO sdu sdc ddi vdi Hd Chi Minh ve ttf ttfdng vd kidn gidi xdy dtfng xd hdi hpc tdp tai Vi^t Nam.
Tir ndm 1930, vidt Bdo cdo gdi Qude te Cong sdn trtfc tid'p bdng tidng Anh, Nguyin Ai Qudc da ndu "To make Education for All" cho dat ntfdc minh. Ngdy nay Education for All ~ vidt tat Id EFA - Id dtfdng ldi gido due chung cda thd gidi.
Ndm 1946, Ngtfdi edn dan nu" chidn sT cdch mang Nguyen Thi Dinh phdi cd y chi "hpc sudt ddi".
Nam 1947, Ngtfdi gdi y chinh quyen tinh Thanh Hda xdy dtfng "gia dinh hpc hidu". Ndm 1950, Ho Chi Minh cd chi thi ve Cdng tdc hudn luyen vd hpe tdp, trong do neu ra van d l "hpe dd ldm gi" khdc hpa hinh ttfdng bdn tru cdt. Ngay nay
"giao due cho mpi ngtfdi", "gia fflnh hpc tap",
"bdn tru cpt cda vide hoc" Id cdc ndi dung md UNESCO qudng bd vdi mpi qudc gia.
3. MtfcTi hai IcTi d^y c u a B a c Hd va si^
nghidp ddi mdi gjao diic
Di sdn gjao due cda Bdc H 6 phong phu bao qudt cd ndm c^p dp: nin gido due, hd thdng gido due qude dan, nhd trtfdng, qud trinh day hpc, nhdn cdch.
Lidn hd vdo cupc ddi mdi gido due dang dtfdc tidn hdnh, chdng tdi xin trinh bdy stf lmh hOi 1 3
TKUCJNG DAI HOC DONG THAP Tgp chi Khoa hgc so 16 (11-2015)
"Mudi hai ldi dgy cua Bdc" va ndu sdu Itfc lilWng
^ngudi hgc. ngUdi dgy, ngUdi qudn ly nhd trudng, ngudi chi dgo phdt triin gido due cdp lanh tho, gia dinh ngUdi hgc, ngudi ddn cgng dong", qudn tridt y ttfdng cda Bde, chdc chan stf nghidp doi mdi se CO nhffog btfdc tidn mdnh me.
3.1. Kidn tao n i n giao due lam phat tridn hoan toan ndng itfc cna t h d h d t r e
Trong thtf gdi ngdy khai trtfdng ndm hpc 1945, Ho Chi Minh bieu tiii quydt tdm eua che dp dan ehd cpng hoa xdy dtfng nen gido due ldm phdt trien hodn toan ndng Itfc cda thd he tre.
Ldi day 1: "NhiOig sung sudng han nda, tut gid phdt ndy gid di cdc em bdt ddu dugc nhdn mdt nin gido due hodn todn Viet Nam..., mgt nen gido due nd se ddo tgo cdc em nen nhdng ngUOi cdng ddn hdu ich cho ruidc Viet Nam, mot nen gido due ldm phdt triin hodn todn ndng luc sdn cd ciia cdc em"[\, tr. 34].
3.2. Xdy diAig niia trtfdng cSn lao d^y cho t h d hd t r e y chi ti^ l£ip ttf ctfdng
Ndm 1947, trong tdc phim "Ddi sdng mdi", H 6 Chi Minh xdc dinh sif quan trpng eda thidt ehd
"nhd trtfdng"
"Tif tieu hpc, trung hpc cho ddn dai hpc Id ndi rdn luydn nhi dong vd thanh nidn. 6 c nhtfng ngtfdi tudi trd trong sach nhtf mpt t£m lua trdng.
Nhudm xanh thi nd se xanh. Nhudm dd thi no se dd. \ ^ vdy, stf hpc tap d trong trtfdng ed dnh htfdng rdt ldn cho ttfdng lai cda thanh nidn, vd WOng lai eda thanh nien Id ttfdng lai cda nude nhd".
Ngtfdi ydu clu edp quan ly nhd tnfdng phdi td chdc stf ddo tao dtfdc muc tidu.
Ldi d^y 2: "Phdi dgy cho hgc trd biet yeu nude thuang ndi. Phdi dgy cho ho cd chi tu lap tu cudng, quyet khong chiu thua kem ai. quyet khong chiu ldm no li,...
Phdi tdy sach dc kieu ngao. tuphu, md gido due thuc ddn cdn de lgi...
Phdi khuyin hgc trd tham gia viec tdng gia sdn xudt. Dieu ndy cdng quan trgng ldm. Mot Id ldm cho hg biit kinh trgng su cdn lao. Hai Id tap cho hg quen kho. Ba Id cho hg cdi chi khi tu thUc ky luc (ldm lay md dn), khong dn bdm xd hoi. Bdn Id cd ich cho sUc khoe cua fto'[2, tr. 120-121],
3 3 . Phat tridn d ^ i ^ i ^ d ^ thSy la ** sif lunh "
Ttfng Id ngtfdi thiy, thay gido Nguydn Tat 14
Thanh day hpc tai Trtfdng Due Thanh Phan TTiiei (1910), Ho Chi Minh hieu ro stf tiudng Udng cia sd mdnh ndy. Ndm 1963, vdi bdt danh ChidD Sy, ngtfdi viet bdi trdn bdo Nhdn ddn cd ldi bdn.
IM d^y 3 : "Suhinh" nghia Id dgo dtk than tho cda ngUdi thdy. Ngdy xUa cdc cu nhd ta hay dUng hai chit dy di khuyen khich nhiing ngi^ lan nghe dgy hgc.
Ngdy nay, tuyet dgi da sdco gido vd thdy gido cda chiing ta deu cd gdng trau doi dgo ddc cdch mgng, ldm guang mdu tdt cho hgc tro vd xihig ddng vdi hai chd "sU Mnh '.
Nhung vdn cdn mgt sd(tuy Id rdt it) thdy gido kem dgo dik: cdch mgng, ldm nhiing viic vuva. 'Cm sdu ldm rau noi canh ", hdnh ddng cua hg vita dnh hudng khdng tdt din vinh du cao qu^ cua gido mn khdc, v ^ dnh hi0ng xdu din cdc em hgc tro...
Cd nhieu ngudi dd noi mgt cdch mia mai 'su hinh" hay la sinh hu!"[&, tr. 134-135].
3.4. Rdn luy$n nhSn each ngtfdi hpc bi^l t u dtfdng t d t , l a m t h e o ddi sdng mdi, bif*!
thtfdng ydn giup dd cha me anh em Ngdy 24/10/1946 khi di cong tdc d PhSp ve.
Ho Chi Minh gdi thtf cho hpc sinh thidu nhi to^
qudc ndu ldn ndi dung tu dtfdng Ldi day 4:''i. Phdi sieng hgc,
2. Phdi giS sack se, ^#
3. Phdi gia ky ludt, 4. Phdi ldm theo ddi song mdi, 5. Phdi thuangyiu giupdddaw^
onftcm'il, tr. 472].
"Thtfdng ydu giup dd cha me anh em"c6D dtfdc Bdc Ho nhac lai sau do mpt sd iln: ndm 1947 trong "Ddi sdng mdi", ndm 1955 trong thrfgffi ngdy khai trtfdng ndm hpc Ichi miln Bic difflc hodn todn gidi phdng.
3.5. T d chtfc q u a n h § t h i y t r o theo rf pham h ^ tac
Nhd hiin tridt Hy lap Aristotie xae dinh quan he thiy tro Id quan hd cda linh ban dao ddc. DSi vdo bdi cdnh cda n i n giao due Vidt Nam cidi mang. Ho Chi Minh dinh hinh mdi quan he ni}
theo bdn ddc trtfhg:
Ldi day 5: "77j^_y sieng dgy, trd sieng hoc-' (Ndi thdng 11/1946 tai Ha Npi).
Lcrt day 6: "Thdy thi dua day, tro thi dua hoc [4, tr. 400].
TRUONG DAI HOC D 6 N G T H A P Tap Chi Khoa hgc sd 16 (11-2015) Ldi d^y 7: "Thdy phdi quy trd, trd phdi kirdi
thdy" [5, tr. 226].
Ldi day 8: "Thdy day tdt, trd hoc tdt" [6, tr. 291],
Hd Chi Minh ed quan didm v l ngtfdi thiy dgy tdt: "Day cdi gi, day tiid ndo dd hpe txh hidu ehdng, nhd Idu, tien bd nhanh" [6, ti:. 291].
Vd edi tdi thidu cua ngtfdi trd hgc tdt:
"Khdng phdi cd thiy tiu hpc, thay khdng den till dda. Phdi bidt ttf ddng hpc tdp" [3, ti". 330].
Ndu ldn t i m quan trpng cda tu hge, Ngtfdi Itfu ^ e3^p qudn ly nhd tiirdng phdi tao dtfng dtfdc mdi tixfdng tiido ludn vd stf chi dao ehu ddo. Ngtfdi day: "Lay nr hpc ldm cdt. Do flido ludn vd chi dao gidp vdo" [2, tr. 312],
3.6. K d t h ^ p va b d sung " g i a o di^c nha trtfdng - giao due gia dinh - gido due xa hOi **
dd "ai c i i i ^ dxh$c hpc hanh ", " l a m cho dSn tOc trd th&nh ddn tOc thong t h a i "
Thdng 6/1957, tai mot Hpi nghi cdn bp Ddng cda ngdnh Gido due. Ho Chi Minh chi ra:
Ldi d^y 9: "Gido dyic trong nhd tnidng dU tdt mdy nhung thiiu gido due gia dinh vd ngodi xd hgi thi kit qud ciing khdng hodn todn" [6, tr. 591].
Mong tfdc thidt tha cda H i Chi Minh Id dong bdo cda minh "Ai cdng dugc hgc hdnh" (1946).
Ngtfdi phdt ddng phong trdo todn ddn biet dgy ldn nhau (10/1945), chi tiii cho chinh quyen tinh Thanh Hda ngay trong khdng ciiidn gian Idid (3/1947) cd quyet tam xdy dtfng: moi gia dinh Id mgt nhd trudng, moi ngtfdi dan Id mot tieu gido vien. Cdi dich md Ho Chi Minh mudn thdc tinh cho todn ddn: "Ra sdc chdng gidc ddt ldm cho dan toe Vidt Nam thdnh ddn tpc thong thdi" (1946).
3.7. Bdi d^p "ly ttfdng - h a n h dOng thdn ddn " cho ngtfdi lanh dao
Hd Chi Minh bidt ro vai trd eda tang ldp Idnh dao stf nghi$p gido due. Ngtfdi yeu cau hp phdi cd "ly tudng - hdnh dgng thdn ddn".
Ngdy 21/7/1956, Ngtfdi cd ldi tdm tinh (dtfdc tdm tit trong mtfdi mdt chi?) vdi dai bidu cda ting ldp ndy ve ly ttfdng hdnh dpng cua hp.
Ldi d^y 10: "Dgi hgc chi dgo, tgi minh minh diic, tgi thdn ddn"l6, tr. 377]. Ngtfdi gidi tiiich:
di trdn con dtfdng hpc rpng Idn, cao ed phdi cd minh ddc, ehinh tam, phdi biet ddt ldi ich eda ngtfdi dan ldn trdn het.
Ban "Di chdc " vidt ndm 1965, vdi b6 sung cdc ndm sau do, Bdc da ndi stf cin tiiidt phdi ddi mdi gido due (Bac gpi Id sda ddi giao due). Bdc vidt:
Ldi dgy 11: "Ddu tien Id edng viic ddi vdi con ngudi... SHa dSi che do gido due cho hgp vdi hodn ednh mdi cua nhdn ddn" [9, tr. 622].
Tdm nguyen vd hdnh dpng h^it qudn cda H i Chi Minh: Cdi gi ed ldi cho ddn thi ldm, cdi gi ed hai vd phien phdc cho dan phdi trdnh.
Ngdy 12/6/1956, tai mpt Hpi nghi cdt cdn, Ngtfdi cd chi thi:
Ldi dgy 12: "...Voi khdng dugc. Gido due cdng phdi theo hodn cdnh, dieu kien. Phdi ra siie ldm nhung ldm vgi khdng diMc. TU ddy ra cvCa thi thii nhdt Id budc thii nhdt, thti hai mdi den budc thvc hai roi thii ba mdi la budc thd ba. Vgi thi ngd.
Ldm phdi cd ki hogch, cd tUng bUde" [6, tr. 345].
4. M$t dd nghi mong dtfi^c hidn thtfc trong tidn trinh ddi mdi giao dye
Thd dd Hd Npi dang cd my tuc: hdng ndm thdnh phd' ton vinh mudi cdng ddn tieu bidu.
Mong rdng my tuc ndy se dtfdc phdt ti-iln vdo tidn tnnh ddi mdi gido due vdi kich bdn nhtf sau:
Hdng nam vdo dip thdng khai tinTdng (thdng 9), ngtfdi lanh dao cao nhat cda cdng dong (tinh, huydn) td chdc cupc tiep xdc d i m dm, trang trpng dai bidu cda sau life Itfdng.
- Mpt hpc sinh cham hpc, hpe gidi, hanh kidm ngoan, Idm nhieu viec tdt.
- Mdt thiy giao tdn tuy "tS^t ed vi hpe sinh thdn ydu".
- Mpt ngtfdi qudn ly nhd tnfdng (Hidu trtfdng, Phd Hidu trtfdng, cd die md rdng Tdng phu trdch Ddi, Bl thtf Dodn Thanh nidn) nang ddng, nhieu sdng kidn tdt, td chdc iueu qua qud tiinh day hpc gido due.
- MOt ngtfdi chi dao giao due (trtfc tidp hodc gidn tidp) cap lanh tiio (huydn, tinh) co ehd tiifdng, bien phdp trien khai ddi mdi giao due dtfdc nhdn ddn, cdng dong mdn mp, tin ydu.
- Mdt bd me te gia, gidi xay dtfng gia dinh ed gia phong ti-ong sdng, gia gido nen ndp, nudi day con hidu thdo.
- Mpt ngtfdi ddn cpng d i n g tu hge kdt qud, hdng hdi vdi stf nghidp khuyen hpc, khuydn tdi cda dia phtfdng.
TWJdNG BAI HCX: PONG THAP T^p chi Khoa hgc s6 16 (11-2M5|
Co the Mnh dung sU bo tri sau nhSn vat tren Neu cdng d6ng nko hien thtfc duac stf bet trong mot ng6i sao (goi ia Ngdi sao biiu thi dong n i y se tao df u son cho dM song mdi vS vSn hoa thdi dSimdi gido due theo ldi day cua Bdc Ho). gi4oduccuadftntfacthehienquyftttoiBimtlieo Trong dd, ngtfSi hoc n^m d lam ngoi sao viia la 18i keu^gpi c i a BSC^H6^
muc ti6u vtta Ik dong Itfc cua nSm nhan vSt con "" '"• '"*• — " " " ' lai. Ngtfdi thiy, ngtfSi quJn ly nha trtf8ng, ngtfSi
chi dao he thSng gido due 6 cap lanh thd, gia dinh ngtfdi hoc v i ngtfdi dan cong dong d tr6n nam cinh sao, vin dong ttfdng tic h6 trd cho nhau: Tat c i vi svf tiSn bd flilnh dat cua ngtfdi hoc.
Vi ldi ich mtfdi n i m thi phii tr6ng ciy Vi ldi Ich trim n i m thi phii trong ngtfdi" [7, tr. 528].
5. KS't lli$n ' Ttf ttfdng g i i o due cua Hd Chi Minh 1^ ta
ttfdng day vk hoc d^ l i m ngtfdi, hpc d^ lim vi^
hoc d^ phung stf To qudc, phung stf nhan dan vi nhin loai. De dat den cic muc ti6u do, can ph^
trien hoin toin ning Itfc cua th^ he tre; day cho th^ he tre y chi ttf l i p ttf ctfdng; xiy dtfiig vi phii trien doi ngu ngtfdi thiy "stf hinh"; giup ngilSi hoc ttf rfen luyfin p h i m chft dao diJc; xay difng mdi quan hd thay - tro tdt dep; kdt hdp giio dnc giffa nhi mrdng - gia dinh - xa hpi; xay dunghiih inh cin bp quin ly giio due co tii, c6 ddc, c6 ly ttfdng, thin thien. Qua mtfdi hai Idi day to* nil ra ttt nghien ciiu ttf ttfdng Hd Chi Minh ve giio due, nhttng ldi dd nghi ndu dtfpe hien thtfc hoi Bi<» <A 1. Ng»l »o bl& tht«.«thil dSi m« gMo due trong tidn ttinh ddi mdi giio due, hy vpng se |6p
theo itK dfy cua B&c Hd phin phit trien giio due./.
Tai li^u tham khao
[1]. Ho Chi Minh loan t^p.tip 4, >rXB Chinh trj qudc gia (CTQG), H i N6i - 2011.
[2]. HS CM Minh todn tap, tip 5, NXB CTQG, H i Npi - 2011.
[31. Ho CM Minh todn tap, tip 6, NXB CTQG, H i Npi - 2011.
[4]. Ho Chi Minh loan tap, tip 7, NXB CTQG, H i Npi - 2011.
[5]. Ho CM Minh loan lap, tap 9, NXB CTQG, H i Ndi - 2011.
[6]. Ho Chi Minh loan tap, lip 10, NXB CTQG, H i Npi - 2011.
[7]. Ho Chi Minh loan tap, tip 11, NXB CTQG, H i Npi - 2011.
[8]. Ho CM Minh todn lap, tip 14, NXB CTQG, H i Npi - 2011.
[9]. H6 CM Minh todn lap, tip 15, NXB CTQG, H i Npi - 2011.
[101. Pham Cdng Khii (2oio), "UNESCO d i vinh danh Chu tich Hd Chi Minh nhtf thd nio?".
VietNamNet,htlp://vnn.vielnamnel.vn/chinhtri/201005/UNESCO-da-vinh-danh-Chu-lieh-7:->-CU-MitJMit
the-nao-910501/, ' [11]. Tip the tie gii (2015), Minh triet Ho CM Minh vi gido due, NXB Giio due Viet Nam, ffiNSi
TWELVE INSTRUCTIONS IN UNCLE HO'S EDUCATION HERITAGE AND EDUCTION INNOVATION
Simunary ,.^, Ho Chi Minh is Vietnam nation's great educator. His dedications to Vietnam education ^
always valuable. This article presents the importance of Ho Chi Minh's Thoughts on education; therdfl it comes up with 12 significant instructions in his education heritage, associated with the comprehensi*
fundamental irmovation m Viemam's current education. . Keywords: education heritage, Ho Chi Minh's Thoughts on education, education mnovation.
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 02/10/2015: Ngdy nhan Iai: 22/10/2015; Ngdy duyet ddng: 02/11/2015.
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