58 SO 08-2009 CHAU MY NGAY NAY
VAN HOA - LiCH SU
Ncrdc PHflp vdl cade CHIEN TRfiNH
QlflNH t)OC L6P Cdfi CffC THUOC Djfi fiNH 6 B^C MY (1775 -1783)
S
au khi C. Colombus phat hien ra "Tdn the gidi", cac cfldng qud'c chau Au dua nhau thfle hien qua trinh "thugc dia hoa" d luc dia chau My. Trong so' cac cfldng qud'c chau Au, Tay Ban Nha va Bd Dao Nha la hai qud'c gia tien phong trong viec xam chiem thupc dia tai Tay ban edu. Hp thiet lap thiic dan dia ehu ye'u d Trung va Nam My. Mac dfl"hgi nhdp" vad qua trinh tren kha mudn, song ca Anh va Phap eflng deu thie't lap d Bae My nhflng thupc dia eua rieng minh. Cu the la, trong khi nflde Anh thiet lap eae thupe dia dpc theo bd bien Dai Tay Dfldng, thi nfldc Phap tie'n sau vao npi dia, lan Ifldt bie'n Canada, vflng ven Ngfl Hd (Great Lakes) va vung eiia sdng Mississippi thanh "khu vUdn rien^' cua minh. Do cung theo dudi chinh sach md rpng thupe dia d Bde My nen sfl va cham ve quyen ldi da't dai gifla Anh va Phap la dieu ta't ye'u. Nhdm giai quye't ai la
"chiL nhdn" thfle sfl do'i vdi vflng da't Bde My, ca hai ben tie'n hanh hai eupc chie'n tranh: ehien tranh Thfla ke Tay Ban Nha (1701-1714) va ehien tranh Bay nam (1756-1763). Ca hai cupc chie'n tranh nay dfla de'n sfl that bai eho Phap. Nudc Phap cha'p nhan ky cac hiep Ude: Hiep Udc Utrecht (11/4/1713) va Hiep Ude Paris (10/2/1763). Theo
T h . S Le Thdnh Nam
• Khoa Lich Sii, Dgi hgc Suphgm Hue
hiep ude thfl nha't, Phap bude phai nhfldng cho Anh da't dai thupc vflng vinh Hudson, New Foundland va Acadi.^^' Cdn trong hiep fldc thfl hai, Anh tfldc bd chii quyen ciia Phap b Canada, Nova Scotia, Cape Breton va Florida.^^^ Nfldc Phap mat het chu quyen da't dai tai Bde My.
Rd rang, vi the eua Phap hi suy giam sau cac eupc chie'n t r a n h nhfl da neu tren. Do vay, Phap trdng chd cd hdi de phuc thfl Anh, qua dd de phuc hdi vi the cua minh b luc dia chau Au, lam cho tfldng" quan Iflc Ifldng gifla Phap va Anh trd nen can bdng hdn;
hdn the nfla khi vi the eua minh dfldc phuc hdi thi Phap cd the kiem che sfl ldn manh eua cae the life phong kien phia Ddng: Phd, Ao va Nga. Bdng chflng la ba qud'c gia nay tie'n hanh chia cdt Ba Lan (1772) va ed tham vpng xam lfldc vfldng trieu Ottoman.'^' Hien trang dd da lam ma't sii dn dinh d luc dia chau Au, ddng thdi, de dpa quyen "minh chit" cua Phap tren lue dia chau Au.
Trong khi dd, ve phia Anh, mac du bflde ra khdi cac cupc chie'n t r a n h vdi tfl each la ngfldi thdng t r a n nhflng Anh vdn gap phai nhieu khd khan, nha't la ve mat kinh te. De bu ddp thiet hai do chie'n t r a n h de lai, ehinh quyen London xiet chat viec cai tri b
cac thudc dia, trong dd ed cac thudc.
dia Bde My. Chinh quyen Anh, mpt mat bie'n cae thupc dia thanh thi trfldng danh rieng cho cac ehe pham cua chinh qud'c; mat khae ap dung mpt loat cac loai thue di ngfldc lai quyen ldi ciia nharLdan Bac My. Cac loai thue nay dfldc biet dfldi cai ten
"Thue khong can. dgi dien" (Taxation without representation), chu yeu gdm
"Dgo ludt dudng" (1764), "Dgo ludt tien te" (1764), "Dgo ludt Binh bi"
(1765); dae biet la "Dgo ludt thue tem"
(1765). Nhd viec thfle tbi eae dae luat thue tren, nfldc Anh da "nhanh chong thu dU(3c mot khodn thu nhdp gdp 10 ldn tii cdc thugc dia so vdi trUdc thdi kyl763".'^'^
Cac Idai "thue khong cdn dgi dien"
cua ehinh quyen London gay ra sfl phan flng dfl dpi tfl phia nhan dan thupc dia. Mpt phong trao chd'ng dd'i dien ra ddng loat d 13 thupc dia Bde My. Trflde khi the da'u tranh cua qudn chdng, ehinh quyen Anh bai bd dao luat Thue tem va sda ddi dao luat Dudng vao nam 1766. Tuy vay, mpt nam sau, tflc nam 1767, chinh quyen London lai thdng qua Dao luat Townshend. Dao luat nay dfldc ban hanh nhdm gia tang tien thu tbue de sfl dung mdt phan vao viec trd giflp cac thd'ng dd'c thupe dia. Dao luat tren da gay nen tinh trang rd'i loan d cang Boston. Quan linh Anh dfldc dieu den tra'n ap nhflng ngfldi chd'ng dd'i cang lam cho tinh hinh them cang thang.
Tinh hinh tren da khdi sau md'i mau thuan gifla nhan dan cac thupc dia Bde My vdi nha nfldc thfle dan Anh. Nd phan anh nguyen vpng cua nhan dan Bac My mud'n thoat khdi che dp cai tri thfle dan Anh de tuyen bo' thanh lap mdt qud'c gia dpc lap nhdm cd dieu kien de phat trien kinh te. De chd'ng lai chinh quyen Anh,
dem 16/12/1773 khi ba chie'c tau Anh chd ehe dang bd neo d cang Bdstdn, mpt nhdm ngfldi do Sammuel Adams dan dau, cai trang lam ngfldi da dd leo len tau, do toan bp 343 thflng che tri gia 100.000 bang Anh xud'ng bien.
Hanh ddng nay da nhan dupc sfl tan thfldng eua nhan dan eae thupe dia.
"Su kien che Boston" da trd thanh ngdi nd lam bflng phat cupc Chie'n tranh gianh dpc lap cua nhan dan Bde My. Phan flng trflde "sU kien che Boston", Qud'c hpi Anh ban banb cac dao luat Intolerable Acts (dao luat bat khoan dung) nham trflng tri cfl dan Bde My''^'. Viee thfle thi cae dao luat
"Bdt khoan dung" lam mau thuan gifla thupc dia va ehinh qud'c khdng the dung hda. Trflde tinh hinh nhu vay, tfl ngay 5/9 de'n 26/10/1774, cac dai bieu eua hau bet cac thupc dia (trfl Georgia) trieu tap Dai hpi luc dia lan thfl nha't tai Philadelphia. Thdng qua dien dan dai hpi, eae dai bieu deu thd'ng nbat rdng: cac thudc dia can doan ket vdi nhau de chd'ng lai ehinh qud'c va ddi dde lap. Dai hdi da thdng qua 10 nghi quyet liet ke cac quyen cua nhflng ngfldi b thupe dia, trong dd ehu yeu "cugc song, tU do vd sd hiiu"^^\
Tfl Dai hpi cung vang len nhflng ldi cdng kich ehinh saeh chuyen che cua ehinh quyen Anh va nhflng ldi keu gpi each mang.
De'n cud'i nam 1774 - dau nam 1775, ca phia ehinh quyen Anh lan cac thupc dia Bac My deu day manh cdng viee ehuan bi cho chien tranh. Ngay 19/4/1775, quan Anh dfldi sfl chi huy cua tudng Thomas Gage da tan cdng kho vfl khi quan dpi thupc dia tai Lexington, xa sflng ban chet 70 ngUdi thupe td ehfle "Nhiing ngUdi mot phdt"
(Minute men). Tin tflc d Lexington nhanh chdng lan truyen den cac thupc dia va kfch dpng tinh than da'u tranh
60 SO 08-2009 CHAU MY NGAY NAY
eua nhan dan. Sfl kien Lexington da chinh thfle bao hieu cupc chien tranh giai phdng cua cae thupe dia Bae My da bdt dau. Tie'p de'n, ngay 10/5/1775, Dai hpi luc dia lan thfl hai d\X6c trieu tap nhdm giai quyet nhieu van de dat ra.
Cd mpt thfle te lieh sd la, vao thdi diem chie'n tranh d Bae My nd ra, do phai ganh ehiu cac dao luat he't sfle ha khae va chinh saeh phong tda cua chinh qud'c nen da lam eho cac-thupc dia Bac My lam vao khd khan ve nhieu mat, nha't la kinh te. Ddng tien eua cac thupc dia phat hanh ma't gia tri nghiem trpng: "mot xe ngUa chd ddy tien kho mua noi mot xe ngUa chd ddy Iuang thiic, thUc phdm""'. Tinh trang nay keo theo sfl thie'u hut ve tai ehinh de sam khi gidi eho quan dpi thupc dia. Hp khong cd tien de mua thud'c sflng, quan trang. Mpt dai bieu tham dfl Dai hpi lue dia lan thfl hai phan anh nhfl sau: "chiing toi khong CO thuoc sdng, khong co thud'c nd vd khong CO qudn trang"^^\ Dp sfle vdi quan Anh trong dieu kien thua kem ve tai san, nhan life va khi gidi, cac thupe dia Bde My nhan tha'y rdng, chi ed long nhiet tinh chie'n da'u la chfla du.cdn can phai tim eho minh sfl giflp dd tfl phia ben ngoai. Ndi each khae la sfl giflp dd cua mpt cfldng qud'c phia ben kia Dai Tay • Dfldng. Trong bdi canh nhfl vay, cac dai bieu tham dfl Dai hpi luc dia lan thfl hai hfldng tdi nfldc Phap, bdi jhp eho rdng, Phap la qud'c gia duy nha't d chau Au cd the giflp dd hp va cd md'i "thii hdn" td lau vdi nflde Anh. Thang 11/1775, Dai hpi luc dia thanh lap "Uy ban lien lac bi mat" nhdm md rpng mdi quan he vdi nhflng ngUdi ed cam tinh d phia ben Kia Dai Tay Dudng. Mpt nam sau, nam 1776, sau khi tuyen b d l a p qud'c, chinh phu My cd phai doan do B.
Franklin dflng dau, de'n Paris nhdm
ldi keo Phap ung hd eudc da'u t r a n h cua nhan dan My.
Nhfl tren da trinh bay, bi "be mat"
trong hai cupc chie'n tranh Thfla ke Tay Ban Nha va ehien tranh Bay nam, nha't la viec mat he't cac thupc dia d hai ngdai vao tay Anh, nflde Phap tim mpi each phue thu. Dfldi nhan quan ciia ehinh quyen Phap, "Anh Id ke thii tU nhien cua nUdc Phdp"'^^^. Nam bat dfldc sfl ran nflt trong quan he gifla de qud'c Anh va eae thupc dia Bac My, nflde Phap xem day la "cd hgi vdng nggc"^^°^
de thfle hien y dinh eua minh. Do vay, viee chia cdt cae thupe dia Bac My ra khdi de qud'c Anh la mpt bp phan trong ehinh saeh eua nfldc Phap. Trong cdng ham gfli edng sfl Phap tai London,
Charles Gravier Comte de Vergennes - Tdng trfldng ngoai giao Phap dfldi thdi Louis XVI, cho rang: "Ne'u cugc ddu tranh cua cdc thugc dia Bac My thdnh cong, mot ky nguyen ddng nhd se md ra:
ky nguyen suy gidm vi the nUdc Anh de'n mot diem md d do nUdc Anh se khong con Id mdm hoa doi vdi nUdc Phdp, ^ do do vi the cua Phdp d luc dia chdu Au tdng len tUcfng dng vdi sU suy ye'u cua de quoc Anh"'"^. Mat khae,
thdng ldi cua nhan dan Bde My se "gop phdn phd sdn chinh sdch thUcfng mgi,
tdi chinh vd suy gidm sdc mgnh cua hdi qudn Anh. Sii suy gidm cua ngUdi Anh la cd hgi de ngUdi Phdp tdi khoi phuc chu quyen Cdc ddo Tdy An, Newfoundland, chiem lgi Canadd'^^^K
Vdi quan diem nhfl tren, Vergennes da theo doi d i l n bie'n cupc da'u tranh gianh dpc lap cua cac thupe dia Bde My mpt each ky lUdng va thu thap thdng tin tfl nhieu phia. Nhd dai dien Phap d London la Garnier, Vergennes da dupc cung ca'p nhflng ban bao eao day dii ve cac cupc t r a n h luap trong Nghi vien Anh. Tie'p dd, Vergennes cii Bonvouloir sang Bde My de thu thap
thdng tin triic tiep ve cac thudc dia Anh va tham dd thai dp cae thupe dia nay ve kha nang cha'p nhan nflde Phap nhfl mpt ddng minb. Mac dfl nhflng thdng tin tfl Bonvouloir phan nhieu khdng chinh xae song nd cd y nghia lam tang cfldng them niem tin tfldng cua ngUdi Phap ve "cd hgi vdng nggc" b Bde My.
Tuy vay, thai dp eua chinh phu Phap van cdn td ra de dat, ehUa cd quye't dinh dflt khoat ve viec dflng chung vdi cac thudc dia Bde My, hinh thanh lien minh chd'ng Anh, bdi trong npi eae Louis XVT dang cd sfl bat ddng ve quan diem. Mpt phai do Tur got dflng ddu, Tong trudng Tai ehinh, cho rdng tinh hinh tai cbinh cua Phap khdng du de ehi phf eho nUde Phap tham gia vao cupc chie'n; cdn phai kia do Vergennes dflng dau, cho rdng nfldc Phap can tan dung ehien tranh nham lam nfldc Anh suy yeu. May man cho cac thupc dia Bde My, Turgot nhanh chdng mat sfl tin nhiem cua Louis XVI va hi gat khdi chflc vu vao thang 5-
1776. Phe Vergennes thdng the.
Vao_ mufl He nam 1776, thdng qua edng ty Roderique Hortalez et Compagnie do van hao Pierre A. Caron de Beaumarchais diing dau, chinh phu Phap bflde dau vien trd bi mat eho quan dpi My vdi 30.000 sung hda mai, 3.000 leu trai da chie'n, 27 khau phao, 100.000 vien dan va 30.000 bp quan trang''^'. Den thang 12- 1776, con tau cua Beaumarchais chd them 62 khau phao, 6100 sflng hda mai va 49 si quan tinh nguyen Phap'"'. So' Ifldng khi gidi va quan trang cua Phap chd tdi Bde My dung luc, khi quan dpi My tham chien vdi quan Anh dfldi sfl ehi huy ciia tfldng Burgoyne tai Saratoga. Ket qua, nhd so' vfl khi nay, quan dpi My da bupc quan Anh dau hang trong tran Saratoga (10-17,77). , ; '.•
Tfl sau ehien thang Saratoga, chinh phu Phap dflng hdn ve phfa My, thanh lap lien minh chd'ng Anh. Cu the la, ngay 6-2-1778, Vergennes ky vdi B. Franklin mpt hiep udc ThUdng mai va mot hiep Udc Lien minh. Hiep udc ThUdng mai ndi ro: "Nudc Phdp cong nhdn nUdc My vd ddnh nhiing quyen buon bdn cho My"; Hiep Udc Lien minh chd'ng Anh quy dinh rdng:
"Neu Phdp tham chien thi khong nUdc redo dUdc hg vU khi cho den khi nUdc My gidnh dUdc dge lap, rdng khong nUdc ndo dUdc ky ke't' hoa binh vdi nUdc Anh md khong co sU chdp thudn cua nUdc kia, vd moi nUdc phdi bdo ddm cdc thugc dia cUa nUdc kia d Bac My"'''\ Viee hen minh Phap - My hinb thanh da budc Anh tuyen chien vdi Phap vao thang 6-1778. Nude Anh trong cung Iflc phai dd'i phd vdi ea My lan Phap.
Sau kbi Hiep fldc Lien minh My - Phap ed hieu liie, ehinh phu Phap tie'n Kanh nhflng boat dpng nhdm hau thuan cho cupc chien tranh gianh dpe ' lap cua nhan dan My. Dieu nay dUde the hien tren ba linh vflc: ngoai giao, tai ehinh va quan sfl.
Ve ngoai giao, ehinh phu Phap tflng bflde hinh thanh khd'i ddng minh eae nfldc chau Au nhdm ed lap nfldc Anh. Nam 1779, Phap ldi keo Tay Ban Nha, mpt nUdc vd'n mau thuan vdi Anh ve sd hflu vflng Gibrantar va Minorque, tao thanh lien minh chd'ng Anh. Vergennes cdn day manh cae hoat dpng 'nhdm khdi sau md'i bat' ddng gifla Anh vdi eae nflde khae d chau Au ve viee Anh tfl gan eho minh cai quyen kham xet ta't ca mpi thuyen be Iflu thdng tren Dai Tay Dfldng, ke ea eae qud'c gia trung lap, nhdm ngap ehan cac nfldc nay van chuyen khf gidi he trp chd cae thupe dia Bde My chd'ng Anh. Ket qua, nam 1780, Ha Lan
62 SO 08-2009 CHAU MY NGAY NAY
tuyen bd' doan giao vdi Anh. Cae nfldc Nga, Dan Maeh va Thuy Dien thie't lap lien minh trung lap vao nam 1781. Ndi each kbac, qua nd Iflc ngoai giao eiia Vergennes, cac nfldc Ha Lan, Nga, Dan Maeh va Thuy Dien, d nhflng mflc dp khae nhau, da gian tiep ung hd eupc da'u tranh gianh dpc lap cua nhan dan My.
Ve tai ehinh, theo thd'ng ke cua sfl gia My - Samuel F. Bemiss, trong thdi gian tfl nam 1776 de'n 1781, Phap da giup dd cho quan dpi My so' tien 10.500.000 livres (tfldng dUdng 1.996.500 ddla) va trong giai doan 1777- 1783, Phap cbo My vay vdi sd tien 35.000.000 livres (tUdng dUdng 6.352.500 dola)"*^'. Ngoai viee hd trd true tiep eho nhan dan My, chinh phu Phap, dflng dau la Vergennes, dung uy tin eua minh de van dpng vfldng qud'c Tay Ban Nha va nflde cpng hda Ha Lan eho nflde My vay tien. Ve phia Tay Ban Nha, tfl nam 1776-1779, qude gia nay da trd ca'p eho quan dpi My so' tien 1.000.000 livres (tfldng dUdng 397.230 dollars) va so' tien cho vay trong thdi gian 1778-1782 la tUdng dUdng 248.098 ddla"''. Cdn Ha Lan, nam 1782, qud'c gia nay eho nUde My vay vdi sd tien 3.600.000 ddla"^\ Sii ddng gdp kip thdi eua Phap, Tay Ban Nha va Ha Lan da giai quye't nan lam phat cung nhu cung ca'p tien eho viee mua sdm khi gidi eua quan dpi My.
Ve quan sii, theo ke hoach chie'n lupc ban dau, tfl thang 1/1778, Vergennes da dieu dpng binh linh ddng quan d Brittany, Normandy, Picardy va duy tri mpt ham dpi d Brest. Mue dfch eua Phap la nhdm
"gid chdn" mpt liie lUpng hai quan Anh d bien La Manche. Day dUde xem la banb dpng hd trd eae thupc dia My tfl xa. Tiep dd, thfle hien ldi cam ke't ve met ke hoach xam lUde nUde Anh
vdi Tay Ban Nha, chd de'n 7/1779, h^u nhu nfldc Phap vdn phai loay hoay xung quanh bd bien Manche va viec trien khai quan tdi Bde My d i l n ra rat cham. Cud'i eung, do nhieu nguyen n h a n ma chii yeu do viec pho'i hpp chie'n da'u gifla P h a p va Tay Ban Nha khdng hieu qua eung nhfl do thdi tiet xa'u, ke hoaeh xam lfldc Anh da hi tha't bai va t h a m chi nflde Phap cdn bi pha san y do edm ehan hai quan Anh d bien La Manche. Nhflng cung nhd the ma nflde P h a p bat dau trien khai quan de'n Bae My tich cflc hdn: "Cudi thdng 7/1779, Vergennes hodn todn vd mong vdi chie'n lUdc lay chdu Au Id trung tdm md dong minh mdi dp ddt len ong ta. Ong ta bdt ddu thdm do trien vgng cua viec chuyen tieu diem ciia cuoc chien quay ve Tdy bdn cdd^-'^K
Liic Ifldng hai quan Phap dfldc phai de'n giup dd quan dpi each mang My dau tien bao gdm 12 ham dpi va 4 tau hp td'ng dfldi quyen chi huy eua Dd ddc D'Estaing<^°'. Tham gia ehuyen hanh quan nay eon cd Conrad Gerald de Rayneval vdi tfl each edng sfl ngoai giao dau tien tdi nflde My. Trai qua mpt hanh trinh dai, ngay 7/7/1778, dpi quan eua D'Estaing mdi de'n dfldc Bac My trong tinh trang can kiet ve Ifldng thfle, quan nhu va khdng kip tham gia cac chie'n dich chd'ng quan Anh d Philadelphia va New York.
Nhflng boat dpng sau dd d Newport va Savannah cung chflng minh tinh khong hieu qua cua dpi hai quan Phap nay trong viec phd'i hdp ehien da'u vdi quan dpi My... Thang 7/1780, mpt dpi quan v i i n chinh Phap gdm 5500 ngfldi dudi quyen ehi huy eua J e a n de Rochambeau da de'n da't My.
Song cho de'n trUde nam 1781, dpi quan nay eflng khdng cd ddng gdp gi hdn ve mat quan sfl tren ehien trUdng
Bac My so vdi liie lUdng hai quan cua D'Estaing. Su phd'i hdp gifla quan Phap va quan My chi thfle sfl dat hieu qua b tran vay ham Yorktown nam 1781. 0 tran nay, dpi quan eua Rochambeau da "hdp lUc" vdi quan dpi My dfldi sfl chi huy G. Washington ta'n cdng quan Anh tren da't lien. Cdn tren bien, hai quan Phap dfldi sfl chi huy cua Dd dd'c de Grasse (den vflng bien Bde My thang 4/1781) da khda chat cfla vinh Chesapeake trong nhieu tuan le. Cud'i cung, ngay 19/10/1781, tfldng Anh la Cornwalhs cung 8000 quan linh da phai dau hang. Trong ehien thdng nay, vai trd eua quan dpi Phap dUde danh gia ra't cad bdi "cugc vdy hdm Yorktown khong the tie'n hdnh md khong co sii tham gia cua hdi qudn, md ngUdi My thi khong CO lUc lUdng hdi qudn, trong khi mot nda lUc lUdng tham gia hogt dong tren ddt lien Id ngUdi Phdp"'^^^\
Trong eung thdi gian, hai quan Phap cdn day manh hoat dpng tren cac "mat trdn Caribbean", "mat trdn An Do DUdng" nham "chia Ida" vdi quan dpi My. Do phai dd'i phd tren nhieu tran tuyen, lUc lUdng quan Anh gap tdn that ldn. Cue dien nay bude ehfnh phu Anh phai ngdi vao dam phan vdi chinh phu My. Ngay 3/9/1783, tai Versaille, chinh phu Anh budc phai ky ket hiep dinh dinh chie'n.
Vdi hda ude Versaille, nUde Anh budc phai cdng nhan hoan toan nen dpc lap cua nhan dan My. Rd rang la trong'thang ldi eua "cugc chie'n trgnh gidi phong vl dgi de chdng lgi bgn Anh dp biic"^^'^\ nUde Phap ddng vai trd het sfle quan trpng. Thdng qua nhflng boat ddng ngoai giao, tai chinh va.quan sfl, nflde Phap tflng bflde ed lap va lam suy ye'u nfldc Anh, qua dd ung hp sfl nghiep tie'n bp cua nhan
dan My. Ve y nghia nay, sfl gia My - Samuel F. Bemiss, cho rdng: "lien minh vdi Phdp Id ye'u to' quye't dinh trong sU nghiep gidnh doc ldp cua nhdn ddn My"^^^\
Chii thich:
1) Trinh Narn Giang, SiC tham gia cua cdc ciCdng quoc chau Au trong cdch mang My tit ndm 1774 de'n nam 1783, Luan van Thac si Sii hoc, TrUdng Dai hoc Su pham 'Ha Noi, 2008, tr, 12, Bai viet CO sit dung mot so' tu lieu do Th,s Trinh Nam Giang, khoa Lich Sii, trUdng Dai hoc Su pham Ha Noi cung cap, tac gia bai viet ehan thanh cam On sU giiip dd quy bau n&y,
2) Le Thanh Nam, Chinh sdch do'i ngoai cua Hoa Ky ta lihi lap quoc (1776) den triidc cuoc Ngi chien (1861-1865), Luan van Thac si Su hoc, TrUdng Dai hoc Su pham Hue, 2007 tr, 24, 3) Nhu chii thfch 2, tr, 24.
4) Nhu chu thich 2, tr, 15.
5) Dao luat Bat khoan dung quy dinh: Hai cang Boston bi phong toa va chi hoat dong trd lai khi hoan lai du gia tri thuhg che bi pha huyj hien chUdng xii Massachusetts dUdc sita doi de t6ng cUdng quyen ban cua tho'ng dec; tudng Thomas Gage - Tu lenh quan doi Anh d BSc My, dUdc cii lam Thong doc xii Massachusetts vk duoc giae pho thi hanh cac dao luat,
6) Phan Ngoc Lien (Chii'bien), Dao Tuan Thanh, Nguyin Thi Huyen Sam, Mai Phii Phifdng, Lich Sli the gidi Can dai. Tap 1, Nxb Dai hoc Su pham, Ha Noi, 2008, tr, 72,
7) James Breck Perkins, France in the American Revolution, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1911, p, 6.
8) Alexander DeConde, A History of American Foreign Policy, Vol 1 (Growth to World Power 1700-1914), Charles Scribner's Son, New York, p, 23,
9) Nhu chii thich 8, tr, 23, 10) Nhu chii thich 1, tr, 40, 11) Nhu chii thich 7, p. 21.
12) Nhu chii thich 2, tr, 25,
13) Robert H, Ferrell, American Diplomacy: A History, W,W, Norton & Company Inc, New York, 1975, p, 32,
14) Nhu chii thich 2, tr, 65, 15) Nhu chii thich 2, tr, 25-26,
16) Samuel Flagg Bemiss, A Diplomatic History of the United States, Henry Holt and Company, New York, 1951, p, 24,
17) Nhu chii thich 16, p,24,
18) Wayne S, Cole, An Interpretive History bf American Foreign Relations, The Dorsey Press, Homewood, Illinois, 1968, p, 43,
19) Nhu chii thich 1, tr. 56, 20) Nhu chii thich 1, tr, 57, 21) Nhu chii thfch 7, tr, 11,
22) V,I, Lenin, Todn tdp, Tap 17 (Tieng Viet). Nxb Tie'n bo. Ha Noi, 1977, tr, 37
23) Nhu chii thfch 16, p, 43,
