TAP CHI UCH sir SANG 4-2013
NGH! QUYET 10 CUA BQ CHINH TRj KHOA VI (4-1988) 25 NAM NHIN LAI
TRAN THI MINH TUYET Hoc vien Cong nghe Buv chinh - Vien thong
Oai hoi liin thit VI (12-1986) cua Ding Cong sin Viet Nam da m i ra qua trinh toi mdi toan dien cac linh vUc trong doti song xa hoi vori tU tuing chu dao "giii phong de phat trien"'. Xuat phat tif sir thau hieu "chinh yeu cau cap bach ve luong thUc, thUc pham. ve nguyen lieu sin xuat hang tieu diing, hang xuat Ichau da quyet ^nh vj tri hang dau cua nong nghiep Viet Nam"' nen trong sudt qua trinh doi mdi, Ding ta luon tran t r i tim toi nhiimg quyet sach diing din de phat huy the manh ngan dcri cOa dan toe, gap phan quan trong dUa dat nUdc tien len. Mot budc dot phi Idn trong qua trinh doi mdi tU duy kinh te cAa Dang chinh la Nghj quyet 10 Ve doi mdi quin ly kinh te nong nghiep cua Bo Chinh trj khda VI (4-1988). Nghj quyet da tao cho nong nghiep Viet Nam ndi rieng va kinh te Viet Nam ndi chung mot "be phdng" de cat cinh.
1. ThUc trang quan ly nong nghiep Viet Nam thdi ky tnrdc doi mdi
Nhan thiJc luon la mot qua trinh gian kho de di den chan ly. De co dugc Nghi quyet 10 khoa VI mang tinh "COT troi" cho nong nghiep. Dang da trai qua nhimg chang duong nhan thirc khac nhau voi biet bao thang trim, kho khan.
Sau khi mien Bac Viet Nam dugc hoan toan giai phong va thuc hien 3 nam khoi phuc kinh te, vao nam 1958, Dang co chu trugng nhanh chong tien hanh cai tgo XHCN a mi6n BSc.
Vao thai diem nay, sir birc bach cua each mang mien Nam va khong khi khan truong xay dung CNXH 6 cac nuoc khac, dac biet phong trao
"Dai nhay vgt" a Trung Quoc da phan nao lam nay sinh tam ly nong voi cai tao XHCN o Viet Nam. Vi vay, Hpi nghj Trung uong ISn thir 14 (11-1958) da xac dinh: nhiem vu trong tam
truoc mat la day manh cai Igo XHCN doi vcri thanh phan kinh te ca the va thanh phan kinh tl tu ban tu doanh. Thang 1-1959, Hgi nghi Trung uong lan thir 16 da ra Nghi quyet ve ''Hap tac hoa tmng nong nghiep ". Ngay sau do, phong trao hgp tac hoa da dugc day manh va trff thanh cao trao. Den thang 11-1960 so hgp tac xa (HTX) a mi^n Bic da len toi 41.400 voi 85
% so hp nong dan va 76% dien tich ddt canh tac'. Nhu vay, ve mat hinh thirc thi phong trio hgp tac hoa phat trien rat nhanh chong do quySt tam cao ciia Dang va chinh quyen cac cap, do khi the each mang va khat vpng thoat ngheo cua nong dan Viet Nam, do niem tin rat ldn cua nhiin dan doi voi Dang.
Mo hinh kinh t6 HTX luc do dugc xay dung tren 3 yeu to chu yeu la hinh thirc so hOu tap the, hinh thirc lao dQng tap the vk phdn phoi
92
THirCTiEN-KINH NGHIEM'
theo lao dgng. Tuy nhien, ngay td budi ban dau, s\r y^u kem eua md hinh kinh td HTX da bgc lp rd qua ndng sudt lao dgng qud thdp khi "1 sao cua HTX chi thu dugrc hJ 20-50 kg thde, cdn 1 sao d4t 5% cua gia dinh xa vien thu tdi 200-250 kg thdc"^. Cd rat nhieu nguydn nhan dan den tinh trang do, nhu: do benh chu quan, ndng vdi din den vi pham "tinh than tu nguyen" trong qua dinh hgp tac hda, do xuat phat diem ciia ldnh te HTX qua thap, ca sd vat chat ky thuat hSu nhu chira cd gi, do can bd quan Iy vira thieu lai vira yeu ve trinh do, do hinh thuc phan phoi theo cdng diem dan den tinh trang lam an gian ddi, "rong cdng, phdng diem", "eha chung khong ai khdc"... Sd luong thirc duac chia theo cdng diem ngay cang it. Trudc tinh trang do, nong dan phai tap trung vao manh dat 5% (tuc la phan dat ndng dan dugc chia de lam kinh te phu) de tham canh va quay vdng triet de. Thuc te thi "d4t 5% do da chidm tdi 60% thu nhap cua mdt hd"^ Vi vay, cang ngay ndng dan cang khdng gan bd vdi hgp tac. Md hinh HTX da dirge "xay tren nen d§t yeu".
Tnrdc thuc trang do, nhan thirc va thai do ciia lanh dao ca sd khdng gidng nhau. Nd tiiy thugc vao trmh dp hieu bidt, kha nang nim bat thuc tk va nhat la tinh than trach nhiem, diing Idii, long thuang dan eiia ngudi lanh dao. Ddng chi Kim Nggc - ngudi dam nhiem ehirc vu Bi thu Tinh iiy Vmh Phuc trong 20 nam (1958- 1978) da tran trd di tim Idi thoat eho kinh te HTX, ldi thoat cho nhimg ngudi ndng dan thoat ngheo. Sau hang loat cac chuyen di thuc te, ddng chi Kim Nggc quyet tam; Phdi khodn ruong cho nong ddn. Ngay 10-9-1966, Tinh uy Vmh Phue da thdng qua mdt ban nghi quyet lich su: Nghi quydt 68-TU Ve mot sd vdn de qudn ly lao dgng nong nghiep trong hgp tdc xd hien nay. Tren thue td, tinh Vmh Phue da thue
hien phuang thuc khodn hd va ket qua da thang lgi ldn, san lugng lua thu dugc tang tu 3 ddn 5 lan. Chi sau mdt hai vg khoan, bd mat ndng thdn VTnh Phuc da khdi sac, xa vien rat phan khdi lao ddng tren manh dat dugc giao. Didu do chung td Nghi quyet 68/TU la di dung quy luat va hap long dan. Nhung ehii truang khoan mdi thuc hien dugc 2 nam thi bj dinh chi vi Trung uang ket luan: "Viec khoan hd d VTnh Phiie da dan den hau qua tai hai la phat trien tu tudng tu tu tu loi, iam phai nhat y thuc tap the, phuc hdi va phat trien ldi lam an rieng le, day hgp tac xa vao con dudng thoai hda va tan ra.. ."^. Sau dd, dat nude budc vao chang dudng eudi eua cugc khang chien chdng My, cim nude vdi mue tieu cao nhat la giai phdng mien Nam, nen nhiing van de cua ndng thdn mien Bac it dugc de cap den. Md hinh HTX vdi nhijng yeu kem cua nd van dugc duy tri tren toan mien Bac cho den ngay dat nude thdng nhat.
Sau khi giai phdng mien Nam, trong nam 1976 ed 2 van ban quan Ugng ve ndng nghiep la: Thdng tn sd 335 ciia Ban Bi thu va Nghi quyet 68-CP cua Hgi ddng Chinh phu ve viec md rdng HTX tir quy md thdn len quy md toan xa. Ngay sau do, Nghi quyet Dai hdi Dang l^n thu IV nam 1976 da dua ra ke hoach san luang luang thuc phai dat 21 trieu tin vao nam 1980'. Trong khi de ra nhtrng chu truang qua ldn vd ndng nghiep nhu vay thi thuc trang ndng nghiep Viet Nam sau 1975 ngay cang yeu kem.
Ci mign Bic, cac HTX tiep tuc md rdng quy md. Nam 1979, toan midn Bic cd 4.154 HTX cd quy md toan xa; d mdt sd dia phuang da hgp nhat 2,3 HTX thanh mdt HTX cd quy md tren 1000 ha. Mdt thuc td dang budn la quy md HTX cang ldn thi kha nang quan ly cang kem, ndng dan cang hd hiing vdi cdng diem, mdng dat bd hoang ngay cang nhieu, san lugng luang thuc
93
lAK LHI U(.H ^U VANO 4-2013
lam ra ngay cang thap nen binh quan luang thyc ndng dan nhan dugc ngay cang giam sut: nam 1976: 15,4 kg thdc/1 thang thi nam 1980 cdn:
10,4 kg/1 thang, cd nai chi d^t 4-5 kg/1 thang^
Khdng chi v^y, md hinh kinh tc HTX ciia mien Biic cdn dugc ap dgng gan nhu nguyen xl vao mien Nam mSc dii dieu kign kinh td - xa hgi mien Nam khdng gidng nhOng dieu kign ljch sir ciia mien Bae sau nam 1954. Trong nhiing nam 1976-1978, Dang va nha nude da tien hanh xay dung thi diem mgt sd HTX va tap doan san xuat d mien Nam. Thang 4-1978, Bg Chinh tn ra Chi thi sd 43 vc vide ndm vdng vd ddy mgnh cdng (dc cdi (go ndng nghiep a mien Nam va sau dd, phong trao tap the hda cang dugc day manh. Tuy nhien, do Iam d at, gd ep, thieu su chuan bj nen cac HTX va eac tap doan san xuat ngay tir budi dau da hoat dgng kem. Ndng dan vao tap doan nhung khdng mudn san xuat, dat dai bi bd hoang. Den cudi nam 1980, hang loat HTX va tap doan san xuat d mien Nam tan ra.
San luong luong thuc ca nude nam 1980 chi dat 11,64 trieu tin. 6 nhieu dja phuong, mdt sd HTX khdng nhiing khdng thuc hien ndi nghTa vu luang thuc vdi Nha nude ma hang nam cdn phai xin trg cap luong thuc cho ndng dan (!).
Mdt nghjch ly da xay ra: "Di len san xuat ldn xa hgi chil nghia ma chi thay ndng dan - nhirng ngudi true tiep san xuat ra luong thuc da bi ddi tren quy md Idn''^ . Nha nude phai nhap khau luong thuc vdi sd lugng ngay cang tang va ngan sach qudc gia ngay cang suy kiet.
Trong hoan canh het sire khd khan dd, hien hjgng " pha rao", "khoan chui" da xuat hien d mdt sd dja phuang va mang lai ket qua kha.
Tir su van ddng ciia thuc tien, ngay 13-1-1981, Ban Bi thu ra Chi thj sd 1 OO-CT/TlT Vi cdi tiin cdng tdc khodn, ma rgng khodn sdn phdm den nhdm vd nguai lao ddng trong hgp tdc xd nong
nghigp (cdn gpi la Khoan 100). Chi thi da thay ddi hinh thirc khodn nhu tu khoan theo vide sang khoan san pham, h> khoan theo ddi san xuit gdm vii chyc ngudi sang khoan dieo nhdm va true tiep ngudi lao dgng de nang cao tinh than trach nhigm eiia hg. Chi thi cho phep xa vien dupe tu chu 3 (rong 8 khdu sdn xudt: gieo trdng, cham sdc va thu hoach va ngucri ndng dan dugc ldm chu sdn lugng vugt khodn. Ddng luc eiia Khoan 100 nam d didu nay. Tac dung tich circ cua Khoan 100 dugc the hign qua nhiing con sd.- san luong liia nam 1980 (trudc khi khoan) la 11,64 trieu tin, nam 1981 la 15 trieu tin, nam 1982 la 16,82 trieu tin, 1983: 16,9 trieu tin;
1984: 17,8 tridu tin; 1985 la 18, 2 trieu tin'".
Trudc nhirng sd lieu dd, khdng ai cd the phii nhan dugc tac ddng tich cue cua khoan. Tuy nhien, Khoan 100 van la khoan "nua vdi" nen nd chi cd tac dpng tich cue trong nhiing nam dau. Den nam 1986 thi san xuat ndng nghiep lai sa silt nghiem trgng. Chinh d thdi diem dd, Dai hdi VI cua Dang (thang 12-1986) da thdng qua dudng ldi ddi mdi toan dien va triet de vdi tinh than "each mang va khoa hgc".
2. Hoan dtnh ra tfdi, noi dung va y nghia Ijdi suT ciia Nghi quyet 10 Bo Chinh tri 'Ye tfoi mdi quiin ly kinh te nong nghiep"
Nghi quydt 10 ciia Bd Chinh tri (4-1988) ra ddi sau khi Dgi hgi Ddng lan thu VI (12-1986) dd thong qua dudng ldi ddi mdi todn dien, ddng bg ma "trudc het la ddi mai tu duy, hJ dd mdi cd nhimg su ddi mdi khac"". Trong llnh vuc ndng nghiep, tu Dal hdi V, Dang da xac dinh:
"ndng nghiep Id mat trdn hdng ddu"^ Dai hpi VI da cu the hda viic thuc hiin chu truang do nen Dang va Nha nude rat chu trgng nghien cikt chinh sdeh qudn ly ndng nghiep. Vi vay, tu duy mdi ve quan ly ndng nghiep da cd "khdng
94
T H U C T I I N - K I N H NGHIEM
gian" de phat tridn. Hon nda, su nghiep ddi mdi toan dien dat nude dugc khdi xudng tu Dai hdi VI da tao ra mgt dgi ngij ldnh dgo qud cdm,
"an y", rat tran trd trudc nhiing tidu cue ciia md hinh quan ly HTX nen da manh dan thay ddi chinh sach kinh te, trong do cd chinh sach quan ly ndng nghiep. Tdng Bi thu Nguyen Van Linh trong chuyen muc "Nhdng viec can lam ngay"
da dat van de: "Tai sao chi cd 5% dat dai da dem lai den 60% thu nhap cho ndng dan, trong khi 95% dit dai HTX lai chi mang lai 40% thu nhap? Sao khdng bidn cai 5% thanh 100% cho i nong dan dd khd, nhan dan ca nude dd d6i?"'l Phai ndi rang: "Sau Dai hdi Dang VI, ai ciing nhan ra nhiing loi ich thiet thue cua khodn hd nhung van sg nguyen tac, sg trach nhiem nen i Ididng phai ai ciing dam noi mdt each manh me, di thang vao thuc chat nhu the. Ngudi lanh dao phai diing cam lam mdi ndi dupe nhu t h e " ' \
Han niia, ddn nam 1986, Chi thi 100 "nhu miii ten da di het t i m " va bgc lg ro nhimg mat hgn che vdi nhiing bieu hien nhu: bd may HTX khdng duoc giam tuong xung vdi phan cong viec da giao cho ngudi lao dpng nen ngay cang cdng kdnh va mang tinh an bam; tinh trang ii "rong cdng, cham diem" chua dugc cham dirt
^ boi ngudi ndng dan mdi dugc tu chu 3 trong 8 Idiau san xuat; miic khoan khdng dn dinh nen
!( ngudi ndng dan khdng tu chu, khdng c6 ddng I lire san xuat; thdi gian giao dat qua ngan nen ji ngudi ndng dan khdng the yen tam dau tu... Hau f qua la nen ndng nghiep Viet Nam nhdng nam 1 1986,1987 lai di xudng. Theo didu tra cua Vien t Quan Iy kinh td Trung uong, thi nam 1987 chi p dat 17,5 trieu tin va cd tdi 2 trieu ngudi bi ddi''*.
(f Nhu eau hire xiic vd luong thue da dan den viec mpt sd dia phuong nhu An Giang ehu dpng 1 chuyen sang khodn ggn din timg hg gia dinh.
J 6 thai didm nam 1988, cdng cudc eai td va
ddi mdi d Lien Xd va cac nude XHCN d Ddng Au dang di vao tham bai nen su giup dd, vien trg' khdng cdn. Tinh the bdt bugc "tu ta phdi ciru ldy ta ", phdi tu vugt len vdphdt trien hdng ngi luc cua chinh minh.
Trong bdi canh do, Nghj quyet 10 cua Bd Chinh tri khda VI "Ve ddi mdi qudn ly kinh (e nong nghiep " dugc chuan bi gap nit nhung can trpng. Du thao nghi quyet da dupe dua ra thao luan dan chti vdi can bd ndng nghiep va can bd chinh quyen ciia cac dia phuang trong ca nude. Bd Chinh tn cho cac dia phuang thu nghiem phuang thuc san xuat mdi Uong vu san xuit Ddng Xuan 1987- 1988. Sau dd, tai Dai hdi Ndng dan toan qudc (ngay 28, 29-3-1988), Bd Chinh tri con de nghi cac dai bieu dpc lai, gdp y sua chda lan cudi. Ngay 5-4-1988, Bp Chinh tri chinh thirc cho ra ddi Nghi quyet 10 (gpi tit la Khoan 10)'^
Trong nghi quyet nay, Dang da nhan thuc ra nhiing sai lam trong md hinh HTX tmdc day:
"Viec chu quan, ndng vdi, go ep nhan dan vao hpp tac xa, tap doan san xuat; viec dua hpp tac xa len quy md to ldn khi trinh do quan ly khdng tucmg iing; viec tap the hda triet de tu lieu san xuat trong khi khdng du kha nang quan ly... la nguyen nhan co ban dan md hinh hpp tac xa vao chd lui bai"'^ Tu do. Dang myen bd: "Cdng nhan sy tdn tai lau dai va tac dung tich cue cua kinh te ca the tu nhan, dam bao quy6n lam an chinh dang va thu nhap hpp phap ciia cac hd ca the tu' nlian'^ Nghi quygt dua ra 3 quydt djnh quan trgng trong quan ly ndng nghiep. Thir nhat: coi hd ndng ddn Id don vi sdn xudi tu chu. Ho ndng dan la dan vi nhan khoan vdi HTX, dugc giao dat dn dinh 15 nam;
rnijc khoan dn dinh 5 nam, dupe tu chu hoan toan tu A ddn Z trong qua trinh san xuat; dupe lam chu hoan toan sd ndng san lam ra sau khi
TAP CHi UCH su OANG 4-2013
nop thue ndng nghiep cho Nha nude. Thu hai:
Tao dieu kign cho ngudi ndng dan ty lo ca dau vao nhu vat tu, phan bdn va dau ra la eac san pham ndng nghigp tren thj trudng theo ca chd
"thuan mua vira ban". Thir ba: Chuyen HTX sang lam cdng t^c djch vg cho ndng dan.
Nhu vay, so vdi Ch! thj 100 thi Nghi quydt 10 cua Bd Clunh tri da cd mpt budc dgt pha Uong tu duy quan ly kinh te khi lan dau tien thira nhan hg gia dinh Id dan vi kinh (e tu chu.
khi ngudi ndng dan dugc trao quyen su dyng dat va muc khoan lau dai. Cd mdt diem can luu y la Nghi quyet 10 cd ndi dung rat ngan, chi ngan nhu mdt menh lenh. Ciing khdng cd mgt edng van, chi thi nao eiia Chinh phii the che hda Nghi quyet do, ma tix Dang den thang dan
"nhu mdt ngay hdi ciia ndng dan" theo each ndi ciia Thil tudng Pham Van Ddng'^ Nghi quyet nhanh chdng di vao cudc sdng bdi ngudi ndng dan da Ichao khat, chd dpi no qua lau, bdi mpt sd CO sd da "xe rao" lam theo each do tu trudc.
Su cdi trdi chinh thuc cd y nghTa gidi phdng sue sdn xudt Uong ndng nghiep, dem lai sinh khi mdi cho nen ndng nghiep Viet Nam.
Ket qua that ky dieu, sau do chi 1 nam, tix mdt nude thieu luong thuc trien mien (nam 1987 cdn phai nhap 485.000 tin, nam 1988 cdn phai nhap 395.000 tin luong thuc), den nam 1989 san lugng liia gao dat con sd 21,5 trieu tan va ldn ddu tien Viet Nam xuat khau dupe 1,2 trieu tan iiiagao'''.
Sau bude ngoat ky dieu do, con tau ndng nghiep Viet Nam van con phai vugt qua rat nhieu khd khan, thii' thach nhung da cd phuang hudng diing dan de tien len. San lugng lua gao ciia ca nude ngay cang tang. Trong nam 2012, san lugng liia gao ciia Viet Nam dat con sd 43,7 trieu tin, san lugng gao xuat khau 7,7 trieu tin, mang lai cho Viet Nam khoang 3,5 tyUSD, Viet
Nam trd thanh qudc gia xuat khau gao ldn thu 2 tren thd gidi (sau An Dd)^". Cd the gpi Nghj quydt 10 ciia Bg Chinh tri khda VI la "cgy dua than " khi l^m chuydn bien manh me nen ndng nghigp Vigt Nam, gdp phan quan Ugng dua dit nude tho^t ra khdi cugc khung hoang kmh tk xa hgi trim Ugng va dat nhirng thanh edng ldn trong sy nghigp ddi mdi.
3. Mot so bai hoc diu yeu nit ra sau 25 nam nhin lai
Nghj quyet 10 cua Bp Chinh tri khda VI thuc sy la .vw- dot phd khi da vugt qua nhiing "nguyen tic da trd thanh hiiy ky" Uong tu duy cua Dang thdi ky trude dd nhu lam an tap the, sd hiiu ehung... Sy vugt len chinh minh ludn khd khan va dau ddn. Sau 25 nam nhin nhan lai nghj quy6t dd ciia Dang, ta ed the nit ra nhiing bai hgc:
Thu nhdt: Dudng ldi cua Ddng cd vai tro vo citng quan trgng vi chinh nd quyet dfnh si^e thdnh. bgi cua cdch mgng, su "sdng, cdn " cua Ddng. Nghi quyet 10 cua Bd Chinh tri khda VI da the hien rd didu ay. Thyc te la van ddng dat ay, van nhiing ngudi lao ddng ay nhung chi can cd chinh sach hgp ly thi mpi \iec da chuyen tir "bai thanh thang", tu "khdng thanh cd". Vi vay, ndng cao ndng luc hogch djnh ducmg loi la nhiem vu quan trgng hdng ddu cua Ddng ta.
Thu hai; Dirdng ldi. chinh sdeh cua Ddng phdi phit hcrp vdi thuc tiin. phdi due ket tircasd vd nguai ldnh dgo phdi nhgy cdm trudc cdi mdi.
Thuc tien ludn dat ra nhiing cau hdi, nhung yeu cau va thuc tien ciing chua dung mpi giai dap cho nhirng van de nd da dat ra. Dai hdi X cua Dang (2006): "Nhurng y kien, nguyen vgng va sang kidn ciia quan chiing cd vai Ud quan trgng Uong viec hinh thanh dudng ldi ddi mdi"^'. Tuy nhien, vai trd cua nguai ldnh dgo cdp cao cung rat quan Ugng bdi chinh hp la ngudi cd quyen
96
THUC TIEN-KINH N G H I E M
lam cho nhiing sang kien eua quin chiing va can bd ca sd sdm dugc dua vao cudc sdng hay khdng. Sy quan lieu, menh lenh, xa rdi thyc td larahg bi xa ciing trudc "cay ddi mai mai xanh tuoi". O day thuc te da ehung minh: Chi cd su hpi tu, gap gd giua 2 chidu ddi mdi tir dual len va tic tren xuong nhu bieu hien vd sy kdt ndi chat che giiia ; ' Ddng va long ddn mdi tao ra dugc siic manh ddng thuan, tao ra dugc hgp luc i cung chieu to ldn de dat nude phat trien.
Thie ba: Mgi chu tnrang chinh sdeh cua Bang deu phdi dua tren nguyen tdc ton (rgng lgi ich nhdn ddn; phdi gdn nguai lao dgng vdi E trdch nhiem vd quyen lgi cua minh, phdi lay con ngudi ldm ddng luc phdt trien. "Cay diia than"
Khoan 10 da lam nen dieu ky dieu vi nd da ddm bao lgi ich cua ngudi lao ddng - diem nhay cam nhat, ddn bay ky dieu nhat ciia mgi hoat ddng ldnh te. Den day, ehiing ta nhd lai khai niem ll chm ly cua Chu tich Hd Chi Minh; " Chan ly la cai gi cd lgi cho Td qudc, cho nhan dan. Cai gi ttai vdi lgi ich ciia Td qudc, cua nhan dan tuc la khong phai chan ly"^-. Ducmg ldi ciia Dang chi iTff thanh siic manh khi nd "dung quy ludt, thudn longddn, hgp thai dgi", khi Dang biet "dem cua ddn, sue ddn, tdi ddn de ldm lgi cho ddn" nhu Ho Chi Minh timg can dan. Nhu vay, tdn Ugng Igi ich chinh dang ciia nhan dan, "lay dan lam j goc" - do vua la ehan ly, vira la dao ly.
Thir tu: Phdi day mgnh cdng tdc nghien ciru r ly ludn, cdng tdc tu tudng tren ca sd bdm sdt (hue tiin de chu truang, chinh sdeh di trudc md dudng md khdng trd thdnh 'vdt cdn "ciia thuc tiin. Nhu chung ta da thay, de tu tudng
"khodn hg" dung dan ma ddng chi Kim Nggc ) khdi xudng dugc di vao cude sdng mdt each chinh thuc phai m i t tdi 22 nam. Ve su cham trS nay, Dai hdi Dang VI da timg thira nhan: "
Trong lmh vyc tu tudng, da bde Id sy lac hau ve
nhan thuc ly luan va van dung cac quy luat dang hoat ddng Uong thdi ky qua do"". Trong hoan canli dd, sy kien tri chd dgi ciia quan chung va ca sd trudc nhiing quyet djnh cua Dang da the hidn pham chat tdt dep ciia nhan dan, dung nhu Hd Chi Minh hing tdng ket ngan gpn "dan ta tdt lam". Nhung ciing dung nhu Dang timg thua nhan; "Trong hoan canh Dang ed sai lam khuyet diem, nhan dan van thiet tha mong dpi Dang khac phuc sai lam, dua dat nude tidn len.
Dang khdng the phu long mong dgi dd cua nhan dan"^"*. De xung dang vdi niem tin va sy kien nhan dd, Dang phai nang cap minh ve mpi mat, dac biet la vd nang Iyc hoach dinh chinh saeh Uen ca sd "ddi mdi tu duy ly luan"^^. Ly luan phai "hudng din hoat ddng cua thuc tien va dy bao xu hudng phat trien ciia xa hdi, phai cd tieng ndi tu van va phan bien, cung cap luan cir khoa hgc cho cac quyet dinh chinh tri"^''.
Su nghiep ddi mdi da dat ra nhiing yeu cau to Idn ddi vdi cdng tac ly luan va den lugt minh, su dot pha Uong tu duy ly luan ciia Dang cdng ddng vai Ud quan Ugng Uong qua trinh ddi mdi.
Nghi quyet 10 la thanh tiJu Idn ve mat ly luan, nhan thuc cua Dang trong quan ly kinh te, tao nen nhiing thanh tuu ldn cho ndng nghiep Viet Nam 25 nam qua. Dd ehinh la mdi quan he bien chimg giira ly luan va thyc tien.
Nghj quyet 10 cua Bp Chinh Uj khda VI thyc sy la mdt dau son, la su dot phd Uong nhan thiic cua Dang ve chinh sach quan ly kinh te ndng nghiep. Dang da vugt len chinh minh khi dam tu bd nhiing dieu cii ky, ldi thdi de vuon tdi cai mdi, cai hgp ly. Sy ky dieu ma Khoan 10 mang lai da lam cho tu "Khoan 10" trd thanh mdt danh tir chi su dot phd Uong chii truang, chinh sach. Vi vay, Uong ddi sdng van hda - x a hpi ta hay thiy cae cum tu "can mdt khodn 10 trong khoa hgc, can mdt khodn 10 trong giao due"...
TAPCHI LICH 5U OANQ 4-2013
25 nam da Udi qua ke tir khi Nghj quyet 10 ciia Bg Chlnh tri khda VI ra ddi. Tir do den nay, nen ndng nghiep Vigt Nam da cd budc phat trien ngoan mgc. Tuy nhien, 25 nam ciing lam tich tu nhieu van de bdt cap mdi, ddl hdi phai dugc gidi quyet, nhu: binh qudn rugng ddt /nhdn khdu ngdy cdng gidm khi dat thi khdng tSng m^ dan sd van tang va qua trinh dd thj hda, phat trien ha tang ciing lam quy dat ndng nghigp ngay cang co lai;
tinh trgng manh miin ve rugng ddt gay Ud ngai cho san xuat d quy md ldn nhung hien (ugng tich til. (dp trung rudng dd( - mgt xu hudng can thiet va tat yeu lgi gdp phdn ddy nhanh suphdn hda gidu ngheo trong xd hgi; chinh sdeh qudn ly ddt dai cua Nhd nude cdn cd nhieu lung tung; Ludt dd( dai (ir ndm 2003 din nay da cd nhieu diem lgc hdu, cdn phdi sira ddi... Hon nua, hign nay ddng luc de tang nang suat ndng nghiep khdng chi cdn d y chi lam chu, sy nhiet tinh ciia ngudi ndng dan nhu trudc kia ma phai la dya Uen nhiing thanh tuu mdi cua khoa hgc - cdng nghe, khoa hpc quan ly... Phat trien ndng nghiep ludn la kd "sau re ben gdc" ddi vdi mdt dat nude cd the manh ve ndng nghiep nhu nude ta. Vi vay, chinh sach phat trien ndng nghiep ludn la mdt ndi dung rat quan Ugng Uong he thdng dudng Idi, chinh sach ciia Dang. Hy vgng Uong tucmg lai gan Dang se cho ra ddi mdt "khodn 10 mdi"
- mdt dieu ky dieu mdi nhu 25 nam trudc Dang da lam dugc de giai quydt nhiing mat tdn tai ciia nen ndng nghiep Viet Nam hien nay va dua ndng nghiep Viet Nam len mdt tim cao mdi.
1. Hpc vien Chinh tri - Hanh chinh quoc gia H6 Chi Minh' Qud trinh doi mdi lu duy ly lugn ciia Ddng tir ndm 1986 din nay, Nxb CTQG, H, 2008, tr. 145
2. Dang Cgng san Viet Nam: Van kien Dgi hgi dgi biiu lodn qudc ldn Ihir VL Nxb ST, H, 1987, tr. 48
3,7,8,9. Xem: Hgc vien Chinh trj quoc gia H6 Clii Minh - Vi?n Ljch sis Dang: Gido trinh Lfch su Ddng Cgng .fan Viet Nam, Nxb CTQG, H, 2002, tr. 190,224, 231,249
4,5,9. D$ng Phong: Phd rdo trong kinh te vao dm irudc Si m&i, Nxb Tri thirc, H, 2009, tr. 174,171,233 6. Trudng - Chinh: "Kien quyet sira chiia khuyet diem, phdt huy uu diem, dua phong tao hgp tac hoa viing birdc lien len", Tgp chi Hgc tap, thang 2-1969, tr.26
11, Trudng - Chinh: Doi mdi Id doi hoi buc thiet nhdt cua ddt nude vd thai dai, Nxb ST. 1988, tr. 67
12, 14. Dang Phong: Tu duy kinh ti Vi^t nam 1975- 1989, Nxb Tri thOrc, H, 2009, tr. 324,349
13, 18. Nguydn Cong Tan: "Khoan 100 va Khoan 10 trong nong nghiep", Bdo Nong Ihon VietNam, ngSy 17^-2010
15. Xem Hiru Thp: Nghj quyet 10 vd nhOng dgt phd trong nong nghiep. Nguon; http//www vca.oig.vn
16, 17. Dang Cgng san \^?t Nam: Vdn kien Tidng Todn tdp, Nxb CTQG, T 49. tr. 96,115
19. Hpi dong Trung ucmg chi dao bien scan giao trinh quoc gia: Gido tnnh Lich suDdng Cgng sdn Vi?t Nam. Nxb CTQG, H, 2004, tr. 402
20. Xem: "Nong nghiep Viet Nam nam 2012", Nguon: www.qdnd.vn/qdndsite/vi/vn
21. Dang Cpng san Viet Nam: Vdn ki?n Dgi hgi dgi biiu lodn qudc lan ihuX, Nxb CTQG, H, 2006, tr. 71
22. Hd Chi Minh Toan tap, Nxb CTQG, H, 2000, T8, tr. 216
23 Dang Cpng san Viet Nam: Vdn ki?n Dgi hgi dgi biiu todn qudc ldn thii: VI, Nxb ST, H, 1987, tr. 27
24. Dang Cong san Viet Nam: Vdn ki^n Ddng Toan ldp, Nxb CTQG, T.47, tr. 28
25. Nguyen Van Linh: Doi m&i de tien len. Nxb ST, H, 1991, tr.95
26. Hpc vien Chinh tri - Hanh chinh quoc gia Ho Chi Mirih: Qud trinh doi m&i tuduyly lugn ciia Ddngtit ndm 1986 din nay, Nxb CTQG, H, 2008, tr. 149.