[ ^ NGHItNCeU-TRAODOl
Phat trien djch vu logistics, hifdng chien li/cfc mA' cua Dong biing song Cufu Long thdi ity hoi nhap
• ThS. NGUYEN H 6 N G GAM*
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g d y nay, logistics c6 y nghia c\j(c ky quan trpng trong vi^c tpo ra diiu ki$n ddm bdo cho sdn xuat vd tieu thiji sdn phdm dpt hi$u qud cao cung nhu' Idm nen Ipi the cpnh tranh cho mdi qu6c gia vd vung Idnh thS. Nhcf td chuTc tot hopt dpng logistics md chi phi trong linh vytc ndy d cdc nxidc phdt trien chi chiem.tic 8% den 12% GDP, trong khi mot sd nUdc chdm. phdt trien chiem den 30% GDP, rieng Vi$t Nam lopi chi phi ndy hipn chiem khoang 20% GDP hdng ndm^. ThtCc te cho thdy, qudc gia ndo c6 chi phi logistics cdng thap, chiKng to hopt dpng sdn xuat kinh doanh cua qudc gia dd cdng dpt hipu qud cao.
Chinh vi v^y md nhi^u ntidc tren the gidi, dang chu trpng ddy m.pnh phdt tridn d^ch vy.
logistics. Tuy nhiSn, qua nghien cvtu thyCc td cho thdy, logistics Id linh vijCc con rdt mdi m&, thdm chi Id xa Ip ddi vdi Dong bdng song CvCu Long (DBSCL). Mdc du Id vung ddt gidu tiem ndng phdt trien kinh te, dac bipt Id kinh te ndng nghipp nhiing Ipi Id vung CO cdc chi sd sdn xudt kinh doanh kem hipu qud nhdt trong cd nttdc, dac bipt Id trong khdu dt£ trU, bdo quan, van chuyen vd tieu thp hdng
121 THUONG HlflSd 7/2012
hda. V^y thi, vi$c phdt triin dich vp logistics d DBSCL th^t SM* Id htidng chidn liipc mdi di phdt triin dich vp c h d lij[c ciia
cd vung ndy.
1. T 6 N G Q U A N v i LOGISTICS 1.1. Khdi ni^m Logistics Mdc du k^ tvf ndm 1980. vl^c phdt trl^n rdng rdl cdc h o a t d^ng kinh d o a n h logistics dd ddn ddn vide nhieu hpc gld tren the gidi quan tdm nghidn cvfu, nhvfng hien nay vdn dang cdn nhieu cdch hieu khdc nhau ve Logistics. Cd the xem xet dvfdl 2 gdc do sau:
Xet dtidi gdc dp vi md:
Logistics Id he t h d n g cdc h o a t ddng n h d m tdi vfu h d a trong dvf triJ, vi tri vd thdi d i ^ m chu chuyen cdc ydu td ddu vdo vd ddu ra cua qud trinh s d n xudt d DN. Nd gliip cho vl^c qudn ly hl^u qud ddng chu chuyen ciia cdc ngudn Ivfc tvf k h d u tid'p n h d n dvfdl d a n g thd d e n gla cdng chd" t d c , h o d n t h i e n vd cudl cung Id d€n tay ngvfdi tidu d u n g t h d n g qua h d n g loat cdc
h o a t dpng m a n g tinh ky thu^t.
(Xem hinh 1}
Theo hinh 1, logistics dif(?c chia lam 2 do£in theo dong dl chuyen ciQa nguon l\fc: D o ^ logistics n^l bo (irUx>und Ipgteltcsj:
qudn ly ddng vdt tvf ky thudtsdn xudt dl chuyen tiif ndi cung cdp d e n DN s d n xudt dvfdl dang tho hay sd ch^. Doan ndy, vat tif chu yeu di chuyen vd bi^n ddi trong ndi bd DN; Doan logistics ben ngodi (outbound logistics): Quin ly ddng sdn p h a m hdng hoa tieu thu da d a n g (cd the d dang ban budn khdi Idn, b d n budn. ban 1^™). Doan ndy sdn pham trd t h d n h h d n g h d a vd li/u thong trdn thi trvfdng trong hodc ngoai nvfdc
Xet dtidi gdc dp vi md: Lo- gistics la mOt hvfdng hoat dong kinh t^ dvfpc xem la qudn ly dong tai nguyen, nguon Ivfc chu chiyen trong n e n kinh te. Tvfdng tif nhif t r e n . logistics cung cd 2 doan;
D o ^ 1 Id ddng sdn pham mang tinh trung gian (vat tvf nguyen
H i n h 1. L o g i s t i c s c u a m $ t ctf s d s a n zulTt
Vtnt«i unihho Vin Mi. ymm^
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Qaita If nmc « • ( v|i m 1^ llMili PtitapliAi*iM|*te
Nguon: Theo thdng tin nghidn cOu cua TS. Dinh Thanh Binh vi nhdm nghien c^
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Le'khai tniang & trien khai tuyen v$n chuyen Bdng bang sdng CUu Long.
lieu, b a n thanh pham, linh kien, chi tiet...) dich chuyen tvf ndi cung cap d e n cdc DN svf dung. Giai doan ndy vat tvf chu yeu dich chuyen giifa cac DN, khu cdng nghiep hoac lien ket s a n xuat giCra cdc dia phvfdng; Doan 2 la ddng di chuyen cvia sdn p h a m h a n g h d a tidu dung cudl ciing.
Giai doan ndy s a n p h a m trd thdnh hdng hda vd Ivfu thdng trdn thi trvfdng trong hodc ngodi nvfdc thdng qua cdc kdnh p h a n phdi den tay ngifdi tidu dung.
khdc, b d n c h a t cua logistics la q u a n ly cac d d n g ddu vdo vd d d n g ddu ra cua m o t ddn vi s a n x u a t kinh d o a n h hay n e n kinh t e . Ngodi hai ddng logis- tics ke t r d n , thifdng t d n t a i mot ddng thvf b a la ddng tdi sijf dung nhif vat chifa h a n g diing lai (vd chai bia, k e t nhif a..), h o a c cac cdng cu m a n g h d n g (pallet, container..). Ngodi ra, trong hoat ddng logistics, van tai ludn tham gia vdo moi ddng. Tuy nhien, van tai chi la ddi tdc ciia
Hinh 2. Logistics trong n l n kinh
NGHllNCaU-TRAODOl
kho nguyen vat lieu, qud trinh sdn xudt, thdnh phdm vd xil ly cdc thong tin lien quan tii ndi xudt xil drn ndi tieu thu theo yeu cdu cua khdch hdng"' Ddng thdi, vi s;in i)lKim ei'ia loj^islics la dich vu, cho nen: "logistics Id hoat dong thiCdng mqi, theo do thiCdng nhdn to chiXc thilc hien mot hodc nhieu cdng vice bao gom nhdn hdng, van chuyen. liCu kho, liiu bdi. lam thii liic hdi quan, cdc thu tuc gidy td khdc, td vdn khdch hdng, ddng gdi bao bi. ghi ky md hieu, giao hdng hodc cdc dich vu khdc cd lien quan den hdng hod theo thod thudn vdi khdch hdng dd hitdng thu lao"' Day la dinh nghia tdc gia diing de ban luan trong p h a m vi bdi bao nay.
1.2. St^ khdc nhau giuTa logistics vdi chudi cung vfng
Hien nay, khdng it ngifdi van cdn nhdm lan giifa logistics vdi chudi cung vfng. Nhif da neu d p h a n tren, b a n chat ciia logistics la quan ly cac ddng vat tif ddu vao vd sdn pham dau ra cua mdt ddn vi san xuat, kinh doanh hay ndn kinh te. Cdn chudi cung vfng the hien mdi quan he chat che ciia cdc DN, nhvf nhifng sdi xich thep bdn vifng ke't ndi thdng sudt chuoi cung iJfng, giiip ho tdn tai t e
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Dong thong tin
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Diine sdn nhdm tritne eian Ddne sdn phdnt cuoi ciiue logistics chijf khdng phdi Id mdt
t h d n h phdn cua logistics.
Nhvf vay: "logistics la viec Vdi cdch hleu vd md td nhvf
hai hinh trdn, he thdng logistics
dvfdc k e t h d p bdi hai p h d n Id ^ inbound vd outbound. Ndi cdch ' J " ^ " '^ ^ ^ " 5 ^ ^ " ^ ' ^ " 9 ^ " " " ^^
cung nhau trdn thi trvfdng c a n h t r a n h ddy sdng gid. Khdi niem chudi cung vfng rdng hdn
vd bao gdm ca logistics vd
THUONG MAI So 7/2012 I 1 3
NGHIlNCUlU-TRAODOl
C^ff^ qua trinh san xual. Ngoai ra, chuoi cung I'fng chii tron^j; hdn den boat ddng mua h a n g (procurement) trong khi lo^i.slie.s ,u,iai quyet ve chien liiife va plioi hdp glifa inarketin!.!, va san xual.
1.3. Cdc loai hinh logistics Hien nay, liau he( cac quoe liia tren the i^icJi. nhin nhan logistics nhif la niol phan eiia cdng tiic quan ly vi md \ a ehia t h a n h bdn phan nganh nlitf:
Loiiisties tron,!.» kinh doanh (business lociisiics): Logistics trong qudn sif (milUarif hniistics):
Logistics sif kien (event logistics) va Logistics dich \u (scriHCc logistics). Trong pham \'i bai nay, tac gid ehi ban ve logistics trong kinh doanh ma thdi.
Vdi boat ddng san xuat, kinh doanh. tiiy thudc vdo mijfc do tham gia vdo thifc hien cac boat dong logistics ma logistics dvfdc chia t h a n h bdn dang sau:
IPL (First Party Lx>gtstics hay Logistics til cap): La nhifng ddn vi sd hifu h a n g hda (la ngifdi cung cap h a n g hda, thifdng la ngifdi gvfi hang shipper, hocic la ngifdi n h a n h a n g consignee), tif minh td chvfc va thifc hien cac hoat ddng Logistics de dap vfng nhu cdu cua bdn thdn. Cdc ddn vi nay cd the sd hifu phifdng tien van tdi, n h a xifdng, thiet bi xep dd va cac ngudn life k h a c bao gdm ca con ngvfdi de thifc hien cac boat ddng logistics.
2PL (Second Party Logistics hay cung cap dich vu logistics ben thd hai): Ddy Id nhiJng ngvfdi cung cap dich vu cho boat ddng ddn le trong chudi b o a t ddng logistics n h d m ddp ifng nhu cdu ciia chii h d n g nhifng chifa tich h d p vdi h o a t ddng logistics (chi d d m n h d n m d t k h d u trong chudi logistics).
Cling CO I be hieu 2PL la vice quiin ly cac boat ddng truyen thdng nhif van t;il, kho, thii tue hai quan, t h a n h toan...
3PL (Third Party Logistics, cung cap dich vu logistics ben thd ba hay logistics theo hdp ddng): La ngifdi thay m a t cho chu h a n g quan ly va thifc hien cac dich vu logistics cho tifng bd p h d n nhif: thay m a t cho ngifdi gvfi h a n g thifc hien thii tuc XK, cung cap chvfng tif giao n h a n van tai va van chuyen ndi dia hoac thay m a t cho ngifdi NK lam thu tuc thdng quan h d n g hda va difa h a n g d e n diem d e n quy dinh,...
4PL (Fourth Party Logistics, cung cap dich vu logistics thd td hay logistics chuoi phdn phdi. hay nhd cung cap logistics chu dao):
Day Id ngifdi hdp nhdt, gdn ket cdc ngudn life, tidm ndng vd cd sd vat chat ky thudt ciia minh vdi cdc td chvfc khdc de thiet ke, xdy difng vd van hdnh cdc gidi phdp chudi logistics. 4PL cd lidn quan vdi 3PL vd difdc phdt trien trdn nen tdng cua 3PL nhifng linh vvfc hoat ddng rdng hdn, bao gom cd cdc hoat ddng cua 3PL, cdc dich
vu cdng nghe thdng tin va quan ly c;i( tien trinh kinh doanh.
1.4. Tdm quan trpng cua logistics
Logistics giiip Hdn ket tat ca cac phifdng thvfc van tai de phuc vu cho qua trinh lifu thdng phan phdi hdng hod. giao lifu thifOng mai giifa cac vung trong nvfdc vdi nhau Cling nhif \di nvfdc ngoai, gdp p h d n lam cho cac nganh s a n xuat trong viing phdt trien;
Logistics gdp phdn vao viec phan bd cac nganh sdn xuat mot cdch hdp ly de dam bao sif can ddi vd tdng trvfdng ben viJng cua toan bd n e n kinh te' qud'c dan, bdi vi mdi \aing dia ly deu c6 dieu kien ve tdi nguyen, ngu6n life khac nhau.
Hoat ddng Logistics khong n h a n g 1dm cho qua trinh Wu thdng, p h d n phdi difdc thong sudt, chuan xdc va an toan, ma cdn gldm dvfpc chi phi van tai.
Nhd dd hdng hoa difdc difa den thi trvfdng mot each nhanh chdng kip thdi. Ngifdi tieu dung se mua dvfpc h a n g boa mot each thudn tien, linh boat vd kip thcli t h d a m d n nhu cdu ciia minh.
CCdn nddj
1 4 1 THUONe MAI So 7/2012