[SACH & XANH I CLEAN & GREEN]
NAN P H A R i m e a DdNG NAM A
Xuan Hoan
/ / A s i a n Pulp and Paper" (APP), dugc thanh lap tai Indonesia nam 1984, lau nay vin la muc lieu chi trich vi nhung boat ddng t i n p h i rimg vi thdi dau tu "vit chanh bd vd". Thang 3/2001, APP trd thanh cdng ty vd ng ldn nhat trong ljch su hien tai khi khdng tra dugc khoin lien 14 ti USD. Nhung vy lam an tai tie'ng g i n day ciia APP la d Campuchia, noi hang nay thanh lap mdt loat cdng ty, trong dd cd
"Green Rich and Green Elite"
chuyen sang nhugng quyen khai ttiac gd. Day la mdt trong nhiing kieu lim an rat dugc ua chudng, bdi chiiili phil Campuchia thudng tham djnh c i c hgp ddng khai thac go mdt c i c h kem ky ludng. Tuy nhien mdi diy, da cd nhting dau hieu Bd Mdi trudng Campuchia se khdng dung liing cho cac kieu lam an "bjp bgm", trong dd cd hanh ddng chat pha cac c i n h rung cd trong cdng vien qud'c gia.
C h a t p h a r o i b i e n m a t Nhung cdng ty khai thac gp khdng 16, phan nhieu dat try sd tai Malaysia va Indonesia, cd quan he chat che vdi nhting gia dinh the luc va c i c ngudn vdn ddi d i o tu ben ngoii. Hp hinh thanh kieu lam an dac bie:, Iheo dd khai thic khdng thuong lice cac c i n h rirng da dang sinh hpc d nhung viing heo lanh,
noi hp cd the chat p h i trong vii nam, roi tau tin mpi thtr trudc khi c i c td chtic giim sit v i n h i mdi trudng kip bie't thdng tin de phan dd'i.
Nhung nam ciia thap ky 90, kieu sang nhugng quyen khai thac gd dugc su dung nhu la chie'n thuat
"tham nhap" vao nhung qudc gia ma gidi chuc chinh phii da quen vdi cac phi vy kinh doanh len Itit. Kieu sang nhugng nay ching ddi hdi phii len ke beach, bd thiu, b i o c i o d i n h gia mdi trudng, hay tham djnh CO b i n ve c i c cdng ty ddi t i c trudc khi cd the x i c n h i n ve k h i nang va danh tie'ng ciia hp. Thep Mike Davis, n h i hpat ddng mdi trudng tai
Campuchia ctia Global Witness, c i c td chuc mdi trudng da giy i p lyc de c h i m dirt c i c h lim an kieu niy d phan ldn c i c nudc trong khu vyc. Tuy nhien, c i c t i p d o i n "lam tac" da phit kien mdt chie'n lugc mgi. Ong nhan dinh: "Gid day, hp thudng lua chpn kieu sang nhugng hgp ddng d i t kinh te de thanh lap ddn di6n tai chinh c i c c i n h rtrng, de rdi sau dd chat p h i chting".
Tu nhung van de gay ra do nan chat pha rirng bit hgp phap, ngudi ta cd the viet len mdt chuang mdi trong cudn s i c h giio khoa mdi trudng. Chiing li ngudn cung cap tii chinh cho cudc ndi chien (d Campuchia), tdn thit da dang sinh
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S a Z 5 5 / 2 5 & / 2 S 7 i Z 4 / D 3 / 2 D U g
TONG HOP • PHAN TICH • DU BAO
Nganh cong nghiep khai thac go d Dong Nam A luon nhap nhem giira ranh giai hgp phap va bat hgp phap bdi nhirng l<hoan lot tay khdng lo "boi tran" cho bg may chinh quyen quan lieu va cac chinh tri gia von rat de hoi lo. Ket qua la tat ca cac nganh cong nghiep khai thac go da hgc each chap nhan nguon nguyen lieu dau vao bang bat cir gia nao, nhirng cong ty khat khao Igi nhuan nay san sang dap len nhau cdt de dap irng lu-gng cau ngay mot cao tren the gidi.
hoc (Campuchia, Malaysia, Inddonesia), xau xe trong nganh ndng rjihiep (Campuchia), va nhung vy nd dat khiing khie'p (Thai Lan, Philippin, Campuchia).
Tat ca cac qud'c gia Ddng Nam A deu phai hung chiu it nhat li mdt trpng sd cac hau qua tham khdc nay. Mdt trpng cac hau qua cdn mang tinh khu vyc. Viec nudc sdng Mekpng can kiet da trd thanh mdt thim hpa mdi trudng, trpng khi tinh trang ling dpng biin va nhidm man do sy xdi mdn tir niiung khu rung bi pha tryi dang anh hudng ldi kha nang dinh bit thuy san ciia toan bd khu vyc, tham chi de dpa tdi sinh ke ctia hang trieu ngu dan tren khip Ddng Nam A.
Cling liic nay, nhung c i n h rung bj tan pha tir Indonesia cho tdi Trung Qudc da anh hudng tdi lugng mua va gay tinh trang ban han nghiem trpng nhu da xiy ra d mdt loal cac tinh tai Campuchia, chie'n lugc mdi n h i m thanh lap c i c ddn dien da hiiy hoai mdi trudng sdng va da dang sinh hpc thdng qua viec thay ddi cac vudn qudc gia.
Mdi Iruong sd'ng ciia c i c loii ddng vat, ciiiig nhu cac ngudn gen quy hiem bj pha hiiy. Cac vy chat pha rirng cdn tiep tyc hoinh hanh khi cac cdng ty xuyen qudc gia hting manh thanh lap hing loat
cdng ty con tai nhieu qud'c gia de lgi dyng cac the che ye'u kem tai day.
Vdi nhung ldi htra hen ve cdng an viec lam, ddi ngoai te va hdi Id cho c i c quan chirc, c i c cdng ty nay ludn dugc nghenh ddn vdi vdng tay rdng md. Va phai rat mudn mang sau dd, ngudi ta mdi hieu dugc mirc dp tan pha (ciia c i c cdng ty nay) khi nhung thim hpa thien nhien da trd nen ranh ranh.
Va thdng ihudng tat ca nhung nan nhan ganh chiu hau qua tan pha khdc liet nay chi la nhung "dan den", cdn nhung kc hudng Igi tir nhung khoan hdi Id thi ching he han gi, vi c i c he thdng tu phap tham nhung cting cac mdi quan he gia dinh va chinh tq dii giiip hp vugt qua mpi r i c rdi. Trong khi dd, nhung cdng ty "lam tSc" xuyen qud'c gia lai dang ky them mdt phap nhan nua, hoac thinh lap mdt lien dpanh mdi de lap lai qua trinh "xe thjt" cac canh rirng.
Nhung cdng ty khai thac gd nay ching bi ban che bdi nhung quan niem lau nay vin rang budc nhung lap doan chau A truyen thdng, nhu kha nang hpat ddng lau dai, bdi ban chit kinh doanh cdt Idi ciia hp chi la cham cham ddn chat cang nhieu cang tdt vao tmdc luc mat trdi lan.
Hon nUa, cd c i mdt nen lieu kinh te chi dya tren sy bdn rut cac loai go
quy hiem va nhung nguon tai nguyen rung khac. Nhung bien phap nhat thdi thyc ra ching giai quye't dugc gdc re ciia van de. Nhu ciu ngay mdt ldn ve mat hang gd.
" D u a t r e " c h e n h m a n g Md hinh kinh doanh cua APP la mdt chie'n lugc kha "nhay ben", nd tao ra nhung ngudn Igi nhuan khdng Id bing each mau chdng
"Idt" tro trpi cac canh rirng, khai thac mpi khu rung cd va chinh ngudi dan ban xu, roi bie'n mit khdi cac thi trin dd trudc khi nhung hau qua mdi tnjdng xuat hien. Cho tdi khi cac hdi ddng va chinh quyen dia phuong kip de don kien, APP da rtit sach mpi quyen Igi va tai san khdi dia phuang dd.
APP hien dang tai co cau cac khoan ng, vdi hudng giai quye't khoin ng bing c i c h tri mdt phan nhd trpng hon 4,5 ti USD tir cudi thang 1/2009.
Trong khi dd, Bd trudng Mdi trudng Campuchia se cd hanh ddng Iran ap quye't liet sang hang khai thac gd. Trong b i i phdng van tren tap chi IFocus (Campuchia), Bd trudng Maret td cao: "Green Rich vin tie'p tuc len liit chat pha c i c khu rung ldn ctia chimg tdi... Cdng ty nay se phai ddi mat vdi cac che tai".
Giua liic dang cd nhung c i o budc diy choang vang, Green Rich vin lieu linh bat chap ca chinh phii Campuchia de khai thac kiet mdt khu rung b i o tdn sinh hpc quy hiem. Nhung nhdm mdi trudng d Campuchia va nudc ngoii da bie't qua rd ve vu viec nay tir nhieu thang qua. Hon nua, nhieu nha quan sal tai Campuchia luu y ring Bd trudng Mok Maret chi dpa kien Green Rich sau nhieu thang chinh dng nay bi chi trich vi da phe chuan c i c giiy td sang nhugng d i t bat hgp phap.
Campuchia tir lau da cd tieng la hay
s o 2 5 5 / 2 S 6 / 2 5 - 7 MDAY 2 . » / 0 3 / 2 0 U ' J 2 V
[SACH & XANH I CLEAN & GREEN]
hy sinh nguon lgi tir cac c i n h rirng de lam day tiii cho nhung nhan vat cd quyen lyc.
Vi le ::16, thdi diem cdng bd tren dugc dua ra cting phan nao mang tinh CO hdi. Camphuchia, mdt qud'c gia ludn phu thudc vao ngudn vien trg nudc ngoai (udc tinh len de'n 50% tdng chi tieu chinh thirc ctia nudc nay), gin day da cd cudc tham van dinh ky vdi cac nudc tii trg, m i nhieu nha quan sat cho ring chi la vd ich. Trong dd, cac nudc tai trg da yeu c i u Campuchia phai hanh ddng m a n h me hon n h i m ban che c i c van nan nhu budn ban ma tiiy, tham nhung va cudp pha mdi trudng. Cu mdi lin nhdm hpp la c i c nha tai trg lai dpa ngiing vien trg chp nudc nay. Cum danh tii "sy chiu dyng ciia nha tii trg" cu dugc day qua day lai lien tuc, va d mdi cudc hpp dudi sy chii tpa thudng tryc cua Thii tudng Hun Sen, ngudi ta lai ngan nga diep khiic se hanh dpng cirng rin vi tran ap c i c vin de neu tren.
Nhung nguon tai chinh vin chiy vio deu dan, ddi luc vugt q u i yeu cau ciia chinh phii Campuchia. Tuy nhien, cung hieu ring gdc r& ctia mpi vin de lai cud'n chat vap nhau, vi chinh phii Campuchia ching the nao hoat ddng dugc neu thieu ngudn thu nhap dugc tao ra tir chinh c i c boat ddng bit hgp p h i p . Hon nua, da cd mdt quan niem trong "hinh c i c quan chirc Campuchia, ring nhung h i n h dpng nhu vay li b i t nguon tir truyen thdng chinh trj tir hang tram nam qua. Vay nen tat c i nhung gi n i m dudi tam kiem soil ciia mdt quan chirc phai bao gdm quyen dugc khai thac khoang s i n va gd quy.
Ban chit ciia quan niem nay chinh la viec dat dai thudc ve ai, ngudi dd cd quyen lam gi miiiii mudn. Vi the ncMi mdi cudc hdi thip chi keo theo
ItrillSUIIII II CIIU IIIIIIEI! IIHI HIIU. WW
nhung ldi tuyen bd ve dy dinh va hua hen ma hiem khi, neu khdng mudn ndi li ching bad gid, dugc thyc hien. Trong khi dd, cdng ddng tai trg van tie'p tuc cu xu vdi Campuchia nhu the mdt "dira tre"
chenh mang nhiem vu, nhung rdi se sua doi neu dugc trao nhieu co hdi hon nua de cai each.
Vi le dd, trong khi hanh ddng g i n day ctia Bd Mdi trudng Campuchia nhan dugc sy tan thudng ciia cac nhdm mdi trudng va giam sit qud'c te, nhung thdng diep chiic mirng da dugc "mem hda" qua c i c ldi le i m chi sy hoii nghi sau nhieu nam xiy ra va cham vdi c i c Bd cua Campuchia. Nhu chuyen gia Mike Davis thudc td chuc mdi trudng Global Witness ndi: "Neu theo ddi sudt q u i trinh, day cd the la budc lien quan trpng d i u lien hudng tdi viec cham dirt cac vy sang nhugng dat kinh te b i t hgp p h i p dang de dpa he thdng mdi trudng sdng ciia Campuchia".
APP cd "be day" ljch sir ve di chuyen boat ddng tu nudc niy sang nudc k h i c v i phdt Id phip luat, lenh tri ng va cac tuyen bd chinh Ihuc. Bat chap thyc te la cyu Tdng thdng Indonesia Megawati Sukarnoputri ttrng tuyen bd hanh vi chat p h i rung bat hgp phap ding bi dem ra xu b i n , nhung cho tdi tan thang 10/2008 thi APP van chua quye't djnh ngirng khai thac go d Indonesia. Theo bao c i o gan day ctia td chirc Greenpeace (Hda binh xanh), cd tdi 90% gd khai thic d Indonesia li gd liu. Vi cho dii Bd Mdi trudng Campuchia da doa kien, nhieu ngudn tin d Campuchia cho bie't c i c khu rirng v i n tie'p tuc bi ddn ha. Va ngay c i khi APP bj mat quyen su dung dat d Cdng vien Qudc gia Botum Sakor, thi hp van cdn sd hiru nhieu khu vyc khai thic khac d Campuchia vdi sy bao trg tdi da ciia luit phap.
N o i h o a i n g h i d a i d a n g
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TONG HOP-PHAN TiCH-DIJ BAO
Ngay tu dau, mpi hoat ddng cua .•\PP da td ra dang ngd, nhung hp ludn cd nhung ban be quyen the.
Hang nay da boat ddng d hang loat c i c qud'c gia tren khip chau A tir nam 1984 va tham chi da niem yet tren thj trudng chting khoan New York (NYSE). Trudc nam 2000, APP d at phai hinh trai phieu va dugc nhieu hang mdi gidi danh gia nhu la mdt dien hinh dau tu td't. Nhung xu hudng CO phieu APP tang gia da cham dut tir nam 2001, khi hp vd ng 14 ti USD. Mac dii vai ngan hang da xda ng va APP bi xda ten khdi NYSE, thi Ngan hang Xuat nhap khau My (Exim Bank) da b i t d i u xiet ng hang nay. Di nhien la APP dang trong q u i trinh tii co cau ng nan, nhung nhieu nha quan sat cho ring APP cd tie'ng ve c i c ngdn nghe van ddng gidi trpng tai kinh tc va thuang thip ng nan. Nhung trong khi c i c the che ten tudi phuong Tay da tiy chay APP, thi hp vin cdn khdi ban be quyen the d Trung Qud'c, Campuchia va Indonesia.
Mac dil da de lai nhung du vi ding cay trong nhieu vy tan pha rirng d Ddng Nam A, nhung APP va cac cdng ty con ctia hang lai gat hai nhieu thanh cdng trong viec lay ldng c i c ngan hang vi quan chuc Trung Qud'c. Va nhd dd, Trung Qudc da trd thanh thi trudng can bang lgi nhuan Idn cho APP. APP da dau tu kha Idn vao tinh Van Nam, Irong dd cd mdt dy an xay dyng nhi may che bien nguyen lieu giay ldn nhit Trung Qudc.
Cimg ddng gdp vao q u i trinh tham nhap Trung Qudc cua APP dudng i.l.u li mdt ngudn lin dyng vd tan. Theo td chuc Hda binh xanh, cac ngan hang Trung Qud'c ludn s i n Idng cho APP vay, bil c h i p vi the' thap kem ctia hang niy theo danh gii ciia mot sd cdng ty
|)liuoiig Tay va cac ngan hing Ddng
Nam A. Va mac dii mdt loat cac Tap doan .Nhat Ban, Chau Au va My da the se khdng lam an vdi APP, thi nhung quy che Idng leo va kieu kinh doanh "nguyen thiiy" d Trung Qud'c da tao ra nhung co hdi trong ngin han (cho APP).
APP da gay dyng phin ldn mdi quan he lam an ciia hang d Trung Qud'c, nhung san lugng gd ciia hp tang vpt so vdi kha nang cung irng tu cac khu rung trdng bach dan.
Dieu dd khien cac nha quan sat hoai nghi ring APP da tinh gdp ca sd lugng gd khai thac bat hgp phap tai Campuchia, Trung Qudc va Lao vao mirc dy b i o lgi nhuan ciia hang. Greenpeace, Global Witness va Quy ddng vat hoang da the gidi deu luu y ring APP cd thdi quen md hang loat nha may xay bdt giiy ma trudc dd ching he tinh tpan de'n viec cd dil nguon cung irng nguon nguyen lieu go hay khdng. Va nhieu ngudn tin lien quan tdi linh vyc nay da chi ra ring APP da dat tam ngim md rdng lam an sang Nga va Mianma, hai qud'c gia cd tieng vc te tham nhung.
Tren thyc te, APP va nhung cdng ty dang nay thudng kha thanh cdng trong viec thie't lap c i c md hinh kinh doanh dya tren sy thie'u minh bach ciia cac khu w c . Tai nguyen rirng dac biet h i p d i n vdi nhung qudc gia mudn cai thien cac chi so kinh te vl md n h i m thu hut dau tu nudc ngoai va "danh bdng" thanh tich kinh te ciia minh.
Do dd, cac nguon tai nguyen thien nhien ching the dugc coi la bien p h i p ben vung de tao ra cac thanh q u i ngin ban cho c i c cdng ty da qudc gia, va tang cac chi sd Tdng s i n pham ndi dia mdt c i c h gii tap.
Nhung the che ye'u kem va mdt chut lien bac qua tay da gdp phan thue day nganh cdng nghiep tiy rua lien qua budn ban gd vdn dang
kha thinh hanh d Campuchia, Lao, Malaysia va Indonesia. Nan hdi Id tao dieu kien de d i n g de ngudi ta cd dugc c i dau trien qud'c huy khi mua visa cho c i c thtiy thu, tii xe xe tai va nhieu gidi k h i c lien quan trong nginh van tai. Tdm lai la cd trpn ven c i mdt "nen kinh te gd"
dang boat ddng trong k h i p khu vyc.
Trong khi ca chau A dang nd lyc k h i c phuc hau qua ciia mdt trpng nhung tham hpa thien nhien tpi te nhit trong lich su, rat nhieu gidi da bit dau luu tam den canh bao ciia cac nha mdi trudng, tim hieu mirc dp anh hudng trim trpng cua cac dy an md rdng cdng nghiep va khai thac khdng ben vung. c a c chuyen gia udc tinh ring trong vdng hon 50 nam qua, cd phan nira cac rung duoc d chau A da bj tan pha. Tir lau ngudi ta da bie't de'n nhung i n h hudng ddc hai lau dai dd'i vdi cac rang san hd vi he sinh thai bien. Cii chet ttr tir dang rai xud'ng mdt loal c i c vin de ciia mdt khu vyc dang phii nd lyc dc phat trien. Cai gii phai tri cho con dai hdng thiiy la dang de suy ngim. Nhieu chuyen gia cho ring neu nhu he thdng rimg dude van cdn ton tai d mdt sd khu vyc nhu Thai Lan, thi thiet hai do con sdng than khting khicp nam 2004 gay ra da cd the dugc giam di dang ke.
Dieu tuong ty cd the dugc the hien qua nhung tac hai dai ban gay ra bdi nan chat pha vi lgi nhuan ngin han Iren k h i p Ddng Nam A.
Trong khi nhung Iran Id dat bi tham da budc Thai Lan va Philippin phai ban bd lenh c i m chat p h i rirng, thi tac hai cua hoat ddng pha rtrng bat hgp phap se cdn gay them nhung anh hudng sau rdng ddi vdi ca khu vyc, c i vc mat kinh tc lan xa hdi •
Sb 2 5 ^ / 2 5 6 / 2 5 ' ? NGAY 2 4 / a 3 / 2 a u y 2 9